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Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the marketing Passiflora incarnata L. formulations in Turkey

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 2, 609 - 619, 27.06.2025

Dicle Çevik , Etil Güzelmeriç , Erdem Yeşilada

Öz

assiflora incarnata L. (Passifloraceae) has been traditionally used to treat ailments such as dysmenorrhoea,
insomnia, epilepsy and neuralgia. In this study, qualitative and quantitative analyses of P. incarnata products in the
Turkish market were studied via High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) and High-Performance
Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and vitexin, isovitexin, orientin and isoorientin were used as bioactive marker
compounds. Seven herbal tea samples (T1-7) composing P. incarnata herb, eighteen capsules/tablets/powders (C1-18)
and four syrups (S1-4) containing P. incarnata extract were purchased from pharmacies, markets, herbalists or e-
commerce websites in Turkey. Comparing HPTLC fingerprinting profiles of the reference plant (P. incarnata) with the
samples indicated that only T1, C1-C3, C5, C7, C11, C12, C14, C15 and S1 showed similar chemical fingerprints with
the reference plant material. On the HPLC analysis, the total ratio of investigated compounds was 6.33% and 2.08% in
hydroalcoholic (70% EtOH) and aqueous extracts of reference P. incarnata, respectively. Furthermore, hydroalcoholic
extract of T1 was found to possess higher content (6.40%) than other tested tea samples (T2-6). However, based on the
morphological characteristics, the tea sample (T7) was identified as Jerusalem thorn (Paliurus spina-christi) fruits. Among
the food supplements (C1-18), only nine were determined to contain the reference molecules (3.301-0.827%), consistent
with HPTLC results, and C1 exerted the highest total percentage. To conclude, most of the marketing P. incarnata
products in Turkey were adulterated or contained lower amounts of bioactive components.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Passiflora incarnata Passifloraceae High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Quality control

Kaynakça

  • Qiu J, Shen B, Zhao M, Wang Z, Xie B, Xu Y.A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: Implications and policy recommendations. Gen Psychiatry. 2020; 33: 19–21. https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213
  • Chanda S. Importance of pharmacognostic study of medicinal plants: An overview. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2014; 2: 69–73.
  • Calahan J, Howard D, Almalki AJ, et al. Chemical Adulterants in Herbal Medicinal Products: A Review. Planta Med. 2016; 82: 505–515. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-103495
  • Deconinck E, De Leersnijder C, Custers D, Courselle P, De Beer JO. A strategy for the identification of plants in illegal pharmaceutical preparations and food supplements using chromatographic fingerprints. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2013; 405: 2341–2352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-012-6649-4
  • Dişli M, Yeşilada E. Türkiye ‘de Bitkisel Tıbbi Ürünler (Türkiye’de Bitkisel Ürünlerin Standardizasyonu, Üretimi Ve Tağşiş) : Derleme. J Biotechnol Strateg Heal Res. 2019; 3: 13–21. https://doi.org/10.34084/bshr.545498
  • Güzelmeriç E, Çevik D, Yeşilada E. Quality assessment of marketed food supplements and herbal tea products of olive leaf in Turkey. J Res Pharm. 2020; 24: 159–169. https://doi.org/10.35333/jrp.2020.123
  • Güzelmeriç E, Çelik C, Şen NB, Oçkun MA, Yeşilada E. Quali/quantitative research on herbal supplements containing black elder (Sambucus nigra L.) fruits. J Res Pharm. 2021; 25: 238–248. https://doi.org/10.29228/jrp.14
  • Ulmer T, John Mochrie M. Passiflora : Passionflowers of the world, Timber Press, Portland 2004. Miroddi M, Calapai G, Navarra M, Minciullo PL, Gangemi S. Passiflora incarnata L.: Ethnopharmacology, clinical application, safety and evaluation of clinical trials. J Ethnopharmacol. 2013; 150: 791–804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.047
  • Dhawan K, Dhawan S, Sharma A. Passiflora: A review update. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004; 94: 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2004.02.023
  • Taylor L, Herbal Secrets of the Rainforest, Prime Publishing Inc, Austin, TX, 1996. Committee for Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC) Assessment Report on Passiflora incarnata L. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-report/final-assessment-report-passiflora-incarnata-l- herba_en.pdf (accessed on 11 September 2022).
  • European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy E.S.C.O.P. Monographs, second ed., Thieme, New York, 2003, pp. 539–546.
  • Barnes J, Anderson LA, Phillipson JD, Herbal medicines, third ed., Pharmaceutical press, 2007. Avula B, Wang YH, Rumalla CS, Smillie TJ, Khan IA. Simultaneous determination of alkaloids and flavonoids from aerial parts of Passiflora species and dietary supplements using UPLC-UV-MS and HPTLC. Nat Prod Commun. 2012; 7: 1177–1180. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1200700918
  • Speroni E, Minghetti A. Neuropharmacological activity of extracts from Passiflora incarnata. Planta Med. 1988; 54: 488–491. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-962525
  • Dhawan K, Kumar S, Sharma A. Anti-anxiety studies on extracts of Passiflora incarnata Linneaus. J Ethnopharmacol. 2001; 78: 165–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(01)00339-7
  • Dhawan K, Kumar S, Sharma A. Comparative anxiolytic activity profile of various preparations of Passiflora incarnata Linneaus. J Altern Complemantary Med. 2002; 8: 283–291. https://doi.org/10.1089/10755530260127970
  • Dhawan K. Drug/substance reversal effects of a novel tri-substituted benzoflavone moiety (BZF) isolated from Passiflora incarnata Linn. - A brief perspective. Addict Biol. 2003; 8: 379–386. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556210310001646385
  • Dhawan K, Kumar S, Sharma A. Evaluation of central nervous system effects of Passiflora incarnata in experimental animals. Pharm Biol 2003; 41: 87–91. https://doi.org/10.1076/phbi.41.2.87.14241
  • Nassiri-Asl M, Shariati-Rad S, Zamansoltani F. Anticonvulsant effects of aerial parts of Passiflora incarnata extract in mice: Involvement of benzodiazepine and opioid receptors. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2007; 7: 3–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-7-26
  • Grundmann O, Wähling C, Staiger C, Butterweck V. Anxiolytic effects of a passion flower (Passiflora incarnata L.) extract in the elevated plus maze in mice. Pharmazie. 2009; 64: 63–64. https://doi.org/10.1691/ph.2008.8753
  • Jawna-zboi K, Blecharz-klin K, Joniec-maciejak I, Wawer A, Pyrzanowska J, Piechal A, Mirowska-guzel D. Passiflora incarnata L . improves spatial memory, reduces stress and affects neurotransmission in rats. Phytother Res. 2016; 30 (5): 781–789. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5578
  • Kim G, Lim K, Sung H, Lee J, Kim Y, Park S. Improvement in neurogenesis and memory function by administration of Passiflora incarnata L . extract applied to sleep disorder in rodent models. J Chem Neuroanat. 2019; 98: 27–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchemneu.2019.03.005
  • Akhondzadeh S, Naghavi HR, Vazirian M, Shayeganpour A, Rashidi H, Khani M. Passionflower in the treatment of generalized anxiety: A pilot double-blind randomized controlled trial with oxazepam. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2001; 26: 363–367. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2710.2001.00367.x
  • Movafegh A, Alizadeh R, Hajimohamadi F, Esfehani F, Nejatfar M. Preoperative oral Passiflora incarnata reduces anxiety in ambulatory surgery patients: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesth Analg 2008; 106: 1728– 1732. https://doi.org/10.1213/ane.0b013e318172c3f9
  • Ngan A, Conduit R. A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled investigation of the effects of Passiflora incarnata (Passion flower) herbal tea on Subjective Sleep Quality. Phytother Res., 2011; 25(8): 1153–1159. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.3400
  • Aslanargun P, Cuvas O, Dikmen B, Aslan E, Yuksel MU. Passiflora incarnata Linneaus as an anxiolytic before spinal anesthesia. J Anesth. 2012; 26: 39–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00540-011-1265-6
  • Janda K, Wojtkowska K, Jakubczyk K, Antoniewicz J, Skonieczna-Żydecka K. Passiflora incarnata in neuropsychiatric disorders-A systematic review. Nutrients. 2020; 12(12): 3894. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123894
  • Alves JSF, Marques JI, Demarque DP, Costa LRF, Amaral JG, Lopes NP, Silva-Júnior AA, Soares LAL, Gavioli EC, Ferreira LDS, Zucolotto SM. Correction to: Involvement of isoorientin in the antidepressant bioactivity of a flavonoid- rich extract from Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa leaves. Rev Bras Farmacogn. 2020; 30: 319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43450-020-00051-3
  • He M, Min J-W, Kong W-L, He X-H, Li J-X, Peng B-W. A review on the pharmacological effects of vitexin and isovitexin. Fitoterapia. 2016; 115: 74–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2016.09.011
  • Pereira CAM, Yariwake JH, Lanças FM, Wauters J-N, Tits M, Angenot L. A HPTLC densitometric determination of flavonoids from Passiflora alata, P. edulis, P. incarnata and P. caerulea and comparison with HPLC Method. Phytochem Anal. 2004; 15: 241–248. https://doi.org/10.1002/pca.778
  • Menghini A, Mancini LA. TLC determination of flavonoid accumulation in clonal populations of Passiflora incarnata L. Pharmacol Res Commun. 1988; 20: 113–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-6989(88)80854-3
  • Masteikova R, Bernatoniene J, Bernatoniene R, Velziene S. Antiradical activities of the extract of Passiflora incarnata. Acta Pol Pharm - Drug Res. 2008; 65: 577–583.
  • ICH Harmonised Tripartite Guideline Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology Q2 (R1). https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q2%28R1%29%20Guideline.pdf (accessed on 11 September 2022).
  • Köse EC, Köroğlu A. Passiflora genus, its importance of pharmacy and investıigation of the samples which is sold by passiflora (çarkıfelek) name in the market of Turkey. Biol Divers Conserv. 2021; 14: 138–145. https://doi.org/10.46309/biodicon.2021.814383
  • European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.), seventh ed., Council of Europe, Strasbourg, France, 2010. Kırmızıbekmez H, Demir D. Iridoid glycosides and phenolic compounds from the flowers of Vitex agnus-castus. Helv Chim Acta. 2016; 99: 518–522. https://doi.org/10.1002/hlca.201600022

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 2, 609 - 619, 27.06.2025

Dicle Çevik , Etil Güzelmeriç , Erdem Yeşilada

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Qiu J, Shen B, Zhao M, Wang Z, Xie B, Xu Y.A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: Implications and policy recommendations. Gen Psychiatry. 2020; 33: 19–21. https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213
  • Chanda S. Importance of pharmacognostic study of medicinal plants: An overview. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2014; 2: 69–73.
  • Calahan J, Howard D, Almalki AJ, et al. Chemical Adulterants in Herbal Medicinal Products: A Review. Planta Med. 2016; 82: 505–515. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-103495
  • Deconinck E, De Leersnijder C, Custers D, Courselle P, De Beer JO. A strategy for the identification of plants in illegal pharmaceutical preparations and food supplements using chromatographic fingerprints. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2013; 405: 2341–2352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-012-6649-4
  • Dişli M, Yeşilada E. Türkiye ‘de Bitkisel Tıbbi Ürünler (Türkiye’de Bitkisel Ürünlerin Standardizasyonu, Üretimi Ve Tağşiş) : Derleme. J Biotechnol Strateg Heal Res. 2019; 3: 13–21. https://doi.org/10.34084/bshr.545498
  • Güzelmeriç E, Çevik D, Yeşilada E. Quality assessment of marketed food supplements and herbal tea products of olive leaf in Turkey. J Res Pharm. 2020; 24: 159–169. https://doi.org/10.35333/jrp.2020.123
  • Güzelmeriç E, Çelik C, Şen NB, Oçkun MA, Yeşilada E. Quali/quantitative research on herbal supplements containing black elder (Sambucus nigra L.) fruits. J Res Pharm. 2021; 25: 238–248. https://doi.org/10.29228/jrp.14
  • Ulmer T, John Mochrie M. Passiflora : Passionflowers of the world, Timber Press, Portland 2004. Miroddi M, Calapai G, Navarra M, Minciullo PL, Gangemi S. Passiflora incarnata L.: Ethnopharmacology, clinical application, safety and evaluation of clinical trials. J Ethnopharmacol. 2013; 150: 791–804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.047
  • Dhawan K, Dhawan S, Sharma A. Passiflora: A review update. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004; 94: 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2004.02.023
  • Taylor L, Herbal Secrets of the Rainforest, Prime Publishing Inc, Austin, TX, 1996. Committee for Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC) Assessment Report on Passiflora incarnata L. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-report/final-assessment-report-passiflora-incarnata-l- herba_en.pdf (accessed on 11 September 2022).
  • European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy E.S.C.O.P. Monographs, second ed., Thieme, New York, 2003, pp. 539–546.
  • Barnes J, Anderson LA, Phillipson JD, Herbal medicines, third ed., Pharmaceutical press, 2007. Avula B, Wang YH, Rumalla CS, Smillie TJ, Khan IA. Simultaneous determination of alkaloids and flavonoids from aerial parts of Passiflora species and dietary supplements using UPLC-UV-MS and HPTLC. Nat Prod Commun. 2012; 7: 1177–1180. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1200700918
  • Speroni E, Minghetti A. Neuropharmacological activity of extracts from Passiflora incarnata. Planta Med. 1988; 54: 488–491. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-962525
  • Dhawan K, Kumar S, Sharma A. Anti-anxiety studies on extracts of Passiflora incarnata Linneaus. J Ethnopharmacol. 2001; 78: 165–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(01)00339-7
  • Dhawan K, Kumar S, Sharma A. Comparative anxiolytic activity profile of various preparations of Passiflora incarnata Linneaus. J Altern Complemantary Med. 2002; 8: 283–291. https://doi.org/10.1089/10755530260127970
  • Dhawan K. Drug/substance reversal effects of a novel tri-substituted benzoflavone moiety (BZF) isolated from Passiflora incarnata Linn. - A brief perspective. Addict Biol. 2003; 8: 379–386. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556210310001646385
  • Dhawan K, Kumar S, Sharma A. Evaluation of central nervous system effects of Passiflora incarnata in experimental animals. Pharm Biol 2003; 41: 87–91. https://doi.org/10.1076/phbi.41.2.87.14241
  • Nassiri-Asl M, Shariati-Rad S, Zamansoltani F. Anticonvulsant effects of aerial parts of Passiflora incarnata extract in mice: Involvement of benzodiazepine and opioid receptors. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2007; 7: 3–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-7-26
  • Grundmann O, Wähling C, Staiger C, Butterweck V. Anxiolytic effects of a passion flower (Passiflora incarnata L.) extract in the elevated plus maze in mice. Pharmazie. 2009; 64: 63–64. https://doi.org/10.1691/ph.2008.8753
  • Jawna-zboi K, Blecharz-klin K, Joniec-maciejak I, Wawer A, Pyrzanowska J, Piechal A, Mirowska-guzel D. Passiflora incarnata L . improves spatial memory, reduces stress and affects neurotransmission in rats. Phytother Res. 2016; 30 (5): 781–789. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5578
  • Kim G, Lim K, Sung H, Lee J, Kim Y, Park S. Improvement in neurogenesis and memory function by administration of Passiflora incarnata L . extract applied to sleep disorder in rodent models. J Chem Neuroanat. 2019; 98: 27–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchemneu.2019.03.005
  • Akhondzadeh S, Naghavi HR, Vazirian M, Shayeganpour A, Rashidi H, Khani M. Passionflower in the treatment of generalized anxiety: A pilot double-blind randomized controlled trial with oxazepam. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2001; 26: 363–367. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2710.2001.00367.x
  • Movafegh A, Alizadeh R, Hajimohamadi F, Esfehani F, Nejatfar M. Preoperative oral Passiflora incarnata reduces anxiety in ambulatory surgery patients: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesth Analg 2008; 106: 1728– 1732. https://doi.org/10.1213/ane.0b013e318172c3f9
  • Ngan A, Conduit R. A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled investigation of the effects of Passiflora incarnata (Passion flower) herbal tea on Subjective Sleep Quality. Phytother Res., 2011; 25(8): 1153–1159. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.3400
  • Aslanargun P, Cuvas O, Dikmen B, Aslan E, Yuksel MU. Passiflora incarnata Linneaus as an anxiolytic before spinal anesthesia. J Anesth. 2012; 26: 39–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00540-011-1265-6
  • Janda K, Wojtkowska K, Jakubczyk K, Antoniewicz J, Skonieczna-Żydecka K. Passiflora incarnata in neuropsychiatric disorders-A systematic review. Nutrients. 2020; 12(12): 3894. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123894
  • Alves JSF, Marques JI, Demarque DP, Costa LRF, Amaral JG, Lopes NP, Silva-Júnior AA, Soares LAL, Gavioli EC, Ferreira LDS, Zucolotto SM. Correction to: Involvement of isoorientin in the antidepressant bioactivity of a flavonoid- rich extract from Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa leaves. Rev Bras Farmacogn. 2020; 30: 319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43450-020-00051-3
  • He M, Min J-W, Kong W-L, He X-H, Li J-X, Peng B-W. A review on the pharmacological effects of vitexin and isovitexin. Fitoterapia. 2016; 115: 74–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2016.09.011
  • Pereira CAM, Yariwake JH, Lanças FM, Wauters J-N, Tits M, Angenot L. A HPTLC densitometric determination of flavonoids from Passiflora alata, P. edulis, P. incarnata and P. caerulea and comparison with HPLC Method. Phytochem Anal. 2004; 15: 241–248. https://doi.org/10.1002/pca.778
  • Menghini A, Mancini LA. TLC determination of flavonoid accumulation in clonal populations of Passiflora incarnata L. Pharmacol Res Commun. 1988; 20: 113–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-6989(88)80854-3
  • Masteikova R, Bernatoniene J, Bernatoniene R, Velziene S. Antiradical activities of the extract of Passiflora incarnata. Acta Pol Pharm - Drug Res. 2008; 65: 577–583.
  • ICH Harmonised Tripartite Guideline Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology Q2 (R1). https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q2%28R1%29%20Guideline.pdf (accessed on 11 September 2022).
  • Köse EC, Köroğlu A. Passiflora genus, its importance of pharmacy and investıigation of the samples which is sold by passiflora (çarkıfelek) name in the market of Turkey. Biol Divers Conserv. 2021; 14: 138–145. https://doi.org/10.46309/biodicon.2021.814383
  • European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.), seventh ed., Council of Europe, Strasbourg, France, 2010. Kırmızıbekmez H, Demir D. Iridoid glycosides and phenolic compounds from the flowers of Vitex agnus-castus. Helv Chim Acta. 2016; 99: 518–522. https://doi.org/10.1002/hlca.201600022
Toplam 34 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Farmakognozi
Bölüm Articles
Yazarlar

Dicle Çevik 0000-0001-9257-5765

Etil Güzelmeriç 0000-0001-9696-3271

Erdem Yeşilada 0000-0002-1348-6033

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Haziran 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 27 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Çevik, D., Güzelmeriç, E., & Yeşilada, E. (2025). Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the marketing Passiflora incarnata L. formulations in Turkey. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 27(2), 609-619.
AMA Çevik D, Güzelmeriç E, Yeşilada E. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the marketing Passiflora incarnata L. formulations in Turkey. J. Res. Pharm. Haziran 2025;27(2):609-619.
Chicago Çevik, Dicle, Etil Güzelmeriç, ve Erdem Yeşilada. “Qualitative and Quantitative Evaluation of the Marketing Passiflora Incarnata L. Formulations in Turkey”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 27, sy. 2 (Haziran 2025): 609-19.
EndNote Çevik D, Güzelmeriç E, Yeşilada E (01 Haziran 2025) Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the marketing Passiflora incarnata L. formulations in Turkey. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 27 2 609–619.
IEEE D. Çevik, E. Güzelmeriç, ve E. Yeşilada, “Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the marketing Passiflora incarnata L. formulations in Turkey”, J. Res. Pharm., c. 27, sy. 2, ss. 609–619, 2025.
ISNAD Çevik, Dicle vd. “Qualitative and Quantitative Evaluation of the Marketing Passiflora Incarnata L. Formulations in Turkey”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 27/2 (Haziran 2025), 609-619.
JAMA Çevik D, Güzelmeriç E, Yeşilada E. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the marketing Passiflora incarnata L. formulations in Turkey. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;27:609–619.
MLA Çevik, Dicle vd. “Qualitative and Quantitative Evaluation of the Marketing Passiflora Incarnata L. Formulations in Turkey”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, c. 27, sy. 2, 2025, ss. 609-1.
Vancouver Çevik D, Güzelmeriç E, Yeşilada E. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the marketing Passiflora incarnata L. formulations in Turkey. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;27(2):609-1.