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In vitro inhibitory activity of Annona squamosa leaves against enzymes associated with metabolic disorders

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 5, 1272 - 1280, 28.06.2025

Md. Rowshanul Habib , Yasuhiro Igarashi Mohammad Ahasanur Rabbi

Öz

Annona squamosa L. is a popular medicinal plant of Bangladesh having several traditional uses. To give
the scientific clarification for ethnomedicinal uses of this plant, this study was aimed to analyze the phytochemical
profile of methanol extract of Annona squamosa leaves (designated as MEAL) and evaluate its inhibitory properties
against α-amylase, pancreatic lipase, and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). Different in vitro methods were used
to perform enzyme inhibition assays and kinetic studies for MEAL and its phytochemical profile was analyzed by gas
chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC–MS). In enzyme inhibition assays, MEAL showed significant ACE
inhibitory activity whereas it had moderate inhibition against pancreatic lipase. The IC50 of MEAL was found to be 9.26
± 0.71 μg/mL and 6.90 ± 0.58 μg/mL for ACE and lipase enzymes, respectively. MEAL was also found as mixed type
inhibitor of ACE in enzyme kinetic study. In case of α-amylase, MELA (IC50: 608.8 ± 7.02 μg/mL) showed poor
inhibition activity when compared with standard drug acarbose (IC50: 28.53 ± 1.35 μg/mL). In addition, presence of
some compounds in MEAL identified by GC-MS, were also consistence with these enzyme inhibitory activities. Thus,
this study proves the enzyme inhibitory abilities of Annona squamosa leaves for the first time and it might be a potential
tool for the treatment of hypertension and obesity.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Annona squamosa leaves inhibition α-Amylase lipase ACE

Kaynakça

  • [1] Nguyen DM, El-Serag HB. The epidemiology of obesity. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2010; 39: 1-7. [CrossRef]
  • [2] Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabet Care. 2004; 27: 1047–1053. [CrossRef]
  • [3] Kahn BB, Flier JS. Obesity and insulin resistance. J Clin Invest. 2000; 106: 473-481. [CrossRef]
  • [4] Whitcomb DC, Lowe ME. Human pancreatic digestive enzymes. Dig Dis Sci. 2007; 52: 1–17. [CrossRef]
  • [5] Nadin AS, John VC,Gerard BG, Dorien S,Karin S, Moises JZ,Katleen R, Guy S. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory effects by plant phenolic compounds: a study of structure activity relationships.JAgric Food Chem. 2013; 61: 11832−11839. [CrossRef]
  • [6] Vyssoulis GP, Karpanou EA, Papavassiliou MV. Side effects of antihypertensive treatment with ACE inhibitors. Am J Hypertens. 2001; 14: 114–115. [CrossRef]
  • [7] Filippatos T, Derdemezis C, Gazi I, Nakou E, Mikhailidis D, Elisaf M. Orlistat-associated adverse effects and drug interactions: a critical review. Drug Saf. 2008; 31: 53–65. [CrossRef]
  • [8] Gyemant G, Kandra L, Nagy V, Somsak L. Inhibition of human salivary alpha-amylase by glucopyranosylidenespiro- thiohydantoin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003; 312: 334–339. [CrossRef]
  • [9] Yun JW. 2010. Possible anti-obesity therapeutics from nature - a review. Phytochemistry. 2010; 71: 1625–1641. [CrossRef]
  • [10] Sellami M, Louati H, Kamoun J, Kchaou A, Damak M, Gargouri Y. Inhibition of pancreatic lipase and amylase by extracts of different spices and plants. Int J Food Sci Nutri. 2017; 68: 313–320. [CrossRef]
  • [11] Dalar A, Konczak I. Phenolic contents, antioxidant capacities and inhibitory activities against key metabolic syndrome relevant enzymes of herbal teas from Eastern Anatolia. Indus Crops Prod. 2013; 4: 383–390. [CrossRef]
  • [12] Huang Y, Liu Y, Dushenkov S, Ho C, Huang M. Anti-obesity effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate, orange peel extract, black tea extract, caffeine and their combinations in a mouse model. J Funct Foods. 2009; 1: 304–310. [CrossRef]
  • [13] Ma C, Chen Y, Chen J, Li X, Chen Y.A Review on Annona squamosa L.: Phytochemicals and Biological Activities. Am J Chin Med. 2017; 45(5): 933-964. [CrossRef]
  • [14] Nugraha SA, Damayanti DY, Wangchuk P, Keller AP. Anti-Infective and Anti-Cancer Properties of the Annona Species: Their Ethnomedicinal Uses, Alkaloid Diversity, and Pharmacological Activities. Molecules. 2019; 24(23): 4419. [CrossRef]
  • [15] Alkhawalidy ASR, Hossain MA. Study on total phenolics and antioxidant activity of leaves crude extracts of Annona squamosa traditionally used for the treatment of cancerous tumours. Asian Pacific J Trop Dis. 2015; 5(Supplement 1): 142–144. [CrossRef]
  • [16] Al-Nemari R, Al-Senaidy A, Semlali A, Ismael M, Badjah-Hadj-Ahmed AY, Bacha AB. GC-MS profiling and assessment of antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer properties of extracts of Annona squamosa L. leaves. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2020; 20: 296. [CrossRef]
  • [17] Kumar M, Changan S, Tomar M, Prajapati U, Saurabh V, Hasan M, Sasi M, Maheshwari C, Singh S, Dhumal S, Radha, Thakur M, Punia S, Satankar V, Amarowicz R, Mekhemar M. Custard Apple (Annona squamosa L.) Leaves: Nutritional Composition, Phytochemical Profile, and Health-Promoting Biological Activities. Biomolecules. 2021; 11(5): 614. [CrossRef]
  • [18] Chen YY, Ma CY, Wang ML, Lu JH, Hu P, Chen JW, Li X, Chen Y. Five new entkaurane diterpenes from Annona squamosa L. pericarps. Nat Prod Res. 2020; 34(15): 2243-2247. [CrossRef]
  • [19] Ibrahim F, Jaber A, Ibrahim G, Cheble E. Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenol Content of Different Plant Parts of Lebanese Annona Squamosa Linn. Int J Pharm Pharma Sci. 2020; 12(8): 100-105. [CrossRef]
  • [20] Zhang X, Jia Y, Ma Y, Cheng G, Cai S. Phenolic Composition, Antioxidant Properties, and Inhibition toward Digestive Enzymes with Molecular Docking Analysis of Different Fractions from Prinsepia utilis Royle Fruits. Molecules. 2018; 23(12): 3373. [CrossRef]
  • [21] Ademiluyi AO, Oboh G. Soybean phenolic-rich extracts inhibit key-enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) and hypertension (angiotensin I converting enzyme) in vitro. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2013; 65(3): 305-309. [CrossRef]
  • [22] Sreerama YN, Takahashi Y, Yamaki K. Phenolic antioxidants in some Vigna species of legumes and their distinct inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase activities. J Food Sci. 2012; 77(9): C927-C933. [CrossRef]
  • [23] Groves EM, Yu K, Wong ND, Malik S. Standard and Novel Treatment Options for Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes Mellitus. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 2013; 15: 706-721. [CrossRef]
  • [24] Kumar M, Changan S, Tomar M, Prajapati U, Saurabh V, Hasan M, Sasi M, Maheshwari C, Singh S, Dhumal S, Radha, Thakur M, Punia S, Satankar V, Amarowicz R, Mekhemar M. Custard Apple (Annona squamosa L.) Leaves: Nutritional Composition, Phytochemical Profile, and Health-Promoting Biological Activities. Biomolecules. 2021; 11(5): 614. [CrossRef]
  • [25] Davis JA, Sharma S, Mittra S, Sujatha S, Kanaujia A, Shukla G, Katiyar C, Lakshmi BS, Bansal VS, Bhatnagar PK. Antihyperglycemic effect of Annona squamosa hexane extract in type 2 diabetes animal model: PTP1B inhibition, a possible mechanism of action? Indian J Pharmacol. 2012; 44(3): 326-32. [CrossRef]
  • [26] Ranjana, Tripathi YB. Insulin secreting and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity of hexane extract of Annona squamosa Linn. in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Indian J Exp Biol. 2014; 52(6): 623-9.
  • [27] Gupta RK, Kesari AN, Diwakar S, Tyagi A, Tandon V, Chandra R, Watal G. In vivo evaluation of anti-oxidant and anti-lipidimic potential of Annona squamosa aqueous extract in Type 2 diabetic models. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008; 118(1): 21-25. [CrossRef]
  • [28] ŚwierczewskaA, Matthias TB, Monika FM, Czerwińska E. In vitro α-amylase and pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity of Cornus mas L. and Cornus alba L. fruit extracts. J Food Drug Anal. 2019; 27(1), 249-258. [CrossRef]
  • [29] Ma TK, Kam KK, Yan BP, Lam YY. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade for cardiovascular diseases: current status. Brit J Pharmacol. 2010; 160: 1273–1292. [CrossRef]
  • [30] Webb JL. Enzyme and Metabolic Inhibitors. Academic Press, New York, USA; 1963; pp. 149-188.
  • [31] Jenis J, Kim JY, Uddin Z, Song YH, Lee HH, Park KH. Phytochemical profile and angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of Limonium michelsonii Lincz. Nat Med. 2017; 71(4): 650-658. [CrossRef]
  • [32] Héthelyi E, Tétényi P, Dabi E, Dános B. The role of mass spectrometry in medicinal plant research. Biomed Environ Mass Spectrom. 1987; 14(11): 627-632. [CrossRef]
  • [33] Guerrero L, Castillo J, Quiñones M, Garcia-Vallvé S, ArolaL, Pujadas G, Muguerza B. Inhibition of Angiotensin- Converting Enzyme Activity by Flavonoids: Structure-Activity Relationship Studies. PLoS One. 2012; 7(11): e49493. [CrossRef]
  • [34] Shukor NA, Camp JV, Gonzales GB, Staljanssens D, Struijs K, Zotti MJ, Raes K, Smagghe G. Angiotensin- Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Effects by Plant Phenolic Compounds: A Study of Structure Activity Relationships.J Agric Food Chem. 2013; 61: 11832–11839.[CrossRef]
  • [35] Raya S, Duttab M, Chaudhury K, Dea B. GC–MS based metabolite profiling and angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory property of black tea extracts. Rev Bras Farmacogn. 2017; 27(5): 580-586. [CrossRef]
  • [36] Maqsood M, Ahmed D, Atique I, Malik W. Lipase inhibitory activity of Lagenaria siceraria fruit as a strategy to treat obesity. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2017; 10(3): 305-310. [CrossRef]
  • [37] Elmazar MM, El-Abhar HS, Schaalan MF, Farag NA. Phytol/Phytanic acid and insulin resistance: potential role of phytanic acid proven by docking simulation and modulation of biochemical alterations. PLoS One. 2013; 8(1): e45638. [CrossRef]
  • [38] Wang M, Gu D, Li H, Wang Q, Kang J, Chu T, Guo H, Yang Y, Tian J. Rapid prediction and identification of lipase inhibitors in volatile oil from Pinus massoniana L. needles. Phytochemistry. 2017; 141: 114-120. [CrossRef]
  • [39] Maqsood M, Ahmed D, Atique I, Malik W. Lipase inhibitory activity of Lagenaria siceraria fruit as a strategy to treat obesity. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2017; 10(3): 305–310. [CrossRef]
  • [40] Wang Y, Huang S, Shao S, Qian L, XuP. Studies on bioactivities of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) fruit peel extracts: Antioxidant activity and inhibitory potential against α-glucosidase and α-amylase in vitro. Indus Crops Prod. 2012; 37(1), 520– 526. [CrossRef]
  • [41] Khan MY, Kumar V. Mechanism & inhibition kinetics of bioassay-guided fractions of Indian medicinal plants andfoods as ACE inhibitors. J Tradit Complement Med. 2019; 9: 73-84. [CrossRef]

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 5, 1272 - 1280, 28.06.2025

Md. Rowshanul Habib , Yasuhiro Igarashi Mohammad Ahasanur Rabbi

Öz

Kaynakça

  • [1] Nguyen DM, El-Serag HB. The epidemiology of obesity. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2010; 39: 1-7. [CrossRef]
  • [2] Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabet Care. 2004; 27: 1047–1053. [CrossRef]
  • [3] Kahn BB, Flier JS. Obesity and insulin resistance. J Clin Invest. 2000; 106: 473-481. [CrossRef]
  • [4] Whitcomb DC, Lowe ME. Human pancreatic digestive enzymes. Dig Dis Sci. 2007; 52: 1–17. [CrossRef]
  • [5] Nadin AS, John VC,Gerard BG, Dorien S,Karin S, Moises JZ,Katleen R, Guy S. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory effects by plant phenolic compounds: a study of structure activity relationships.JAgric Food Chem. 2013; 61: 11832−11839. [CrossRef]
  • [6] Vyssoulis GP, Karpanou EA, Papavassiliou MV. Side effects of antihypertensive treatment with ACE inhibitors. Am J Hypertens. 2001; 14: 114–115. [CrossRef]
  • [7] Filippatos T, Derdemezis C, Gazi I, Nakou E, Mikhailidis D, Elisaf M. Orlistat-associated adverse effects and drug interactions: a critical review. Drug Saf. 2008; 31: 53–65. [CrossRef]
  • [8] Gyemant G, Kandra L, Nagy V, Somsak L. Inhibition of human salivary alpha-amylase by glucopyranosylidenespiro- thiohydantoin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003; 312: 334–339. [CrossRef]
  • [9] Yun JW. 2010. Possible anti-obesity therapeutics from nature - a review. Phytochemistry. 2010; 71: 1625–1641. [CrossRef]
  • [10] Sellami M, Louati H, Kamoun J, Kchaou A, Damak M, Gargouri Y. Inhibition of pancreatic lipase and amylase by extracts of different spices and plants. Int J Food Sci Nutri. 2017; 68: 313–320. [CrossRef]
  • [11] Dalar A, Konczak I. Phenolic contents, antioxidant capacities and inhibitory activities against key metabolic syndrome relevant enzymes of herbal teas from Eastern Anatolia. Indus Crops Prod. 2013; 4: 383–390. [CrossRef]
  • [12] Huang Y, Liu Y, Dushenkov S, Ho C, Huang M. Anti-obesity effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate, orange peel extract, black tea extract, caffeine and their combinations in a mouse model. J Funct Foods. 2009; 1: 304–310. [CrossRef]
  • [13] Ma C, Chen Y, Chen J, Li X, Chen Y.A Review on Annona squamosa L.: Phytochemicals and Biological Activities. Am J Chin Med. 2017; 45(5): 933-964. [CrossRef]
  • [14] Nugraha SA, Damayanti DY, Wangchuk P, Keller AP. Anti-Infective and Anti-Cancer Properties of the Annona Species: Their Ethnomedicinal Uses, Alkaloid Diversity, and Pharmacological Activities. Molecules. 2019; 24(23): 4419. [CrossRef]
  • [15] Alkhawalidy ASR, Hossain MA. Study on total phenolics and antioxidant activity of leaves crude extracts of Annona squamosa traditionally used for the treatment of cancerous tumours. Asian Pacific J Trop Dis. 2015; 5(Supplement 1): 142–144. [CrossRef]
  • [16] Al-Nemari R, Al-Senaidy A, Semlali A, Ismael M, Badjah-Hadj-Ahmed AY, Bacha AB. GC-MS profiling and assessment of antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer properties of extracts of Annona squamosa L. leaves. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2020; 20: 296. [CrossRef]
  • [17] Kumar M, Changan S, Tomar M, Prajapati U, Saurabh V, Hasan M, Sasi M, Maheshwari C, Singh S, Dhumal S, Radha, Thakur M, Punia S, Satankar V, Amarowicz R, Mekhemar M. Custard Apple (Annona squamosa L.) Leaves: Nutritional Composition, Phytochemical Profile, and Health-Promoting Biological Activities. Biomolecules. 2021; 11(5): 614. [CrossRef]
  • [18] Chen YY, Ma CY, Wang ML, Lu JH, Hu P, Chen JW, Li X, Chen Y. Five new entkaurane diterpenes from Annona squamosa L. pericarps. Nat Prod Res. 2020; 34(15): 2243-2247. [CrossRef]
  • [19] Ibrahim F, Jaber A, Ibrahim G, Cheble E. Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenol Content of Different Plant Parts of Lebanese Annona Squamosa Linn. Int J Pharm Pharma Sci. 2020; 12(8): 100-105. [CrossRef]
  • [20] Zhang X, Jia Y, Ma Y, Cheng G, Cai S. Phenolic Composition, Antioxidant Properties, and Inhibition toward Digestive Enzymes with Molecular Docking Analysis of Different Fractions from Prinsepia utilis Royle Fruits. Molecules. 2018; 23(12): 3373. [CrossRef]
  • [21] Ademiluyi AO, Oboh G. Soybean phenolic-rich extracts inhibit key-enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) and hypertension (angiotensin I converting enzyme) in vitro. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2013; 65(3): 305-309. [CrossRef]
  • [22] Sreerama YN, Takahashi Y, Yamaki K. Phenolic antioxidants in some Vigna species of legumes and their distinct inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase activities. J Food Sci. 2012; 77(9): C927-C933. [CrossRef]
  • [23] Groves EM, Yu K, Wong ND, Malik S. Standard and Novel Treatment Options for Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes Mellitus. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 2013; 15: 706-721. [CrossRef]
  • [24] Kumar M, Changan S, Tomar M, Prajapati U, Saurabh V, Hasan M, Sasi M, Maheshwari C, Singh S, Dhumal S, Radha, Thakur M, Punia S, Satankar V, Amarowicz R, Mekhemar M. Custard Apple (Annona squamosa L.) Leaves: Nutritional Composition, Phytochemical Profile, and Health-Promoting Biological Activities. Biomolecules. 2021; 11(5): 614. [CrossRef]
  • [25] Davis JA, Sharma S, Mittra S, Sujatha S, Kanaujia A, Shukla G, Katiyar C, Lakshmi BS, Bansal VS, Bhatnagar PK. Antihyperglycemic effect of Annona squamosa hexane extract in type 2 diabetes animal model: PTP1B inhibition, a possible mechanism of action? Indian J Pharmacol. 2012; 44(3): 326-32. [CrossRef]
  • [26] Ranjana, Tripathi YB. Insulin secreting and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity of hexane extract of Annona squamosa Linn. in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Indian J Exp Biol. 2014; 52(6): 623-9.
  • [27] Gupta RK, Kesari AN, Diwakar S, Tyagi A, Tandon V, Chandra R, Watal G. In vivo evaluation of anti-oxidant and anti-lipidimic potential of Annona squamosa aqueous extract in Type 2 diabetic models. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008; 118(1): 21-25. [CrossRef]
  • [28] ŚwierczewskaA, Matthias TB, Monika FM, Czerwińska E. In vitro α-amylase and pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity of Cornus mas L. and Cornus alba L. fruit extracts. J Food Drug Anal. 2019; 27(1), 249-258. [CrossRef]
  • [29] Ma TK, Kam KK, Yan BP, Lam YY. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade for cardiovascular diseases: current status. Brit J Pharmacol. 2010; 160: 1273–1292. [CrossRef]
  • [30] Webb JL. Enzyme and Metabolic Inhibitors. Academic Press, New York, USA; 1963; pp. 149-188.
  • [31] Jenis J, Kim JY, Uddin Z, Song YH, Lee HH, Park KH. Phytochemical profile and angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of Limonium michelsonii Lincz. Nat Med. 2017; 71(4): 650-658. [CrossRef]
  • [32] Héthelyi E, Tétényi P, Dabi E, Dános B. The role of mass spectrometry in medicinal plant research. Biomed Environ Mass Spectrom. 1987; 14(11): 627-632. [CrossRef]
  • [33] Guerrero L, Castillo J, Quiñones M, Garcia-Vallvé S, ArolaL, Pujadas G, Muguerza B. Inhibition of Angiotensin- Converting Enzyme Activity by Flavonoids: Structure-Activity Relationship Studies. PLoS One. 2012; 7(11): e49493. [CrossRef]
  • [34] Shukor NA, Camp JV, Gonzales GB, Staljanssens D, Struijs K, Zotti MJ, Raes K, Smagghe G. Angiotensin- Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Effects by Plant Phenolic Compounds: A Study of Structure Activity Relationships.J Agric Food Chem. 2013; 61: 11832–11839.[CrossRef]
  • [35] Raya S, Duttab M, Chaudhury K, Dea B. GC–MS based metabolite profiling and angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory property of black tea extracts. Rev Bras Farmacogn. 2017; 27(5): 580-586. [CrossRef]
  • [36] Maqsood M, Ahmed D, Atique I, Malik W. Lipase inhibitory activity of Lagenaria siceraria fruit as a strategy to treat obesity. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2017; 10(3): 305-310. [CrossRef]
  • [37] Elmazar MM, El-Abhar HS, Schaalan MF, Farag NA. Phytol/Phytanic acid and insulin resistance: potential role of phytanic acid proven by docking simulation and modulation of biochemical alterations. PLoS One. 2013; 8(1): e45638. [CrossRef]
  • [38] Wang M, Gu D, Li H, Wang Q, Kang J, Chu T, Guo H, Yang Y, Tian J. Rapid prediction and identification of lipase inhibitors in volatile oil from Pinus massoniana L. needles. Phytochemistry. 2017; 141: 114-120. [CrossRef]
  • [39] Maqsood M, Ahmed D, Atique I, Malik W. Lipase inhibitory activity of Lagenaria siceraria fruit as a strategy to treat obesity. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2017; 10(3): 305–310. [CrossRef]
  • [40] Wang Y, Huang S, Shao S, Qian L, XuP. Studies on bioactivities of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) fruit peel extracts: Antioxidant activity and inhibitory potential against α-glucosidase and α-amylase in vitro. Indus Crops Prod. 2012; 37(1), 520– 526. [CrossRef]
  • [41] Khan MY, Kumar V. Mechanism & inhibition kinetics of bioassay-guided fractions of Indian medicinal plants andfoods as ACE inhibitors. J Tradit Complement Med. 2019; 9: 73-84. [CrossRef]
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Eczacılık Biyokimyası
Bölüm Articles
Yazarlar

Md. Rowshanul Habib 0000-0002-9108-3096

Yasuhiro Igarashi 0000-0001-5114-1389

Mohammad Ahasanur Rabbi 0000-0002-9366-9461

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Haziran 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 26 Sayı: 5

Kaynak Göster

APA Habib, M. R., Igarashi, Y., & Rabbi, M. A. (2025). In vitro inhibitory activity of Annona squamosa leaves against enzymes associated with metabolic disorders. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 26(5), 1272-1280.
AMA Habib MR, Igarashi Y, Rabbi MA. In vitro inhibitory activity of Annona squamosa leaves against enzymes associated with metabolic disorders. J. Res. Pharm. Haziran 2025;26(5):1272-1280.
Chicago Habib, Md. Rowshanul, Yasuhiro Igarashi, ve Mohammad Ahasanur Rabbi. “In Vitro Inhibitory Activity of Annona Squamosa Leaves Against Enzymes Associated With Metabolic Disorders”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 26, sy. 5 (Haziran 2025): 1272-80.
EndNote Habib MR, Igarashi Y, Rabbi MA (01 Haziran 2025) In vitro inhibitory activity of Annona squamosa leaves against enzymes associated with metabolic disorders. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 26 5 1272–1280.
IEEE M. R. Habib, Y. Igarashi, ve M. A. Rabbi, “In vitro inhibitory activity of Annona squamosa leaves against enzymes associated with metabolic disorders”, J. Res. Pharm., c. 26, sy. 5, ss. 1272–1280, 2025.
ISNAD Habib, Md. Rowshanul vd. “In Vitro Inhibitory Activity of Annona Squamosa Leaves Against Enzymes Associated With Metabolic Disorders”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 26/5 (Haziran 2025), 1272-1280.
JAMA Habib MR, Igarashi Y, Rabbi MA. In vitro inhibitory activity of Annona squamosa leaves against enzymes associated with metabolic disorders. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;26:1272–1280.
MLA Habib, Md. Rowshanul vd. “In Vitro Inhibitory Activity of Annona Squamosa Leaves Against Enzymes Associated With Metabolic Disorders”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, c. 26, sy. 5, 2025, ss. 1272-80.
Vancouver Habib MR, Igarashi Y, Rabbi MA. In vitro inhibitory activity of Annona squamosa leaves against enzymes associated with metabolic disorders. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;26(5):1272-80.