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Which Humulus lupulus drug samples meet the European Pharmacopoeia criteria: Cultivated, obtained from the herbalists or online shopping sites in Turkey?

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 5, 1304 - 1316, 28.06.2025

Zehra Bektur Methiye Mancak , Ufuk Koca Çalışkan

Öz

Humulus lupulus L. (Hops), which belongs to the Cannabaceae family, originates from Asia and grows
naturally in geographies with temperate climates such as Europe and North America. H. lupulus might have been
brought to Turkey from Germany to be used mostly in beer production. The plant is also used for medicinal purposes
due to its sedative and phytoestrogenic effects all over the world. Pharmacopoeia analyzes are important to confirm
whether the subject drog has the properties specified in the pharmacopoeia in order to check its suitability before it is
used for health purposes. For this reason, we aimed to evaluate features of the variety of hops plants: 1-cultivated in
Bilecik/Turkey; 2-sold by herbalists and sold on online shopping sites. Obtained samples of hops were analyzed
according to the 'Lupuli flos' monograph provided within the European Pharmacopoeia 8.0 (EP 8.0). Macroscopic,
microscopic, thin-layer chromatography, matter extractable by ethanol, loss on drying analyzes and determination of
total ash amount of the samples were conducted according to the EP 8.0. As a result, the hop samples, except those
cultured in Turkey, were not suitable for the EP 8.0. Legal controls should be provided by the authorities on herbals
sold by herbalists and on the internet. Samples of hops cultured for use in beer production in Turkey were suitable for
pharmacopoeia. These samples should meet the public at secure sales points or in food supplements in Turkey.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Humulus lupulus hops European Pharmacopoeia Cannabaceae herbalist

Kaynakça

  • [1] Koetter U, Biendl M. Hops (Humulus lupulus): A review of its historic and medicinal uses. HerbalGram. 2010; 87(5): 44- 57.
  • [2] Zanoli P, Zavatti M. Pharmacognostic and pharmacological profile of Humulus lupulus L. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008; 116(3): 383-396. [CrossRef]
  • [3] Olsovska J, Bostikova V, Dusek M, Jandovska V, Bogdanova K, Cermak P, Bostik P, Mikyskan A, Kolar M. Humulus lupulus L. (Hops) – A valuable source of compounds with bioactive effects for future therapies. Mil Med Sci Lett. 2016; 85(1): 19-30. [CrossRef]
  • [4] Astray G, Gullon P, Gullon B, Munekata PES, Lorenzo JM. Humulus lupulus L. as a natural source of functional biomolecules. Appl Sci. 2020; 10: 5074. [CrossRef]
  • [5] Harish V, Haque E, Smiech M, Taniguchi H, Jamieson S, Tewari D, Bishayee A. Xanthohumol for human malignancies: Chemistry, pharmacokinetics and molecular targets. Int J Mol Sci. 2021; 22: 4478. [CrossRef]
  • [6] Tronina T, Popłonski J, Bartmanska A. Flavonoids as phytoestrogenic components of hops and beer. Molecules. 2020; 25: 4201. [CrossRef]
  • [7] European Pharmacopoeia- 8th edition, Council of Europe, Hop strobile, Lupuli flos. 2013.
  • [8] Dhooghea L, Naessensa T, Heyerickb A, Keukeleireb DD, Vlietincka AJ, Pietersa L, Apersa S, Quantification of xanthohumol, isoxanthohumol, 8-prenylnaringenin, and 6-prenylnaringenin in hop extracts and derived capsules using secondary standards, Talanta. 2010; 83: 448–456. [CrossRef]
  • [9] Edwardson JR. Hops—Their botany, history, production and utilization. Econ Bot. 1952; 6(2): 160-175.
  • [10] Hong K, Wang L, Johnpaul A, Lv C, Ma C. Key enzymes involved in the synthesis of hops phytochemical compounds: From structure, functions to applications. Int J Mol Sci. 2021; 22: 9373. [CrossRef]
  • [11] Almaguer C, Schönberger C, Gastl M, Arendt EK, Becker T. Humulus lupulus–A story that begs to be told. A review. J Inst Brew. 2014; 120(4): 289-314. [CrossRef]
  • [12] Muzykiewicz A, Nowak A, Zielonka-Brzezicka J, Florkowska K, Duchnik W, Klimowicz A. Comparison of antioxidant activity of extracts of hop leaves harvested in different years. Herba Pol. 2019; 65(3). [CrossRef]
  • [13] Korpelainen H, Pietiläinen M. Hop (Humulus lupulus L.): Traditional and present use, and future potential. Econ Bot. 2021; 1-21. [CrossRef]
  • [14] Van Cleemput M, Cattoor K, De Bosscher K, Haegeman G, De Keukeleire D, Heyerick A. Hop (Humulus lupulus)- derived bitter acids as multipotent bioactive compounds. J Nat Prod. 2009; 72(6): 1220-1230. [CrossRef]
  • [15] Lawless J. The illustrated encyclopedia of essential oils: The complete guide to the use of oils in aromatherapy and herbalism. Element Books. Dorset, UK. 1995.
  • [16] Tyler VE, Foster S. Tyler’s honest herbal- Physiotherapy 4th ed. Haworth Herbal Press, Binghamton, New York, USA. 1999.
  • [17] Wichtl M, Brinckmann, J. Herbal drugs and phytopharmaceuticals. Medpharm. GmbH Scientific Publishers, Stuttgart. 2004.
  • [18] EMA (European Medicines Agency). Community herbal monograph on Humulus lupulus L., flos. 2014. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-monograph/final-community-herbal-monograph-humuluslupulus- l-flos_en.pdf. (accessed March 08, 2022).
  • [19] ESCOP Monographs: “Lupuli flos”. The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products (2nd ed.), Thieme Verlag, New York. 2003.
  • [20] PDR (Physicians’ Desk Reference) for Herbal Medicines - Hops (Humulus lupulus). 2000.
  • [21] Morin CM, Koetter U, Bastien C, Ware JC, Wooten V. Valerian hops combination and diphenhydramine for treating insomnia: A randomized placebo controlled clinical trial. Sleep 2005; 28: 1465–1471. [CrossRef]
  • [22] Dimpfel W, Pischel I, Lehnfeld R. Effects of lozenge containing lavender oil, extracts from hops, lemon balm and oat on electrical brain activity of volunteers. Eur J Med Res. 2004; 9: 423–431.
  • [23] Stevens JF, Page JE. Xanthohumol and related prenylflavonoids from hops and beer: to your good health!. Phytochemistry. 2004; 65(10):1317-30. [CrossRef]
  • [24] Heyerick A, Vervarcke S, Depypere H, Bracke M, De Keukeleire D. A first prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the use of a standardized hop extract to alleviate menopausal discomforts. Maturitas. 2006; 54: 164–175. [CrossRef]
  • [25] Bowe J, Li XF, Kinsey-Jones J, Heyerick A, Brain S, Milligan S, Byrne KO. The hop phytoestrogen, 8-prenylnaringenin, reverses the ovariectomy-induced rise in skin temperature in an animal model of menopausal hot flushes. J Endocrinol. 2006; 191: 399–405. [CrossRef]
  • [26] Štulíková K, Karabín M, Nešpor J, Dostálek P. Therapeutic perspectives of 8-prenylnaringenin, a potent phytoestrogen from hops. Molecules. 2018; 23: 660. [CrossRef]
  • [27] Morali G, Polatti F, Metelitsa EN, Mascarucci P, Magnani P, Marr`e GB. Open, non-controlled clinical studies to assess the efficacy and safety of a medical device in form of gel topically and intravaginally used in postmenopausal women with genital atrophy. Arzneim-Forsch/Drug Res 2006; 56; 230–238. [CrossRef]
  • [28] Keiler AM, Zierau O, Kretzschmar G. Hop extracts and hop substances in treatment of menopausal complaints. Planta Med. 2013; 79: 576–579. [CrossRef]
  • [29] Vazquez-Cervantes GI, Ortega DR, Ayala TB, Pérez de la Cruz V, Esquivel DFG, Salazar A, Pineda B. Redox and antiinflammatory properties from hop components in beer-related to neuroprotection. Nutrients. 2021; 13: 2000. [CrossRef]
  • [30] Yen TL, Hsu CK, Lu WJ, Hsieh CY, Hsia G, Chou DS, Wu GJ, Sheu JR. Neuroprotective effects of xanthohumol, a prenylated flavonoid from hops (Humulus lupulus), in ischemic stroke of rats. J Agric Food Chem. 2012; 60: 1937–1944. [CrossRef]
  • [31] Gerhauser C, Alt A, Heiss E, Gamal-Eldeen A, Klimo K, Knauft J, Neumann I, Scherf HR, Frank N, Bartsch H. Cancer chemopreventive activity of xanthohumol, a natural product derived from hop. Mol Cancer Ther. 2002; 1: 959–969.
  • [32] Zhao F, Watanabe Y, Nozawa H, Daikonnya A, Kondo K, Kitanaka S. Prenylflavonoids and phloroglucinol derivatives from hops (Humulus lupulus). J Nat Prod. 2005; 68: 43–49. [CrossRef]
  • [33] Gerhauser C. Beer constituents as potential cancer chemopreventive agents. Eur J Cancer. 2005; 41(13):1941-54. [CrossRef]
  • [34] Colgate EC, Miranda CL, Stevens JF, Bray TM, Ho E. Xanthohumol, a prenylflavonoid derived from hops induces apoptosis and inhibits NF-kappaB activation in prostate epithelial cells. Cancer Lett. 2007; 246(1-2): 201-209. [CrossRef]
  • [35] Albini A, Dell’Eva R, Vene R, Ferrari N, Buhler DR, Noonan DM, Fassina G. Mechanisms of the antiangiogenic activity by the hop flavonoid xanthohumol: NF-kappaB and Akt as targets, FASEB J. 2006; 20(3):527-529. [CrossRef]
  • [36] Harikumar KB, Kunnumakkara AB, Ahn KS, Anand P, Krishnan S, Guha S, Aggarwal BB. Modification of the cysteine residues in IkappaB-alpha kinase and NF-kappaB (p65) by xanthohumol leads to suppression of NF-kappaB-regulated gene products and potentiation of apoptosis in leukemia cells. Blood. 2009; 113: 2003-2013. [CrossRef]
  • [37] Dorn C, Weiss TS, Heilmann J, Hellerbrand C. Xanthohumol, a prenylated chalcone derived from hops, inhibits proliferation, migration and interleukin-8 expression of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Int J Oncol. 2010; 36: 435-441. [CrossRef]
  • [38] Benelli R, Vene R, Ciarlo M, Carlone S, Barbieri O, Ferrari N. The AKT/NF-kappaB inhibitor xanthohumol is a potent anti-lymphocytic leukemia drug overcoming chemoresistance and cell infiltration. Biochem Pharmacol. 2012; 83:1634-1642. [CrossRef]
  • [39] Dokduang H, Yongvanit P, Namwat N, Pairojkul C, Sangkhamanon S, Yageta MS, Murakami Y, Loilome W. Xanthohumol inhibits STAT3 activation pathway leading to growth suppression and apoptosis induction in human cholangiocarcinoma cells. Oncol Rep. 2016; 35:2065-2072. [CrossRef]
  • [40] Jiang CH, Sun TL, Xiang DX, Wei SS, Li WQ. Anticancer activity and mechanism of xanthohumol: A prenylated flavonoid from hops (Humulus lupulus L.). Front Pharmacol. 2018; 9: 530. [CrossRef]
  • [41] Negrão R, Costa R, Duarte D, Gomes TT, Mendanha M, Moura L, Vasques L, Azevedo I, Soares R. Angiogenesis and inflammation signaling are targets of beer polyphenols on vascular cells. J Cell Biochem. 2010; 111: 1270–1279. [CrossRef]
  • [42] Fukuda T, Ohya R, Kobayashi K, Ano Y. Matured hop bitter acids in beer improve lipopolysaccharide-induced depression-like behaviour. Front Neurosci. 2019; 13: 41. [CrossRef]
  • [43] Serkani JE, Isfahani BN, Safaei H.Gh, Kermanshahi K, Asghari Gh. Evaluation of the effect of Humulus lupulus alcoholic extract on rifampin-sensitive and resistant isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Res Pharm Sci. 2012; 7(4).
  • [44] Kramer B, Thielmann J, Muranyi P, Wunderlich J. Antimicrobial activity of hop extracts against foodborne pathogens for meat applications. J Appl Microbiol. 2014; 118(3). [CrossRef]
  • [45] Bogdanova K, Kolar M, Langova K, Dusek M, Mikyska A, Bostikova V, Bostik P, Olsovska J. Inhibitory effect of hop fractions against Gram-positive multi-resistant bacteria. A pilot study. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 2018; 162(4): 276-283. [CrossRef]
  • [46] Bocqueta L, Riviere C, Dermontb C, Samailliea J, Hilberta JL, Halamab P, Siahb A, Sahpaza S. Antifungal activity of hop extracts and compounds against the wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. Ind Crops Prod. 2018; 122: 290–297. [CrossRef]
  • [47] Nionelli L, Pontonio E, Gobbetti M, Rizzello CG. Use of hop extract as antifungal ingredient for bread making and selection of autochthonous resistant starters for sourdough fermentation. Int J Food Microbiol. 2017; 266: 173-182. [CrossRef]
  • [48] Ayabe T, Fukuda T, Ano Y. Improving effects of hop-derived bitter acids in beer on cognitive functions: A new strategy for vagus nerve stimulation. Biomolecules. 2020; 10(1): 131. [CrossRef]
  • [49] Costa R, Rodrigues I, Guardão L, Rocha-Rodrigues S, Silva C, Magalhães J, Ferreira-de-Almeida M, Negrão R. Soares R. Xanthohumol and 8-prenylnaringenin ameliorate diabetic-related metabolic dysfunctions in mice. J Nutr Biochem. 2017; 45: 39–47. [CrossRef]
  • [50] Nozawa H. Xanthohumol, the chalcone from beer hops (Humulus lupulus L.), is the ligand for farnesoid X receptor and ameliorates lipid and glucose metabolism in KK-A(y) mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005; 336(3): 754-761. [CrossRef]
  • [51] Obara K, Mizutani M, Hitomi Y, Yajima H, Kondo K. Isohumulones, the bitter component of beer, improve hyperglycemia and decrease body fat in Japanese subjects with prediabetes. Clin Nutr. 2009; 28(3): 278-284. [CrossRef]
  • [52] Miranda C, Elias VD, Hay JJ, Choi J, Reed RL, Stevens JF. Xanthohumol improves dysfunctional glucose and lipid metabolism in diet-induced obese C57BL/6J mice. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2016; 599: 22-30. [CrossRef]
  • [53] Huang J, Wang X, Zhang Y. Specific types of alcoholic beverage consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Diabetes Investig. 2017; 8: 56–68. [CrossRef]
  • [54] Barrea A, Annunziata G, Muscoguirui G, Arnone A, Tenore GC, Colao A, Savastano S. Could hop-derived bitter compounds improve glucose homeostasis by stimulating the secretion of GLP-1?. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2019; 59: 528– 535. [CrossRef]
  • [55] Verzele M, De Keukeleire D. Chemistry and analysis of hop and beer bitter acids. Elsevier, Amsterdam. 1991.
  • [56] Hrncic MK, Španinger E, Košir IJ, Knez Z, Bren U. Hop Compounds: Extraction techniques, chemical analyses, antioxidative, antimicrobial and anticarcinogenic effects. Nutrients. 2019; 11: 257. [CrossRef]
  • [57] İşcan G, Köse YB, Demirci F. Bitkisel drogların makroskobik ve mikroskobik özellikleri (Macroscopic and microscopic features of herbal drugs). Antalya Eczacı Odası Akademisi Yayınları, Antalya. 2019.

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 5, 1304 - 1316, 28.06.2025

Zehra Bektur Methiye Mancak , Ufuk Koca Çalışkan

Öz

Kaynakça

  • [1] Koetter U, Biendl M. Hops (Humulus lupulus): A review of its historic and medicinal uses. HerbalGram. 2010; 87(5): 44- 57.
  • [2] Zanoli P, Zavatti M. Pharmacognostic and pharmacological profile of Humulus lupulus L. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008; 116(3): 383-396. [CrossRef]
  • [3] Olsovska J, Bostikova V, Dusek M, Jandovska V, Bogdanova K, Cermak P, Bostik P, Mikyskan A, Kolar M. Humulus lupulus L. (Hops) – A valuable source of compounds with bioactive effects for future therapies. Mil Med Sci Lett. 2016; 85(1): 19-30. [CrossRef]
  • [4] Astray G, Gullon P, Gullon B, Munekata PES, Lorenzo JM. Humulus lupulus L. as a natural source of functional biomolecules. Appl Sci. 2020; 10: 5074. [CrossRef]
  • [5] Harish V, Haque E, Smiech M, Taniguchi H, Jamieson S, Tewari D, Bishayee A. Xanthohumol for human malignancies: Chemistry, pharmacokinetics and molecular targets. Int J Mol Sci. 2021; 22: 4478. [CrossRef]
  • [6] Tronina T, Popłonski J, Bartmanska A. Flavonoids as phytoestrogenic components of hops and beer. Molecules. 2020; 25: 4201. [CrossRef]
  • [7] European Pharmacopoeia- 8th edition, Council of Europe, Hop strobile, Lupuli flos. 2013.
  • [8] Dhooghea L, Naessensa T, Heyerickb A, Keukeleireb DD, Vlietincka AJ, Pietersa L, Apersa S, Quantification of xanthohumol, isoxanthohumol, 8-prenylnaringenin, and 6-prenylnaringenin in hop extracts and derived capsules using secondary standards, Talanta. 2010; 83: 448–456. [CrossRef]
  • [9] Edwardson JR. Hops—Their botany, history, production and utilization. Econ Bot. 1952; 6(2): 160-175.
  • [10] Hong K, Wang L, Johnpaul A, Lv C, Ma C. Key enzymes involved in the synthesis of hops phytochemical compounds: From structure, functions to applications. Int J Mol Sci. 2021; 22: 9373. [CrossRef]
  • [11] Almaguer C, Schönberger C, Gastl M, Arendt EK, Becker T. Humulus lupulus–A story that begs to be told. A review. J Inst Brew. 2014; 120(4): 289-314. [CrossRef]
  • [12] Muzykiewicz A, Nowak A, Zielonka-Brzezicka J, Florkowska K, Duchnik W, Klimowicz A. Comparison of antioxidant activity of extracts of hop leaves harvested in different years. Herba Pol. 2019; 65(3). [CrossRef]
  • [13] Korpelainen H, Pietiläinen M. Hop (Humulus lupulus L.): Traditional and present use, and future potential. Econ Bot. 2021; 1-21. [CrossRef]
  • [14] Van Cleemput M, Cattoor K, De Bosscher K, Haegeman G, De Keukeleire D, Heyerick A. Hop (Humulus lupulus)- derived bitter acids as multipotent bioactive compounds. J Nat Prod. 2009; 72(6): 1220-1230. [CrossRef]
  • [15] Lawless J. The illustrated encyclopedia of essential oils: The complete guide to the use of oils in aromatherapy and herbalism. Element Books. Dorset, UK. 1995.
  • [16] Tyler VE, Foster S. Tyler’s honest herbal- Physiotherapy 4th ed. Haworth Herbal Press, Binghamton, New York, USA. 1999.
  • [17] Wichtl M, Brinckmann, J. Herbal drugs and phytopharmaceuticals. Medpharm. GmbH Scientific Publishers, Stuttgart. 2004.
  • [18] EMA (European Medicines Agency). Community herbal monograph on Humulus lupulus L., flos. 2014. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-monograph/final-community-herbal-monograph-humuluslupulus- l-flos_en.pdf. (accessed March 08, 2022).
  • [19] ESCOP Monographs: “Lupuli flos”. The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products (2nd ed.), Thieme Verlag, New York. 2003.
  • [20] PDR (Physicians’ Desk Reference) for Herbal Medicines - Hops (Humulus lupulus). 2000.
  • [21] Morin CM, Koetter U, Bastien C, Ware JC, Wooten V. Valerian hops combination and diphenhydramine for treating insomnia: A randomized placebo controlled clinical trial. Sleep 2005; 28: 1465–1471. [CrossRef]
  • [22] Dimpfel W, Pischel I, Lehnfeld R. Effects of lozenge containing lavender oil, extracts from hops, lemon balm and oat on electrical brain activity of volunteers. Eur J Med Res. 2004; 9: 423–431.
  • [23] Stevens JF, Page JE. Xanthohumol and related prenylflavonoids from hops and beer: to your good health!. Phytochemistry. 2004; 65(10):1317-30. [CrossRef]
  • [24] Heyerick A, Vervarcke S, Depypere H, Bracke M, De Keukeleire D. A first prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the use of a standardized hop extract to alleviate menopausal discomforts. Maturitas. 2006; 54: 164–175. [CrossRef]
  • [25] Bowe J, Li XF, Kinsey-Jones J, Heyerick A, Brain S, Milligan S, Byrne KO. The hop phytoestrogen, 8-prenylnaringenin, reverses the ovariectomy-induced rise in skin temperature in an animal model of menopausal hot flushes. J Endocrinol. 2006; 191: 399–405. [CrossRef]
  • [26] Štulíková K, Karabín M, Nešpor J, Dostálek P. Therapeutic perspectives of 8-prenylnaringenin, a potent phytoestrogen from hops. Molecules. 2018; 23: 660. [CrossRef]
  • [27] Morali G, Polatti F, Metelitsa EN, Mascarucci P, Magnani P, Marr`e GB. Open, non-controlled clinical studies to assess the efficacy and safety of a medical device in form of gel topically and intravaginally used in postmenopausal women with genital atrophy. Arzneim-Forsch/Drug Res 2006; 56; 230–238. [CrossRef]
  • [28] Keiler AM, Zierau O, Kretzschmar G. Hop extracts and hop substances in treatment of menopausal complaints. Planta Med. 2013; 79: 576–579. [CrossRef]
  • [29] Vazquez-Cervantes GI, Ortega DR, Ayala TB, Pérez de la Cruz V, Esquivel DFG, Salazar A, Pineda B. Redox and antiinflammatory properties from hop components in beer-related to neuroprotection. Nutrients. 2021; 13: 2000. [CrossRef]
  • [30] Yen TL, Hsu CK, Lu WJ, Hsieh CY, Hsia G, Chou DS, Wu GJ, Sheu JR. Neuroprotective effects of xanthohumol, a prenylated flavonoid from hops (Humulus lupulus), in ischemic stroke of rats. J Agric Food Chem. 2012; 60: 1937–1944. [CrossRef]
  • [31] Gerhauser C, Alt A, Heiss E, Gamal-Eldeen A, Klimo K, Knauft J, Neumann I, Scherf HR, Frank N, Bartsch H. Cancer chemopreventive activity of xanthohumol, a natural product derived from hop. Mol Cancer Ther. 2002; 1: 959–969.
  • [32] Zhao F, Watanabe Y, Nozawa H, Daikonnya A, Kondo K, Kitanaka S. Prenylflavonoids and phloroglucinol derivatives from hops (Humulus lupulus). J Nat Prod. 2005; 68: 43–49. [CrossRef]
  • [33] Gerhauser C. Beer constituents as potential cancer chemopreventive agents. Eur J Cancer. 2005; 41(13):1941-54. [CrossRef]
  • [34] Colgate EC, Miranda CL, Stevens JF, Bray TM, Ho E. Xanthohumol, a prenylflavonoid derived from hops induces apoptosis and inhibits NF-kappaB activation in prostate epithelial cells. Cancer Lett. 2007; 246(1-2): 201-209. [CrossRef]
  • [35] Albini A, Dell’Eva R, Vene R, Ferrari N, Buhler DR, Noonan DM, Fassina G. Mechanisms of the antiangiogenic activity by the hop flavonoid xanthohumol: NF-kappaB and Akt as targets, FASEB J. 2006; 20(3):527-529. [CrossRef]
  • [36] Harikumar KB, Kunnumakkara AB, Ahn KS, Anand P, Krishnan S, Guha S, Aggarwal BB. Modification of the cysteine residues in IkappaB-alpha kinase and NF-kappaB (p65) by xanthohumol leads to suppression of NF-kappaB-regulated gene products and potentiation of apoptosis in leukemia cells. Blood. 2009; 113: 2003-2013. [CrossRef]
  • [37] Dorn C, Weiss TS, Heilmann J, Hellerbrand C. Xanthohumol, a prenylated chalcone derived from hops, inhibits proliferation, migration and interleukin-8 expression of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Int J Oncol. 2010; 36: 435-441. [CrossRef]
  • [38] Benelli R, Vene R, Ciarlo M, Carlone S, Barbieri O, Ferrari N. The AKT/NF-kappaB inhibitor xanthohumol is a potent anti-lymphocytic leukemia drug overcoming chemoresistance and cell infiltration. Biochem Pharmacol. 2012; 83:1634-1642. [CrossRef]
  • [39] Dokduang H, Yongvanit P, Namwat N, Pairojkul C, Sangkhamanon S, Yageta MS, Murakami Y, Loilome W. Xanthohumol inhibits STAT3 activation pathway leading to growth suppression and apoptosis induction in human cholangiocarcinoma cells. Oncol Rep. 2016; 35:2065-2072. [CrossRef]
  • [40] Jiang CH, Sun TL, Xiang DX, Wei SS, Li WQ. Anticancer activity and mechanism of xanthohumol: A prenylated flavonoid from hops (Humulus lupulus L.). Front Pharmacol. 2018; 9: 530. [CrossRef]
  • [41] Negrão R, Costa R, Duarte D, Gomes TT, Mendanha M, Moura L, Vasques L, Azevedo I, Soares R. Angiogenesis and inflammation signaling are targets of beer polyphenols on vascular cells. J Cell Biochem. 2010; 111: 1270–1279. [CrossRef]
  • [42] Fukuda T, Ohya R, Kobayashi K, Ano Y. Matured hop bitter acids in beer improve lipopolysaccharide-induced depression-like behaviour. Front Neurosci. 2019; 13: 41. [CrossRef]
  • [43] Serkani JE, Isfahani BN, Safaei H.Gh, Kermanshahi K, Asghari Gh. Evaluation of the effect of Humulus lupulus alcoholic extract on rifampin-sensitive and resistant isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Res Pharm Sci. 2012; 7(4).
  • [44] Kramer B, Thielmann J, Muranyi P, Wunderlich J. Antimicrobial activity of hop extracts against foodborne pathogens for meat applications. J Appl Microbiol. 2014; 118(3). [CrossRef]
  • [45] Bogdanova K, Kolar M, Langova K, Dusek M, Mikyska A, Bostikova V, Bostik P, Olsovska J. Inhibitory effect of hop fractions against Gram-positive multi-resistant bacteria. A pilot study. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 2018; 162(4): 276-283. [CrossRef]
  • [46] Bocqueta L, Riviere C, Dermontb C, Samailliea J, Hilberta JL, Halamab P, Siahb A, Sahpaza S. Antifungal activity of hop extracts and compounds against the wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. Ind Crops Prod. 2018; 122: 290–297. [CrossRef]
  • [47] Nionelli L, Pontonio E, Gobbetti M, Rizzello CG. Use of hop extract as antifungal ingredient for bread making and selection of autochthonous resistant starters for sourdough fermentation. Int J Food Microbiol. 2017; 266: 173-182. [CrossRef]
  • [48] Ayabe T, Fukuda T, Ano Y. Improving effects of hop-derived bitter acids in beer on cognitive functions: A new strategy for vagus nerve stimulation. Biomolecules. 2020; 10(1): 131. [CrossRef]
  • [49] Costa R, Rodrigues I, Guardão L, Rocha-Rodrigues S, Silva C, Magalhães J, Ferreira-de-Almeida M, Negrão R. Soares R. Xanthohumol and 8-prenylnaringenin ameliorate diabetic-related metabolic dysfunctions in mice. J Nutr Biochem. 2017; 45: 39–47. [CrossRef]
  • [50] Nozawa H. Xanthohumol, the chalcone from beer hops (Humulus lupulus L.), is the ligand for farnesoid X receptor and ameliorates lipid and glucose metabolism in KK-A(y) mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005; 336(3): 754-761. [CrossRef]
  • [51] Obara K, Mizutani M, Hitomi Y, Yajima H, Kondo K. Isohumulones, the bitter component of beer, improve hyperglycemia and decrease body fat in Japanese subjects with prediabetes. Clin Nutr. 2009; 28(3): 278-284. [CrossRef]
  • [52] Miranda C, Elias VD, Hay JJ, Choi J, Reed RL, Stevens JF. Xanthohumol improves dysfunctional glucose and lipid metabolism in diet-induced obese C57BL/6J mice. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2016; 599: 22-30. [CrossRef]
  • [53] Huang J, Wang X, Zhang Y. Specific types of alcoholic beverage consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Diabetes Investig. 2017; 8: 56–68. [CrossRef]
  • [54] Barrea A, Annunziata G, Muscoguirui G, Arnone A, Tenore GC, Colao A, Savastano S. Could hop-derived bitter compounds improve glucose homeostasis by stimulating the secretion of GLP-1?. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2019; 59: 528– 535. [CrossRef]
  • [55] Verzele M, De Keukeleire D. Chemistry and analysis of hop and beer bitter acids. Elsevier, Amsterdam. 1991.
  • [56] Hrncic MK, Španinger E, Košir IJ, Knez Z, Bren U. Hop Compounds: Extraction techniques, chemical analyses, antioxidative, antimicrobial and anticarcinogenic effects. Nutrients. 2019; 11: 257. [CrossRef]
  • [57] İşcan G, Köse YB, Demirci F. Bitkisel drogların makroskobik ve mikroskobik özellikleri (Macroscopic and microscopic features of herbal drugs). Antalya Eczacı Odası Akademisi Yayınları, Antalya. 2019.
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Farmakognozi
Bölüm Articles
Yazarlar

Zehra Bektur 0000-0002-2229-3284

Methiye Mancak 0000-0002-0085-7552

Ufuk Koca Çalışkan

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Haziran 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 26 Sayı: 5

Kaynak Göster

APA Bektur, Z., Mancak, M., & Çalışkan, U. K. (2025). Which Humulus lupulus drug samples meet the European Pharmacopoeia criteria: Cultivated, obtained from the herbalists or online shopping sites in Turkey?. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 26(5), 1304-1316.
AMA Bektur Z, Mancak M, Çalışkan UK. Which Humulus lupulus drug samples meet the European Pharmacopoeia criteria: Cultivated, obtained from the herbalists or online shopping sites in Turkey?. J. Res. Pharm. Haziran 2025;26(5):1304-1316.
Chicago Bektur, Zehra, Methiye Mancak, ve Ufuk Koca Çalışkan. “Which Humulus Lupulus Drug Samples Meet the European Pharmacopoeia Criteria: Cultivated, Obtained from the Herbalists or Online Shopping Sites in Turkey?”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 26, sy. 5 (Haziran 2025): 1304-16.
EndNote Bektur Z, Mancak M, Çalışkan UK (01 Haziran 2025) Which Humulus lupulus drug samples meet the European Pharmacopoeia criteria: Cultivated, obtained from the herbalists or online shopping sites in Turkey?. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 26 5 1304–1316.
IEEE Z. Bektur, M. Mancak, ve U. K. Çalışkan, “Which Humulus lupulus drug samples meet the European Pharmacopoeia criteria: Cultivated, obtained from the herbalists or online shopping sites in Turkey?”, J. Res. Pharm., c. 26, sy. 5, ss. 1304–1316, 2025.
ISNAD Bektur, Zehra vd. “Which Humulus Lupulus Drug Samples Meet the European Pharmacopoeia Criteria: Cultivated, Obtained from the Herbalists or Online Shopping Sites in Turkey?”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 26/5 (Haziran 2025), 1304-1316.
JAMA Bektur Z, Mancak M, Çalışkan UK. Which Humulus lupulus drug samples meet the European Pharmacopoeia criteria: Cultivated, obtained from the herbalists or online shopping sites in Turkey?. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;26:1304–1316.
MLA Bektur, Zehra vd. “Which Humulus Lupulus Drug Samples Meet the European Pharmacopoeia Criteria: Cultivated, Obtained from the Herbalists or Online Shopping Sites in Turkey?”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, c. 26, sy. 5, 2025, ss. 1304-16.
Vancouver Bektur Z, Mancak M, Çalışkan UK. Which Humulus lupulus drug samples meet the European Pharmacopoeia criteria: Cultivated, obtained from the herbalists or online shopping sites in Turkey?. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;26(5):1304-16.