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Antibacterial Properties of Carvacrol against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria, Enteric Bacteria, and Oral Pathogens

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 4, 1380 - 1387, 28.06.2025

Ayşegül Hoş , Pınar Sinem Omurtag Özgen , Ayşe İnci , Buse Avcı Ceyda Ceylan

Öz

The present study investigated the antibacterial activity of carvacrol against Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE), Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus mutans CNCTC 8/77 and Streptococcus salivarius CNCTC 64/59. According to the results of the disc diffusion method, carvacrol has extremely high antibacterial activity with zones of 28 mm, 38 mm, 39 mm, 36 mm, 50 mm, 41 mm, 47 mm, and 39 mm against E. coli, E. faecalis, VRE, CRE, S. salivarius, S. mutans, MRSA, S. mitis, respectively. In the present study, the Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) was also investigated by using the Broth Microdilution method. Carvacrol has MIC of 7.62 mg/mL against E. coli, 15.25 mg/mL against VRE, 30.5 mg/mL against E. faecalis, CRE, and S. salivarius, 61 mg/mL against S. mutans, 1.90 mg/mL against MRSA and S. mitis. Carvacrol is a very strong antimicrobial agent and may be used in important applications in the food and pharmaceutical industry. It may also be a good candidate for developing alternative treatments. The results of the present study may be beneficial for further studies with this antibacterial agent for both academia and industry.

Anahtar Kelimeler

carvacrol oral pathogens antibacterial activit antibiotic resistant bacteria enteric bacteria

Kaynakça

  • [1] Roca I, Akova M, Baquero F, Carlet J, Cavaleri M, Coenen S, Cohen J, Findlay D, Gyssens I, Heure OE, Kahlmeter G, Kruse H, Laxminarayan R, Liébana E, López-Cerero L, Macgowan A, Martins M, Rodríguez-Baño J, Rolain J-M, Segovia C, Sigauque B, Tacconelli E, Wellington E, Vila J. The global threat of antimicrobial resistance: science for intervention. New Microbe and New Infect. 2015; 6: 22-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2015.02.007.
  • [2] Oliveira AS, Llanes L C, Brighente IMC, Nunes RJ, Yunes RA, Máximo Jr N, Baumgart AMK, Aust AN, Cruz AB. New sulfonamides derived from carvacrol: compounds with high antibacterial activity against resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. J Biosci Med. 2016; 4(7): 105-114. https://doi.org/10.4236/jbm.2016.47011.
  • [3] Frieri M, Kumar K, Boutin A. Antibiotic resistance. J Infect Public Health. 2017; 10(4): 369-378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2016.08.007.
  • [4] Priyadharsini RP. Antibiotic resistance: What is there in past, present and future?. J Young Pharm. 2019; 11(4): 333-336. https://doi.org/10.5530/jyp.2019.11.69.
  • [5] Zaman SB, Hussain MA, Nye R, Mehta V, Mamun KT, Hossain NA. Review on antibiotic resistance: Alarm bells are ringing. Cureus. 2017; 9 (6): e1403. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.1403.
  • [6] Zhang D, Gan R-Y, Ge Y-Y, Yang Q-Q, Ge J, Li H-B, Corke H. Research progress on the antibacterial mechanisms of carvacrol: A mini review. Bioact Compd Health Dis. 2018; 1(6): 71-81. https://doi.org/10.31989/bchd.v1i6.551.
  • [7] Arfa AB, Combes S, Preziosi-Belloy L, Gontard N, Chalier P. Antimicrobial activity of carvacrol related to its chemical structure. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2006; 43(2): 149-154. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2006.01938.x.
  • [8] Sharifi‐Rad M, Varoni EM, Iriti M, Martorell M, Setzer WN, Contreras MM, Salehi B, Soltani‐Nejad A, Rajabi S, Tajbakhsh M, Sharifi‐Rad J. Carvacrol and human health: A comprehensive review. Phytother Res. 2018; 32(9): 1675-1687. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6103.
  • [9] Memar MY, Raei P, Alizadeh N, Aghdam M A, Kafil HS. Carvacrol and thymol: strong antimicrobial agents against resistant isolates. Rev Med Microbiol. 2017; 28(2): 63-68. https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000100.
  • [10] Nostro A, Papalia T. Antimicrobial activity of carvacrol: Current progress and future prospectives. Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov. 2012; 7(1): 28-35. https://doi.org/10.2174/157489112799829684.
  • [11] Magi G, Marini E, Facinelli B. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and carvacrol, and synergy of carvacrol and erythromycin, against clinical, erythromycin-resistant Group A Streptococci. Front Microbiol. 2015; 6: 165. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00165.
  • [12] Bnyan I A, Abid A T, Obied H N. Antibacterial activity of carvacrol against different types of bacteria. J Nat Sci Res. 2014; 4(9): 13-16.
  • [13] Wijesundara NM, Lee SF, Cheng Z, Davidson R, Rupasinghe HPV. Carvacrol exhibits rapid bactericidal activity against Streptococcus pyogenes through cell membrane damage. Sci Rep. 2021; 11: 1487. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-79713-0.
  • [14] Wong S Y Y, Grant I R, Friedman M, Elliott C T, Chen Situ C. Antibacterial activities of naturally occurring compounds against Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008; 74(19): 5986-5990. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00981-08.
  • [15] Botelho MA, Nogueira NAP, Bastos GM, Fonseca SGC, Lemos TLG, Matos FJA, Montenegro D, Heukelbach J, Rao V S, Brito GAC. Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from Lippia sidoides, carvacrol, and thymol against oral pathogens. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2007; 40(3): 349-356. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-879X2007000300010.4
  • [16] Ultee A, Slump R A, Steging G, Smid E J. Antimicrobial activity of carvacrol toward Bacillus cereus on rice. J Food Prot. 2000; 63(5): 620-624. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-63.5.620.
  • [17] Obaidat M M, Frank J F. Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on the intact and damaged portions of lettuce and spinach leaves by using allyl isothiocyanate, carvacrol, and cinnamaldehyde in vapor phase. J Food Prot. 2009; 72(10): 2046-2055. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-72.10.2046.
  • [18] Solórzano‐Santos F, Miranda‐Novales MG. Essential oils from aromatic herbs as antimicrobial agents. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2012; 23(2): 136-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2011.08.005.
  • [19] Kunle O, Okogun J, Egamana E, Emojevwe E, Shok M. Antimicrobial activity of various extracts and carvacrol from Lippia multiflora leaf extract. Phytomedicine. 2003; 10(1): 59-61. https://doi.org/10.1078/094471103321648674.
  • [20] Mathela CS, Singh KK, Gupta VK. Synthesis and in vitro antibacterial activity of thymol and carvacrol derivatives. Acta Pol Pharm. 2010; 67(4): 375-380.
  • [21] Hasanvand T, Mohammadi M, Abdollahpour F, Kamarehie B, Jafari A, Ghaderpoori A, Karami MA. A comparative study on antibacterial activity of carvacrol and glutaraldehyde on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus isolates: An in vitro study. J Environ Health Sci Eng. 2021; 19: 475–482. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-021-00620-1.
  • [22] Yin H-B, Chen C-H, Kollanoor-Johny A, Darre M J, Venkitanarayanan K. Controlling Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus growth and aflatoxin production in poultry feed using carvacrol and trans-cinnamaldehyde. Poult Sci. 2015; 94(9): 2183-2190. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pev207.
  • [23] Coelho JR, Rosa KV, Rocha JS, Ramírez NCB, Maraschin M, Vieira FN. In vitro antimicrobial activity of carvacrol against shrimp pathogens and its use as feed additive for the pacific white shrimp. Bol Inst Pesca. 2021; 47(e645): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305/bip.2021.47.e645.
  • [24] Du E, Gan L, Li Z, Wang W, Liu D, Guo Y. In vitro antibacterial activity of thymol and carvacrol and their effects on broiler chickens challenged with Clostridium perfringens. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2015; 6(58): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-015-0055-7.
  • [25] Trevisan DAC, Silva AF, Negri M, Filho BAA, Machinski Junior M, Patussi EV, Campanerut-Sá PAZ, Mikcha JMG. Antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of carvacrol against Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium. Braz J Pharm Sci. 2018; 54(1):e17229. https://doi.org/10.1590/s2175-97902018000117229.
  • [26] Souza GHA, Radai JAS, Vaz MSM, Silva KE, Fraga TL, Barbosa LS, Simionatto S. In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity assays of carvacrol: A candidate for development of innovative treatments against KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. PLoS ONE. 2021; 16(2): e0246003. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246003.
  • [27] Semerci A B, İnceçayır D, Mammadova V, Hoş A, Tunç K. Antimicrobial activities of Allium staticiforme and Allium subhirsutum. Bangladesh J Pharmacol. 2020; 15: 19-23. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjp.v15i1.42373.

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 4, 1380 - 1387, 28.06.2025

Ayşegül Hoş , Pınar Sinem Omurtag Özgen , Ayşe İnci , Buse Avcı Ceyda Ceylan

Öz

Kaynakça

  • [1] Roca I, Akova M, Baquero F, Carlet J, Cavaleri M, Coenen S, Cohen J, Findlay D, Gyssens I, Heure OE, Kahlmeter G, Kruse H, Laxminarayan R, Liébana E, López-Cerero L, Macgowan A, Martins M, Rodríguez-Baño J, Rolain J-M, Segovia C, Sigauque B, Tacconelli E, Wellington E, Vila J. The global threat of antimicrobial resistance: science for intervention. New Microbe and New Infect. 2015; 6: 22-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2015.02.007.
  • [2] Oliveira AS, Llanes L C, Brighente IMC, Nunes RJ, Yunes RA, Máximo Jr N, Baumgart AMK, Aust AN, Cruz AB. New sulfonamides derived from carvacrol: compounds with high antibacterial activity against resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. J Biosci Med. 2016; 4(7): 105-114. https://doi.org/10.4236/jbm.2016.47011.
  • [3] Frieri M, Kumar K, Boutin A. Antibiotic resistance. J Infect Public Health. 2017; 10(4): 369-378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2016.08.007.
  • [4] Priyadharsini RP. Antibiotic resistance: What is there in past, present and future?. J Young Pharm. 2019; 11(4): 333-336. https://doi.org/10.5530/jyp.2019.11.69.
  • [5] Zaman SB, Hussain MA, Nye R, Mehta V, Mamun KT, Hossain NA. Review on antibiotic resistance: Alarm bells are ringing. Cureus. 2017; 9 (6): e1403. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.1403.
  • [6] Zhang D, Gan R-Y, Ge Y-Y, Yang Q-Q, Ge J, Li H-B, Corke H. Research progress on the antibacterial mechanisms of carvacrol: A mini review. Bioact Compd Health Dis. 2018; 1(6): 71-81. https://doi.org/10.31989/bchd.v1i6.551.
  • [7] Arfa AB, Combes S, Preziosi-Belloy L, Gontard N, Chalier P. Antimicrobial activity of carvacrol related to its chemical structure. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2006; 43(2): 149-154. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2006.01938.x.
  • [8] Sharifi‐Rad M, Varoni EM, Iriti M, Martorell M, Setzer WN, Contreras MM, Salehi B, Soltani‐Nejad A, Rajabi S, Tajbakhsh M, Sharifi‐Rad J. Carvacrol and human health: A comprehensive review. Phytother Res. 2018; 32(9): 1675-1687. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6103.
  • [9] Memar MY, Raei P, Alizadeh N, Aghdam M A, Kafil HS. Carvacrol and thymol: strong antimicrobial agents against resistant isolates. Rev Med Microbiol. 2017; 28(2): 63-68. https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000100.
  • [10] Nostro A, Papalia T. Antimicrobial activity of carvacrol: Current progress and future prospectives. Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov. 2012; 7(1): 28-35. https://doi.org/10.2174/157489112799829684.
  • [11] Magi G, Marini E, Facinelli B. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and carvacrol, and synergy of carvacrol and erythromycin, against clinical, erythromycin-resistant Group A Streptococci. Front Microbiol. 2015; 6: 165. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00165.
  • [12] Bnyan I A, Abid A T, Obied H N. Antibacterial activity of carvacrol against different types of bacteria. J Nat Sci Res. 2014; 4(9): 13-16.
  • [13] Wijesundara NM, Lee SF, Cheng Z, Davidson R, Rupasinghe HPV. Carvacrol exhibits rapid bactericidal activity against Streptococcus pyogenes through cell membrane damage. Sci Rep. 2021; 11: 1487. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-79713-0.
  • [14] Wong S Y Y, Grant I R, Friedman M, Elliott C T, Chen Situ C. Antibacterial activities of naturally occurring compounds against Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008; 74(19): 5986-5990. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00981-08.
  • [15] Botelho MA, Nogueira NAP, Bastos GM, Fonseca SGC, Lemos TLG, Matos FJA, Montenegro D, Heukelbach J, Rao V S, Brito GAC. Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from Lippia sidoides, carvacrol, and thymol against oral pathogens. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2007; 40(3): 349-356. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-879X2007000300010.4
  • [16] Ultee A, Slump R A, Steging G, Smid E J. Antimicrobial activity of carvacrol toward Bacillus cereus on rice. J Food Prot. 2000; 63(5): 620-624. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-63.5.620.
  • [17] Obaidat M M, Frank J F. Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on the intact and damaged portions of lettuce and spinach leaves by using allyl isothiocyanate, carvacrol, and cinnamaldehyde in vapor phase. J Food Prot. 2009; 72(10): 2046-2055. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-72.10.2046.
  • [18] Solórzano‐Santos F, Miranda‐Novales MG. Essential oils from aromatic herbs as antimicrobial agents. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2012; 23(2): 136-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2011.08.005.
  • [19] Kunle O, Okogun J, Egamana E, Emojevwe E, Shok M. Antimicrobial activity of various extracts and carvacrol from Lippia multiflora leaf extract. Phytomedicine. 2003; 10(1): 59-61. https://doi.org/10.1078/094471103321648674.
  • [20] Mathela CS, Singh KK, Gupta VK. Synthesis and in vitro antibacterial activity of thymol and carvacrol derivatives. Acta Pol Pharm. 2010; 67(4): 375-380.
  • [21] Hasanvand T, Mohammadi M, Abdollahpour F, Kamarehie B, Jafari A, Ghaderpoori A, Karami MA. A comparative study on antibacterial activity of carvacrol and glutaraldehyde on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus isolates: An in vitro study. J Environ Health Sci Eng. 2021; 19: 475–482. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-021-00620-1.
  • [22] Yin H-B, Chen C-H, Kollanoor-Johny A, Darre M J, Venkitanarayanan K. Controlling Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus growth and aflatoxin production in poultry feed using carvacrol and trans-cinnamaldehyde. Poult Sci. 2015; 94(9): 2183-2190. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pev207.
  • [23] Coelho JR, Rosa KV, Rocha JS, Ramírez NCB, Maraschin M, Vieira FN. In vitro antimicrobial activity of carvacrol against shrimp pathogens and its use as feed additive for the pacific white shrimp. Bol Inst Pesca. 2021; 47(e645): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305/bip.2021.47.e645.
  • [24] Du E, Gan L, Li Z, Wang W, Liu D, Guo Y. In vitro antibacterial activity of thymol and carvacrol and their effects on broiler chickens challenged with Clostridium perfringens. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2015; 6(58): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-015-0055-7.
  • [25] Trevisan DAC, Silva AF, Negri M, Filho BAA, Machinski Junior M, Patussi EV, Campanerut-Sá PAZ, Mikcha JMG. Antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of carvacrol against Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium. Braz J Pharm Sci. 2018; 54(1):e17229. https://doi.org/10.1590/s2175-97902018000117229.
  • [26] Souza GHA, Radai JAS, Vaz MSM, Silva KE, Fraga TL, Barbosa LS, Simionatto S. In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity assays of carvacrol: A candidate for development of innovative treatments against KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. PLoS ONE. 2021; 16(2): e0246003. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246003.
  • [27] Semerci A B, İnceçayır D, Mammadova V, Hoş A, Tunç K. Antimicrobial activities of Allium staticiforme and Allium subhirsutum. Bangladesh J Pharmacol. 2020; 15: 19-23. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjp.v15i1.42373.
Toplam 27 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Farmasotik Mikrobiyoloji
Bölüm Articles
Yazarlar

Ayşegül Hoş 0000-0001-5605-6159

Pınar Sinem Omurtag Özgen 0000-0003-2493-9664

Ayşe İnci 0000-0003-0959-5760

Buse Avcı 0000-0002-0302-9429

Ceyda Ceylan 0000-0002-9625-2039

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Haziran 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 27 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Hoş, A., Omurtag Özgen, P. S., İnci, A., Avcı, B., vd. (2025). Antibacterial Properties of Carvacrol against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria, Enteric Bacteria, and Oral Pathogens. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 27(4), 1380-1387.
AMA Hoş A, Omurtag Özgen PS, İnci A, Avcı B, Ceylan C. Antibacterial Properties of Carvacrol against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria, Enteric Bacteria, and Oral Pathogens. J. Res. Pharm. Temmuz 2025;27(4):1380-1387.
Chicago Hoş, Ayşegül, Pınar Sinem Omurtag Özgen, Ayşe İnci, Buse Avcı, ve Ceyda Ceylan. “Antibacterial Properties of Carvacrol Against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria, Enteric Bacteria, and Oral Pathogens”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 27, sy. 4 (Temmuz 2025): 1380-87.
EndNote Hoş A, Omurtag Özgen PS, İnci A, Avcı B, Ceylan C (01 Temmuz 2025) Antibacterial Properties of Carvacrol against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria, Enteric Bacteria, and Oral Pathogens. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 27 4 1380–1387.
IEEE A. Hoş, P. S. Omurtag Özgen, A. İnci, B. Avcı, ve C. Ceylan, “Antibacterial Properties of Carvacrol against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria, Enteric Bacteria, and Oral Pathogens”, J. Res. Pharm., c. 27, sy. 4, ss. 1380–1387, 2025.
ISNAD Hoş, Ayşegül vd. “Antibacterial Properties of Carvacrol Against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria, Enteric Bacteria, and Oral Pathogens”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 27/4 (Temmuz 2025), 1380-1387.
JAMA Hoş A, Omurtag Özgen PS, İnci A, Avcı B, Ceylan C. Antibacterial Properties of Carvacrol against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria, Enteric Bacteria, and Oral Pathogens. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;27:1380–1387.
MLA Hoş, Ayşegül vd. “Antibacterial Properties of Carvacrol Against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria, Enteric Bacteria, and Oral Pathogens”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, c. 27, sy. 4, 2025, ss. 1380-7.
Vancouver Hoş A, Omurtag Özgen PS, İnci A, Avcı B, Ceylan C. Antibacterial Properties of Carvacrol against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria, Enteric Bacteria, and Oral Pathogens. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;27(4):1380-7.