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Augumented bioavailability of maltodextrin-based Tenofovir proniosomes via inhibition of MDR1 mediated transport efflux

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 5, 1357 - 1368, 28.06.2025

Swarupa Arvapalli Anka Rao Aretı

Öz

Tenofovir is an antiviral drug indicated for the treatment of infections caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV). TNF is classified as a BCS Class III drug, indicating its ability to readily dissolve in gastrointestinal fluids with poor permeability across intestinal membranes results in a lower absorption rate, ultimately restricting its bioavailability. The primary challenges associated to enhancing the bioavailability of TNF involve intestinal degradation and efflux transport facilitated by Multidrug resistance protein1. TNF-loaded proniosomes were formulated using 32 factorial design by applying slurry method of preparation with a molar ratio of 2.5:1:1.5 for cholesterol, span 60, and maltodextrin, respectively. Maltodextrin-based polymeric nanoparticles exhibited desirable nano-scale properties, including size, polydispersity index, and zeta potentials, which fell within acceptable ranges. The successful PNFs (T-PN3, T-PN4, and T-PN7) demonstrated TNF entrapment in the range of 92.96 to 96.28%. The hydration volume and hydration time of proniosome-based niosomes for delivering TNF were optimized and the results demonstrated the structural homogeneity of niosomes derived from proniosomes. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis indicated that the niosomes exhibit a uniform and smooth surface morphology. Successful formulations were further characterized for their powder behaviour by angle of repose, TNF interactions with formulation components by FT-IR and DSC thermal analysis. The T-PN3 and T-PN7 formulations demonstrated a high in-vitro release rate of approximately 99% in PBS. Additionally, the cellular uptake of TNF from successful PNFs in NCI-N87 cells ranged from 81% to 83%, indicating that T-PN3 and T-PN7 exhibited superior performance compared to free TNF and the commercially available tenofovir. Further mechanistic analysis was conducted using MDR1 efflux studies and western blot techniques. The results demonstrated that both T-PN3 and T-PN7 effectively inhibited the efflux transport of TNF through MDR1 in MDCK-MDR1 and Caco-2 cells.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Tenofovir Proniosomes Niosomes MDR-mediated drug efflux Slurry technique

Kaynakça

  • [1] Wassner C, Bradley N, Lee Y. A review and clinical understanding of tenofovir: Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate versus tenofovir alafenamide. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care. 2020; 19:2325958220919231. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325958220919231
  • [2] U.S. Food and Drug Administration Approves Gilead’s Biktarvy® (Bictegravir, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Alafenamide) for Treatment of HIV-1 Infection. https://www.gilead.com/news-and-press/press-room/press-releases/2018/2/us-food-and-drug-administration-approves-gileads-biktarvy-bictegravir-emtricitabine-tenofovir-alafenamide-for-treatment-of-hiv1-infection. (accessed on february 07,2018).
  • [3] Hepatitis B (who.int). https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241549059 (accessed on march 01,2015).
  • [4] Terrault NA, Lok ASF, McMahon BJ, Chang KM, Hwang JP, Jonas MM, Brown RS Jr, Bzowej NH, Wong JB. Update on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic hepatitis B: AASLD 2018 hepatitis B guidance. Hepatology. 2018; 67(4):1560-1599.
  • [5] De Clercq, E. Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) as the successor of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF). Biochem Pharmacol. 2016;119:1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2016.04.015
  • [6] Kearney B, Flaherty J, Shah J. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate clinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2004;43(9):595–612. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-200443090-00003
  • [7] Naesens L, Bischofberger N, Augustijns P, Annaert P, Mooter G, Arimilli M, Kim C, Clercq E. Antiretroviral efficacy and pharmacokinetics of oral bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1998;42(7):1568–1573. https://doi.org/10.1128%2Faac.42.7.1568
  • [8] Shaw JP, Sueoka CM, Oliyai R, Lee W, Arimilli M, Kim C, Cundy K. Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of novel oral prodrugs of 9-[(R)-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine (PMPA) in dogs. Pharm Res. 1997;14(12):1824–1829. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1012108719462
  • [9] Barditch-Crovo P., Deeks S.G., Collier A, Safrin S, Coakley D, Miller M, Kearney B, Coleman R, Lamy PD, Kahn J, McGowan I, Lietman PS. Phase I/II trial of the pharmacokinetics, safety, and antiretroviral activity of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001;45(10):2733–2739. https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.45.10.2733-2739.2001
  • [10] Celum C, Baeten JM. Tenofovir-based pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention: evolving evidence. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2012; 25(1):51-57. https://doi.org/10.1097%2FQCO.0b013e32834ef5ef
  • [11] Zhang L, Strong JM, Qiu W, Lesko LJ, Huang SM. Scientific perspectives on drug transporters and their role in drug Interactions. Mol Pharm. 2006;3(1):62-69. https://doi.org/10.1021/mp050095h
  • [12] Gelder J, Deferme S, Naesens L, De Clercq E, van den Mooter G, Kinget R, Augustijns P. Intestinal absorption enhancement of the ester prodrug tenofovir disoproxil fumarate through modulation of the biochemical barrier by defined ester mixtures. Drug Metab Dispos. 2002; 30(8):924-930. https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.30.8.924
  • [13] Radha GV, Rani TS, Sarvani B. A review on proniosomal drug delivery system for targeted drug action. J Basic Clin Pharm. 2013;4(2):42-48.
  • [14] Song S, Tian B, Chen F, Zhang W, Pan Y, Zhang Q, Yang X, Pan W. Potentials of proniosomes for improving the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2015;41:51–62. https://doi.org/10.3109/03639045.2013.845841
  • [15] Aburahma MH, Abdelbary GA. Novel diphenyl dimethyl bicarboxylate provesicular powders with enhanced hepatocurative activity: preparation, optimization, in vitro/in vivo evaluation. Int J Pharm. 2012;422:139–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.10.043
  • [16] Veerareddy PR, Bobbala SKR. Enhanced oral bioavailability of isradipine via proniosomal systems. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2013; 39:909–917. https://doi.org/10.3109/03639045.2012.717945
  • [17] Sahoo RK, Biswas N, Guha A, Kuotsu K. Maltodextrin based proniosomes of nateglinide: Bioavailability assessment. Int J Biol Macromol. 2014;69: 430–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.05.075
  • [18] Bhavsar DS, Patel BN, Patel CN. RP-HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, lamivudine, and efavirenz in combined tablet dosage form. Pharm Methods. 2012; 3(2):73-78. https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-4708.103876
  • [19] Chandra A, Sharma PK. Proniosome-based drug delivery system of piroxicam. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol. 2008; 2(9): 184–190.
  • [20] Lohumi A. A novel drug delivery system: Niosomes review. J Drug Deliv Ther. 2012; 2. https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v2i5.274
  • [21] Okore VC, Attama AA, Ofokansi KC, Esimone CO, Onuigbo EB. Formulation and evaluation of niosomes. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2011; 73: 323–328.
  • [22] Gurrapu A, Jukanti R, Bobbala SR, Kanuganti S, Jeevana JB. Improved oral delivery of valsartan from maltodextrin based proniosome powders. Adv Powder Technol. 2012; 23: 583–590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2011.06.005
  • [23] Wen MM, Farid RM, Kassem AA. Nano-proniosomes enhancing the transdermal delivery of mefenamic acid. J Liposome Res. 2014; 24: 280–289. https://doi.org/10.3109/08982104.2014.911313
  • [24] Thiel-Demby VE, Tippin TK, Humphreys JE, Serabjit-Singh CJ, Polli JW. In vitro absorption and secretory quotients: practical criteria derived from a study of 331 compounds to assess for the impact of P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux on drug candidates. J Pharm Sci. 2004;93(10):2567-2572. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.20166
  • [25] Troutman MD, Thakker DR. Novel experimental parameters to quantify the modulation of absorptive and secretory transport of compounds by P-glycoprotein in cell culture models of intestinal epithelium. Pharm Res. 2003;20(8): 1210-1224. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1025001131513
  • [26] Batrakova EV, Li S, Vinogradov SV, Alakhov VY, Miller DW, Kabanov AV. Mechanism of pluronic effect on P-glycoprotein efflux system in blood-brain barrier: contributions of energy depletion and membrane fluidization. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2001; 299(2):483-493.
  • [27] Gilbaldi M, Perrier D. Pharmacokinetics. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1982. p. 409–417.
  • [28] Mokhtar M, Sammour OA, Hammad MA, Megrab NA. Effect of some formulation parameters on flurbiprofen encapsulation and release rates of niosomes prepared from proniosomes. Int J Pharm. 2008; 361: 104–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.05.031
  • [29] Debnath A, Kumar A. Structural and functional significance of niosome and proniosome in drug delivery system. Int J Pharm Eng. 2015; 3: 621–637.
  • [30] Kakar R, Rao R, Goswami A, Nanda S, Saroha K. Proniosomes: An emerging vesicular system in drug delivery and cosmetics. Pharm Lett. 2010; 2: 227–239.
  • [31] Nasr M. In vitro and ın vivo evaluation of proniosomes containing celecoxib for oral administration. AAPS PharmSciTech 2010; 11: 85–89. https://doi.org/10.1208%2Fs12249-009-9364-5
  • [32] Atnip A, Giusti MM, Sigurdson GT, Failla ML, Chitchumroonchokchai C, Bomser JA. The NCI-N87 cell line as a gastric epithelial model to study cellular uptake, trans-epithelial transport, and gastric anti-ınflammatory properties of anthocyanins. Nutr Cancer. 2020;72(4):686-695. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2019.1644354
  • [33] Yasam VR, Jakki SL, Natarajan J, Kuppusamy G. A review on novel vesicular drug delivery: Proniosomes. Drug Deliv. 2014; 21, 243–249. https://doi.org/10.3109/10717544.2013.841783
  • [34] Sengodan T, Sunil B. Formulation and evaluation of maltodextrin-based proniosomes loaded with indomethacin. Int J Pharm Tech. Research. 2009; 3:517-523.
  • [35] Zhang L, Strong JM, Qiu W, Lesko LJ, Huang SM. Scientific perspectives on drug transporters and their role in drug Interactions. Mol Pharm. 2006;3(1):62-69. https://doi.org/10.1021/mp050095h
  • [36] Srivalli K, Lakshmi PK. Overview of P-glycoprotein inhibitors: a rational outlook. Braz J Pharm Sci. 2012;48(3):353-367. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-82502012000300002
  • [37] El-Laithy HM, Shoukry O, Mahran LG. Novel sugar esters proniosomes for transdermal delivery of vinpocetine: preclinical and clinical studies. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2011; 77:43–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2010.10.011
  • [38] Wen MM, Farid RM, Kassem AA. Nano-proniosomes enhancing the transdermal delivery of mefenamic acid. J Liposome Res.2014; 24:280–289. https://doi.org/10.3109/08982104.2014.911313
  • [39] Madan JR, Ghuge NP, Dua K. Formulation and evaluation of proniosomes containing lornoxicam. Drug Deliv Translat Res. 2016; 6:511–518. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13346-016-0296-9
  • [40] Soliman SM, Abdelmalak NS, El-Gazayerly ON, Abdelaziz N. Novel non-ionic surfactant proniosomes for transdermal delivery of lacidipine: optimization using 23 factorial design and in vivo evaluation in rabbits. Drug Deliv.2016; 23:1608–1622. https://doi.org/10.3109/10717544.2015.1132797
  • [41] Rajabalaya R, Leen G, Chellian J, Chakravarthi S, David SR. Tolterodine tartrate proniosomal gel transdermal delivery for overactive bladder. Pharmaceutics. 2016; 8:27. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fpharmaceutics8030027
  • [42] Imam SS, Aqil M, Akhtar M, Sultana Y, Ali A. Formulation by design-based proniosome for accentuated transdermal delivery of risperidone: in vitro characterization and in vivo pharmacokinetic study. Drug Deliv. 2016;22:1059–1070. https://doi.org/10.3109/10717544.2013.870260
  • [43] Fang JY, Yu SY, Wu PC, Huang YB, Tsai YH. In vitro skin permeation of estradiol from various proniosome formulations. Int J Pharm.2001; 215:91–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5173(00)00669-4
  • [44] Ammar H, Ghorab M, EL-Nahhas S, Higazy I. Proniosomes as a carrier system for transdermal delivery of tenoxicam. Int J Pharm. 2011;405:142–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.11.003
  • [45] Illamola SM, Valade E, Hirt D, Dulioust E, Zheng Y, Wolf JP, Tréluyer JM. Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of tenofovir and emtricitabine in seminal plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2016;1033-1034: 234-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.08.011

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 5, 1357 - 1368, 28.06.2025

Swarupa Arvapalli Anka Rao Aretı

Öz

Kaynakça

  • [1] Wassner C, Bradley N, Lee Y. A review and clinical understanding of tenofovir: Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate versus tenofovir alafenamide. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care. 2020; 19:2325958220919231. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325958220919231
  • [2] U.S. Food and Drug Administration Approves Gilead’s Biktarvy® (Bictegravir, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Alafenamide) for Treatment of HIV-1 Infection. https://www.gilead.com/news-and-press/press-room/press-releases/2018/2/us-food-and-drug-administration-approves-gileads-biktarvy-bictegravir-emtricitabine-tenofovir-alafenamide-for-treatment-of-hiv1-infection. (accessed on february 07,2018).
  • [3] Hepatitis B (who.int). https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241549059 (accessed on march 01,2015).
  • [4] Terrault NA, Lok ASF, McMahon BJ, Chang KM, Hwang JP, Jonas MM, Brown RS Jr, Bzowej NH, Wong JB. Update on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic hepatitis B: AASLD 2018 hepatitis B guidance. Hepatology. 2018; 67(4):1560-1599.
  • [5] De Clercq, E. Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) as the successor of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF). Biochem Pharmacol. 2016;119:1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2016.04.015
  • [6] Kearney B, Flaherty J, Shah J. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate clinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2004;43(9):595–612. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-200443090-00003
  • [7] Naesens L, Bischofberger N, Augustijns P, Annaert P, Mooter G, Arimilli M, Kim C, Clercq E. Antiretroviral efficacy and pharmacokinetics of oral bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1998;42(7):1568–1573. https://doi.org/10.1128%2Faac.42.7.1568
  • [8] Shaw JP, Sueoka CM, Oliyai R, Lee W, Arimilli M, Kim C, Cundy K. Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of novel oral prodrugs of 9-[(R)-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine (PMPA) in dogs. Pharm Res. 1997;14(12):1824–1829. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1012108719462
  • [9] Barditch-Crovo P., Deeks S.G., Collier A, Safrin S, Coakley D, Miller M, Kearney B, Coleman R, Lamy PD, Kahn J, McGowan I, Lietman PS. Phase I/II trial of the pharmacokinetics, safety, and antiretroviral activity of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001;45(10):2733–2739. https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.45.10.2733-2739.2001
  • [10] Celum C, Baeten JM. Tenofovir-based pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention: evolving evidence. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2012; 25(1):51-57. https://doi.org/10.1097%2FQCO.0b013e32834ef5ef
  • [11] Zhang L, Strong JM, Qiu W, Lesko LJ, Huang SM. Scientific perspectives on drug transporters and their role in drug Interactions. Mol Pharm. 2006;3(1):62-69. https://doi.org/10.1021/mp050095h
  • [12] Gelder J, Deferme S, Naesens L, De Clercq E, van den Mooter G, Kinget R, Augustijns P. Intestinal absorption enhancement of the ester prodrug tenofovir disoproxil fumarate through modulation of the biochemical barrier by defined ester mixtures. Drug Metab Dispos. 2002; 30(8):924-930. https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.30.8.924
  • [13] Radha GV, Rani TS, Sarvani B. A review on proniosomal drug delivery system for targeted drug action. J Basic Clin Pharm. 2013;4(2):42-48.
  • [14] Song S, Tian B, Chen F, Zhang W, Pan Y, Zhang Q, Yang X, Pan W. Potentials of proniosomes for improving the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2015;41:51–62. https://doi.org/10.3109/03639045.2013.845841
  • [15] Aburahma MH, Abdelbary GA. Novel diphenyl dimethyl bicarboxylate provesicular powders with enhanced hepatocurative activity: preparation, optimization, in vitro/in vivo evaluation. Int J Pharm. 2012;422:139–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.10.043
  • [16] Veerareddy PR, Bobbala SKR. Enhanced oral bioavailability of isradipine via proniosomal systems. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2013; 39:909–917. https://doi.org/10.3109/03639045.2012.717945
  • [17] Sahoo RK, Biswas N, Guha A, Kuotsu K. Maltodextrin based proniosomes of nateglinide: Bioavailability assessment. Int J Biol Macromol. 2014;69: 430–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.05.075
  • [18] Bhavsar DS, Patel BN, Patel CN. RP-HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, lamivudine, and efavirenz in combined tablet dosage form. Pharm Methods. 2012; 3(2):73-78. https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-4708.103876
  • [19] Chandra A, Sharma PK. Proniosome-based drug delivery system of piroxicam. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol. 2008; 2(9): 184–190.
  • [20] Lohumi A. A novel drug delivery system: Niosomes review. J Drug Deliv Ther. 2012; 2. https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v2i5.274
  • [21] Okore VC, Attama AA, Ofokansi KC, Esimone CO, Onuigbo EB. Formulation and evaluation of niosomes. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2011; 73: 323–328.
  • [22] Gurrapu A, Jukanti R, Bobbala SR, Kanuganti S, Jeevana JB. Improved oral delivery of valsartan from maltodextrin based proniosome powders. Adv Powder Technol. 2012; 23: 583–590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2011.06.005
  • [23] Wen MM, Farid RM, Kassem AA. Nano-proniosomes enhancing the transdermal delivery of mefenamic acid. J Liposome Res. 2014; 24: 280–289. https://doi.org/10.3109/08982104.2014.911313
  • [24] Thiel-Demby VE, Tippin TK, Humphreys JE, Serabjit-Singh CJ, Polli JW. In vitro absorption and secretory quotients: practical criteria derived from a study of 331 compounds to assess for the impact of P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux on drug candidates. J Pharm Sci. 2004;93(10):2567-2572. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.20166
  • [25] Troutman MD, Thakker DR. Novel experimental parameters to quantify the modulation of absorptive and secretory transport of compounds by P-glycoprotein in cell culture models of intestinal epithelium. Pharm Res. 2003;20(8): 1210-1224. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1025001131513
  • [26] Batrakova EV, Li S, Vinogradov SV, Alakhov VY, Miller DW, Kabanov AV. Mechanism of pluronic effect on P-glycoprotein efflux system in blood-brain barrier: contributions of energy depletion and membrane fluidization. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2001; 299(2):483-493.
  • [27] Gilbaldi M, Perrier D. Pharmacokinetics. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1982. p. 409–417.
  • [28] Mokhtar M, Sammour OA, Hammad MA, Megrab NA. Effect of some formulation parameters on flurbiprofen encapsulation and release rates of niosomes prepared from proniosomes. Int J Pharm. 2008; 361: 104–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.05.031
  • [29] Debnath A, Kumar A. Structural and functional significance of niosome and proniosome in drug delivery system. Int J Pharm Eng. 2015; 3: 621–637.
  • [30] Kakar R, Rao R, Goswami A, Nanda S, Saroha K. Proniosomes: An emerging vesicular system in drug delivery and cosmetics. Pharm Lett. 2010; 2: 227–239.
  • [31] Nasr M. In vitro and ın vivo evaluation of proniosomes containing celecoxib for oral administration. AAPS PharmSciTech 2010; 11: 85–89. https://doi.org/10.1208%2Fs12249-009-9364-5
  • [32] Atnip A, Giusti MM, Sigurdson GT, Failla ML, Chitchumroonchokchai C, Bomser JA. The NCI-N87 cell line as a gastric epithelial model to study cellular uptake, trans-epithelial transport, and gastric anti-ınflammatory properties of anthocyanins. Nutr Cancer. 2020;72(4):686-695. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2019.1644354
  • [33] Yasam VR, Jakki SL, Natarajan J, Kuppusamy G. A review on novel vesicular drug delivery: Proniosomes. Drug Deliv. 2014; 21, 243–249. https://doi.org/10.3109/10717544.2013.841783
  • [34] Sengodan T, Sunil B. Formulation and evaluation of maltodextrin-based proniosomes loaded with indomethacin. Int J Pharm Tech. Research. 2009; 3:517-523.
  • [35] Zhang L, Strong JM, Qiu W, Lesko LJ, Huang SM. Scientific perspectives on drug transporters and their role in drug Interactions. Mol Pharm. 2006;3(1):62-69. https://doi.org/10.1021/mp050095h
  • [36] Srivalli K, Lakshmi PK. Overview of P-glycoprotein inhibitors: a rational outlook. Braz J Pharm Sci. 2012;48(3):353-367. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-82502012000300002
  • [37] El-Laithy HM, Shoukry O, Mahran LG. Novel sugar esters proniosomes for transdermal delivery of vinpocetine: preclinical and clinical studies. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2011; 77:43–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2010.10.011
  • [38] Wen MM, Farid RM, Kassem AA. Nano-proniosomes enhancing the transdermal delivery of mefenamic acid. J Liposome Res.2014; 24:280–289. https://doi.org/10.3109/08982104.2014.911313
  • [39] Madan JR, Ghuge NP, Dua K. Formulation and evaluation of proniosomes containing lornoxicam. Drug Deliv Translat Res. 2016; 6:511–518. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13346-016-0296-9
  • [40] Soliman SM, Abdelmalak NS, El-Gazayerly ON, Abdelaziz N. Novel non-ionic surfactant proniosomes for transdermal delivery of lacidipine: optimization using 23 factorial design and in vivo evaluation in rabbits. Drug Deliv.2016; 23:1608–1622. https://doi.org/10.3109/10717544.2015.1132797
  • [41] Rajabalaya R, Leen G, Chellian J, Chakravarthi S, David SR. Tolterodine tartrate proniosomal gel transdermal delivery for overactive bladder. Pharmaceutics. 2016; 8:27. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fpharmaceutics8030027
  • [42] Imam SS, Aqil M, Akhtar M, Sultana Y, Ali A. Formulation by design-based proniosome for accentuated transdermal delivery of risperidone: in vitro characterization and in vivo pharmacokinetic study. Drug Deliv. 2016;22:1059–1070. https://doi.org/10.3109/10717544.2013.870260
  • [43] Fang JY, Yu SY, Wu PC, Huang YB, Tsai YH. In vitro skin permeation of estradiol from various proniosome formulations. Int J Pharm.2001; 215:91–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5173(00)00669-4
  • [44] Ammar H, Ghorab M, EL-Nahhas S, Higazy I. Proniosomes as a carrier system for transdermal delivery of tenoxicam. Int J Pharm. 2011;405:142–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.11.003
  • [45] Illamola SM, Valade E, Hirt D, Dulioust E, Zheng Y, Wolf JP, Tréluyer JM. Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of tenofovir and emtricitabine in seminal plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2016;1033-1034: 234-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.08.011
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Eczacılık Bilimleri, İlaç Dağıtım Teknolojileri
Bölüm Articles
Yazarlar

Swarupa Arvapalli 0000-0002-3714-3721

Anka Rao Aretı 0000-0001-5183-4097

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Haziran 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 28 Sayı: 5

Kaynak Göster

APA Arvapalli, S., & Aretı, A. R. (2025). Augumented bioavailability of maltodextrin-based Tenofovir proniosomes via inhibition of MDR1 mediated transport efflux. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 28(5), 1357-1368.
AMA Arvapalli S, Aretı AR. Augumented bioavailability of maltodextrin-based Tenofovir proniosomes via inhibition of MDR1 mediated transport efflux. J. Res. Pharm. Temmuz 2025;28(5):1357-1368.
Chicago Arvapalli, Swarupa, ve Anka Rao Aretı. “Augumented Bioavailability of Maltodextrin-Based Tenofovir Proniosomes via Inhibition of MDR1 Mediated Transport Efflux”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 28, sy. 5 (Temmuz 2025): 1357-68.
EndNote Arvapalli S, Aretı AR (01 Temmuz 2025) Augumented bioavailability of maltodextrin-based Tenofovir proniosomes via inhibition of MDR1 mediated transport efflux. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 28 5 1357–1368.
IEEE S. Arvapalli ve A. R. Aretı, “Augumented bioavailability of maltodextrin-based Tenofovir proniosomes via inhibition of MDR1 mediated transport efflux”, J. Res. Pharm., c. 28, sy. 5, ss. 1357–1368, 2025.
ISNAD Arvapalli, Swarupa - Aretı, Anka Rao. “Augumented Bioavailability of Maltodextrin-Based Tenofovir Proniosomes via Inhibition of MDR1 Mediated Transport Efflux”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 28/5 (Temmuz 2025), 1357-1368.
JAMA Arvapalli S, Aretı AR. Augumented bioavailability of maltodextrin-based Tenofovir proniosomes via inhibition of MDR1 mediated transport efflux. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;28:1357–1368.
MLA Arvapalli, Swarupa ve Anka Rao Aretı. “Augumented Bioavailability of Maltodextrin-Based Tenofovir Proniosomes via Inhibition of MDR1 Mediated Transport Efflux”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, c. 28, sy. 5, 2025, ss. 1357-68.
Vancouver Arvapalli S, Aretı AR. Augumented bioavailability of maltodextrin-based Tenofovir proniosomes via inhibition of MDR1 mediated transport efflux. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;28(5):1357-68.