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Memory enhancing potential of Euphorbia prostrata through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti acetylcholinesterase effect against Scopolamine -induced Alzheimer’s disease in Wistar albino rats

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 3, 1004 - 1014, 28.06.2025

Nirmala Kumari Yadav Rakesh Yadav

Öz

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an irreversible multi-factorial disease that marks the most common neurodegenerative disorder in the elderly population having cognitive decline as a primary clinical attribute. The present study pursued the evaluation of Euphorbia prostrata (E. prostrata) against scopolamine-induced Alzheimer’s disease in Wistar albino rats. Total five groups of animals (having 90 rats) were included in the present study to access the therapeutic impact of E. prostrata. Morris water maze, radial arm maze, and elevated plus maze were evaluated for estimating learning and memory activity. The diverse parameters including oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines, and acetylcholinesterase assay were assessed to estimate the mechanism of action. The consequences of the present investigation revealed the development of experimental dementia by administration of scopolamine. Whereas the treatment of E. prostrata (100 and 200 mg/kg, per oral (p.o.) and donepezil (1 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly improved the learning and memory ability in scopolamine treated rats. Incomparable to donepezil, the treatment of a higher dose of E. prostrata (200 mg/kg, p.o.) was more effective than compared to the low dose of E. prostrata (100 mg/kg, p.o.). Treatment of donepezil and a higher dose of E. prostrata (200 mg/kg, p.o.) produced comparable results for antiinflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-acetylcholinesterase activity. The outcomes of the present investigation showed the memory-enhancing activity of E. prostrata (100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) against scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats. This effect of E. prostrata may be due to the inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase activity, through the involvement of an anti-inflammatory pathway and due to its antioxidant potential.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Euphorbia prostrata Euphorbiaceae Alzheimer’s Disease Oxidative stress Inflammatory cytokines Acetylcholinesterase activity

Kaynakça

  • [1] Vanderveren E, Bijttebier P, Hermans D. The importance of memory specificity and memory coherence for the self: Linking two characteristics of autobiographical memory. Front Psychol. 2017; 8: 2250 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02250.
  • [2] Rajput SK, Sharma AK, Meena CL, Pant AB, Jain R, Sharma SS. Effect of L-pGlu-(1-benzyl)-l-His-l-Pro-NH 2 against in-vitro and in-vivo models of cerebral ischemia and associated neurological disorders. Biomed Pharmacother. 2016; 84: 1256–1265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2016.10.059.
  • [3] 2022 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement 2022; 18: 700–789. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.12638.
  • [4] Rajmohan R, Reddy PH. Amyloid-Beta and Phosphorylated Tau Accumulations cause abnormalities at synapses of Alzheimer’s disease neurons. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;57: 975–999. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-160612.
  • [5] Jellinger KA. Morphological basis of Parkinson disease-associated cognitive impairment: an update. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2022;129(8): 977-999. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-022-02522-4.
  • [6] Brown RB. Parkinson’s disease etiology: Insights and associations with phosphate toxicity. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(15):8060. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23158060.
  • [7] Chigurupati S, Abdul Rahman Alharbi N, Sharma AK, Alhowail A, Vardharajula VR, Vijayabalan S, Das S, Kauser F, Amin E. Pharmacological and pharmacognostical valuation of Canna indica leaves extract by quantifying safety profile and neuroprotective potential. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2021; 28(10):5579–5584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.05.072.
  • [8] Malhotra B, Kulkarni GT, Dhiman N, Joshi DD, Chander S, Kharkwal A, Sharma AK, Kharkawal H. Recent advances on Berberis aristata emphasizing berberine alkaloid including phytochemistry, pharmacology and drug delivery system. J Herb Med. 2021; 27: 100433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hermed.2021.100433.
  • [9] Deep A, Narasimhan B, Aggarwal S, Kaushik D, K. Sharma A. Thiophene scaffold as prospective central nervous system agent: A review. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem. 2016; 16: 158–164. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871524916666160204114424
  • [10] Cholinergic Medications - PubMed n.d. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30844190/ (accessed July 29, 2022).
  • [11] Pharmacognostical and phytochemical investigation of Euphorbia prostrata ait. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2012;14:1043-1048. http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.3(4).1043-48.
  • [12] Sundara Prabha V, Antony Rayan SB. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of Euphorbia prostrata AIT leaves. Int J Innov Res Technol. 2018; 5(1):575-578. http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.17293.87522.
  • [13] Sharma SK, Singh S, Singh J. Anthelmintic effect of Euphorbia prostrata Ait. extracts. Indian J Pharmacol. 2011 ;43: 743. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.89846.
  • [14] Tchuenguem RT, Kuiate J-R, Dzoyem JP. In vivo anticandidal activity of Euphorbia prostrata. J Complement Altern Med Res. 2017; 4: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.9734/JOCAMR/2017/38924.
  • [15] Biwott T, Kiprop A, Cherutoi J, Munyendo W, Biwott G. Analgesic properties of Euphorbia prostrata crude extracts. Sci J Chem. 1015; 3(6): 100-105. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjc.20150306.14.
  • [16] Patil TR, Limaye RP. Effect of Euphorbia prostrata on the wound healing in excisional wound model in rats. Int J Pharmacog Phytochem Res. 2017; 9: 1223–1226. https://doi.org/10.25258/PHYTO.V9I09.10310.
  • [17] Salehi B, Iriti M, Vitalini S, Antolak H, Pawlikowska E, Kręgiel D, Sharifi-Rad J, Oyeleye SI, Ademiluyi AO, Czopek K, Staniak M, Custódio L, Coy-Barrera E, Segura-Carretero A, Cádiz-Gurrea ML, Capasso R, Cho WC, Seca AML. Euphorbia-derived natural products with potential for use in health maintenance. Biomolecules 2019; 9: 337. https://doi.org/10.3390/BIOM9080337.
  • [18] Wang T, Si XQ, Zhou GL, Dai R, Zhou G, Cao D, Yang C. In vivo anti-tumor effect and in vitro anti-angiogenic effect of alcohol extract from Euphorbia prostrata. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2017; 42(9): 1722- 1729. https://doi.org/10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.2017.0067.
  • [19] Sen S, Chakraborty R. 2020. Herbal medicine in India: indigenous knowledge, practice, innovation and its value. Singapore: Springer. https://public.ebookcentral.proquest.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=5894516.
  • [20] Ahmed M, Shah AS, Ali Khan R, Ullaha Khan F, Aslam Khan N, Shah MS, Rashid Khan M. Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of crude methanolic extract of Euphorbia prostrata collected from District Bannu (Pakistan). Afr J Pharm Pharmacol. 2011; 5(8): 1175-1178. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPP11.359.
  • [21] Gupta PJ. The efficacy of Euphorbia prostrata in early grades of symptomatic hemorrhoids--a pilot study. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2011;15(2):199-203.
  • [22] Bakhshi G, Langade D, Desai VS. Prospective, open label study of Euphorbia Prostrata extract 100 mg in the treatment of bleeding haemorrhoids. Bombay Hospital J. 2008; 50(4): 578-583.
  • [23] Singla AK, Pathak K. Anti-inflammatory studies on Euphorbia prostrata. J Ethnopharmacol 1989;27:55–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(89)90077-9.
  • [24] Mutlu O, Akar F, Celikyurt IK, Tanyeri P, Ulak G, Erden F. 7-NI and ODQ disturbs memory in the elevated plus maze, morris water maze, and radial arm maze tests in mice. Drug Target Insights. 2015;9:1. https://doi.org/10.4137/DTI.S23378.
  • [25] Almahozi A, Radhi M, Alzayer S, Kamal A. Effects of memantine in a mouse model of postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Behav Sci (Basel). 2019 Mar 6;9(3):24. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs9030024.
  • [26] Deeba F, Yar MS, Haidar MR, Sharma AK, Sharma M. Synthesis, molecular docking, and pharmacological evaluation of 5-(4-(2-(5-ethyl pyridine-2-yl) ethoxy) benzyl)-3-(phenylsulfonyl) thiazolidine-2, 4-dione against HFD-induced diabesity via interaction with the CB1 receptor. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2022;25:1028–36. https://doi.org/10.22038/IJBMS.2022.65649.14443.
  • [27] Upadhyay A, Vassar RJ, Savas JN. Biochemical purification and proteomic characterization of amyloid fibril cores from the brain. J Vis Exp. 2022 Apr 28;(182):10.3791/63816. https://doi.org/10.3791/63816.
  • [28] Hampel H, Vassar R, De Strooper B, Hardy J, Willem M, Singh N, Zhou J, Yan R, Vanmechelen E, De Vos A, Nisticò R, Corbo M, Imbimbo BP, Streffer J, Voytyuk I, Timmers M, Tahami Monfared AA, Irizarry M, Albala B, Koyama A, Watanabe N, Kimura T, Yarenis L, Lista S, Kramer L, Vergallo A. The β-Secretase BACE1 in Alzheimer's Disease. Biol Psychiatry. 2021;89(8):745-756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.02.001.
  • [29] Ohno M. Accelerated long-term forgetting is a BACE1 inhibitor-reversible incipient cognitive phenotype in Alzheimer’s disease model mice. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep. 2021;41:255–259. https://doi.org/10.1002/NPR2.12174.
  • [30] Kaur N, Sharma AK, Shakeel A, Kumar V, Singh A, Gupta A, Suhag D, Rajput SK, Mukherjee M. Therapeutic Implications of Superoxide Dismutase And Its Importance in Kinase Drug Discovery. Curr Top Med Chem. 2017;17(22):2495-2508. https://doi.org/10.2174/1568026617666170307112837
  • [31] Sharma AK, Taneja G, Khanna D, Rajput SK. Reactive oxygen species: friend or foe? RSC Adv 2015;5:57267–57276. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA07927F.
  • [32] Camacho-Castillo L, Phillips-Farfán B v., Rosas-Mendoza G, Baires-López A, Toral-Ríos D, Campos-Peña V, Carvajal K. Increased oxidative stress contributes to enhance brain amyloidogenesis and blunts energy metabolism in sucrosefed rat: effect of AMPK activation. Sci Rep 2021;11 (1): 19547. https://doi.org/10.1038/S41598-021-98983-W.
  • [33] Bello-Medina PC, Corona-Cervantes K, Zavala Torres NG, González A, Pérez-Morales M, González-Franco DA, Gómez A, García-Mena J, Díaz-Cintra S, Pacheco-López G. Chronic-Antibiotics Induced Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis Rescues Memory Impairment and Reduces β-Amyloid Aggregation in a Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease Model. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(15):8209. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23158209.
  • [34] Long HZ, Zhou ZW, Cheng Y, Luo HY, Li FJ, Xu SG, Gao LC. The Role of Microglia in Alzheimer's Disease From the Perspective of Immune Inflammation and Iron Metabolism. Front Aging Neurosci. 2022;14:888989. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2022.888989.
  • [35] Singla AK, Pathak K. Anti-inflammatory studies on Euphorbia prostrata. J Ethnopharmacol. 1989;27:55–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(89)90077-9.
  • [36] Singla AK, Pathak K. Topical antiinflammatory effects of Euphorbia prostrata on carrageenan-induced footpad oedema in mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 1990;29:291–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(90)90040-Z.
  • [37] Hariyadi DM, Sahu VK. Euphorbia prostata exerts potent anti-ınflammatory and anti-arthritic activity in downregulating the ıncreased expression of pro-ınflammatory cytokines. Pharmaceutical Sciences 2020;26:370–378. https://doi.org/10.34172/PS.2020.51.
  • [38] Burzynski HE, Macht VA, Woodruff JL, Crawford JN, Erichsen JM, Piroli GG, Grillo CA, Fadel JR, Reagan LP. Pyridostigmine bromide elicits progressive and chronic impairments in the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of male rats. Neurobiol Stress. 2022;18:100446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ynstr.2022.100446.
  • [39] Boukholda K, Gargouri B, Aouey B, Attaai A, Elkodous MA, Najimi M, Fiebich BL, Bouchard M, Fetoui H. Subacute silica nanoparticle exposure induced oxidative stress and inflammation in rat hippocampus combined with disruption of cholinergic system and behavioral functions. NanoImpact. 2021;24:100358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.impact.2021.100358
  • [40] Konar A, Gupta R, Shukla RK, Maloney B, Khanna VK, Wadhwa R, Lahiri DK, Thakur MK. M1 muscarinic receptor is a key target of neuroprotection, neuroregeneration and memory recovery by i-Extract from Withania somnifera. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):13990. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-48238-6.

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 3, 1004 - 1014, 28.06.2025

Nirmala Kumari Yadav Rakesh Yadav

Öz

Kaynakça

  • [1] Vanderveren E, Bijttebier P, Hermans D. The importance of memory specificity and memory coherence for the self: Linking two characteristics of autobiographical memory. Front Psychol. 2017; 8: 2250 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02250.
  • [2] Rajput SK, Sharma AK, Meena CL, Pant AB, Jain R, Sharma SS. Effect of L-pGlu-(1-benzyl)-l-His-l-Pro-NH 2 against in-vitro and in-vivo models of cerebral ischemia and associated neurological disorders. Biomed Pharmacother. 2016; 84: 1256–1265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2016.10.059.
  • [3] 2022 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement 2022; 18: 700–789. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.12638.
  • [4] Rajmohan R, Reddy PH. Amyloid-Beta and Phosphorylated Tau Accumulations cause abnormalities at synapses of Alzheimer’s disease neurons. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;57: 975–999. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-160612.
  • [5] Jellinger KA. Morphological basis of Parkinson disease-associated cognitive impairment: an update. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2022;129(8): 977-999. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-022-02522-4.
  • [6] Brown RB. Parkinson’s disease etiology: Insights and associations with phosphate toxicity. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(15):8060. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23158060.
  • [7] Chigurupati S, Abdul Rahman Alharbi N, Sharma AK, Alhowail A, Vardharajula VR, Vijayabalan S, Das S, Kauser F, Amin E. Pharmacological and pharmacognostical valuation of Canna indica leaves extract by quantifying safety profile and neuroprotective potential. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2021; 28(10):5579–5584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.05.072.
  • [8] Malhotra B, Kulkarni GT, Dhiman N, Joshi DD, Chander S, Kharkwal A, Sharma AK, Kharkawal H. Recent advances on Berberis aristata emphasizing berberine alkaloid including phytochemistry, pharmacology and drug delivery system. J Herb Med. 2021; 27: 100433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hermed.2021.100433.
  • [9] Deep A, Narasimhan B, Aggarwal S, Kaushik D, K. Sharma A. Thiophene scaffold as prospective central nervous system agent: A review. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem. 2016; 16: 158–164. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871524916666160204114424
  • [10] Cholinergic Medications - PubMed n.d. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30844190/ (accessed July 29, 2022).
  • [11] Pharmacognostical and phytochemical investigation of Euphorbia prostrata ait. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2012;14:1043-1048. http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.3(4).1043-48.
  • [12] Sundara Prabha V, Antony Rayan SB. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of Euphorbia prostrata AIT leaves. Int J Innov Res Technol. 2018; 5(1):575-578. http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.17293.87522.
  • [13] Sharma SK, Singh S, Singh J. Anthelmintic effect of Euphorbia prostrata Ait. extracts. Indian J Pharmacol. 2011 ;43: 743. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.89846.
  • [14] Tchuenguem RT, Kuiate J-R, Dzoyem JP. In vivo anticandidal activity of Euphorbia prostrata. J Complement Altern Med Res. 2017; 4: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.9734/JOCAMR/2017/38924.
  • [15] Biwott T, Kiprop A, Cherutoi J, Munyendo W, Biwott G. Analgesic properties of Euphorbia prostrata crude extracts. Sci J Chem. 1015; 3(6): 100-105. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjc.20150306.14.
  • [16] Patil TR, Limaye RP. Effect of Euphorbia prostrata on the wound healing in excisional wound model in rats. Int J Pharmacog Phytochem Res. 2017; 9: 1223–1226. https://doi.org/10.25258/PHYTO.V9I09.10310.
  • [17] Salehi B, Iriti M, Vitalini S, Antolak H, Pawlikowska E, Kręgiel D, Sharifi-Rad J, Oyeleye SI, Ademiluyi AO, Czopek K, Staniak M, Custódio L, Coy-Barrera E, Segura-Carretero A, Cádiz-Gurrea ML, Capasso R, Cho WC, Seca AML. Euphorbia-derived natural products with potential for use in health maintenance. Biomolecules 2019; 9: 337. https://doi.org/10.3390/BIOM9080337.
  • [18] Wang T, Si XQ, Zhou GL, Dai R, Zhou G, Cao D, Yang C. In vivo anti-tumor effect and in vitro anti-angiogenic effect of alcohol extract from Euphorbia prostrata. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2017; 42(9): 1722- 1729. https://doi.org/10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.2017.0067.
  • [19] Sen S, Chakraborty R. 2020. Herbal medicine in India: indigenous knowledge, practice, innovation and its value. Singapore: Springer. https://public.ebookcentral.proquest.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=5894516.
  • [20] Ahmed M, Shah AS, Ali Khan R, Ullaha Khan F, Aslam Khan N, Shah MS, Rashid Khan M. Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of crude methanolic extract of Euphorbia prostrata collected from District Bannu (Pakistan). Afr J Pharm Pharmacol. 2011; 5(8): 1175-1178. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPP11.359.
  • [21] Gupta PJ. The efficacy of Euphorbia prostrata in early grades of symptomatic hemorrhoids--a pilot study. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2011;15(2):199-203.
  • [22] Bakhshi G, Langade D, Desai VS. Prospective, open label study of Euphorbia Prostrata extract 100 mg in the treatment of bleeding haemorrhoids. Bombay Hospital J. 2008; 50(4): 578-583.
  • [23] Singla AK, Pathak K. Anti-inflammatory studies on Euphorbia prostrata. J Ethnopharmacol 1989;27:55–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(89)90077-9.
  • [24] Mutlu O, Akar F, Celikyurt IK, Tanyeri P, Ulak G, Erden F. 7-NI and ODQ disturbs memory in the elevated plus maze, morris water maze, and radial arm maze tests in mice. Drug Target Insights. 2015;9:1. https://doi.org/10.4137/DTI.S23378.
  • [25] Almahozi A, Radhi M, Alzayer S, Kamal A. Effects of memantine in a mouse model of postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Behav Sci (Basel). 2019 Mar 6;9(3):24. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs9030024.
  • [26] Deeba F, Yar MS, Haidar MR, Sharma AK, Sharma M. Synthesis, molecular docking, and pharmacological evaluation of 5-(4-(2-(5-ethyl pyridine-2-yl) ethoxy) benzyl)-3-(phenylsulfonyl) thiazolidine-2, 4-dione against HFD-induced diabesity via interaction with the CB1 receptor. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2022;25:1028–36. https://doi.org/10.22038/IJBMS.2022.65649.14443.
  • [27] Upadhyay A, Vassar RJ, Savas JN. Biochemical purification and proteomic characterization of amyloid fibril cores from the brain. J Vis Exp. 2022 Apr 28;(182):10.3791/63816. https://doi.org/10.3791/63816.
  • [28] Hampel H, Vassar R, De Strooper B, Hardy J, Willem M, Singh N, Zhou J, Yan R, Vanmechelen E, De Vos A, Nisticò R, Corbo M, Imbimbo BP, Streffer J, Voytyuk I, Timmers M, Tahami Monfared AA, Irizarry M, Albala B, Koyama A, Watanabe N, Kimura T, Yarenis L, Lista S, Kramer L, Vergallo A. The β-Secretase BACE1 in Alzheimer's Disease. Biol Psychiatry. 2021;89(8):745-756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.02.001.
  • [29] Ohno M. Accelerated long-term forgetting is a BACE1 inhibitor-reversible incipient cognitive phenotype in Alzheimer’s disease model mice. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep. 2021;41:255–259. https://doi.org/10.1002/NPR2.12174.
  • [30] Kaur N, Sharma AK, Shakeel A, Kumar V, Singh A, Gupta A, Suhag D, Rajput SK, Mukherjee M. Therapeutic Implications of Superoxide Dismutase And Its Importance in Kinase Drug Discovery. Curr Top Med Chem. 2017;17(22):2495-2508. https://doi.org/10.2174/1568026617666170307112837
  • [31] Sharma AK, Taneja G, Khanna D, Rajput SK. Reactive oxygen species: friend or foe? RSC Adv 2015;5:57267–57276. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA07927F.
  • [32] Camacho-Castillo L, Phillips-Farfán B v., Rosas-Mendoza G, Baires-López A, Toral-Ríos D, Campos-Peña V, Carvajal K. Increased oxidative stress contributes to enhance brain amyloidogenesis and blunts energy metabolism in sucrosefed rat: effect of AMPK activation. Sci Rep 2021;11 (1): 19547. https://doi.org/10.1038/S41598-021-98983-W.
  • [33] Bello-Medina PC, Corona-Cervantes K, Zavala Torres NG, González A, Pérez-Morales M, González-Franco DA, Gómez A, García-Mena J, Díaz-Cintra S, Pacheco-López G. Chronic-Antibiotics Induced Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis Rescues Memory Impairment and Reduces β-Amyloid Aggregation in a Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease Model. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(15):8209. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23158209.
  • [34] Long HZ, Zhou ZW, Cheng Y, Luo HY, Li FJ, Xu SG, Gao LC. The Role of Microglia in Alzheimer's Disease From the Perspective of Immune Inflammation and Iron Metabolism. Front Aging Neurosci. 2022;14:888989. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2022.888989.
  • [35] Singla AK, Pathak K. Anti-inflammatory studies on Euphorbia prostrata. J Ethnopharmacol. 1989;27:55–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(89)90077-9.
  • [36] Singla AK, Pathak K. Topical antiinflammatory effects of Euphorbia prostrata on carrageenan-induced footpad oedema in mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 1990;29:291–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(90)90040-Z.
  • [37] Hariyadi DM, Sahu VK. Euphorbia prostata exerts potent anti-ınflammatory and anti-arthritic activity in downregulating the ıncreased expression of pro-ınflammatory cytokines. Pharmaceutical Sciences 2020;26:370–378. https://doi.org/10.34172/PS.2020.51.
  • [38] Burzynski HE, Macht VA, Woodruff JL, Crawford JN, Erichsen JM, Piroli GG, Grillo CA, Fadel JR, Reagan LP. Pyridostigmine bromide elicits progressive and chronic impairments in the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of male rats. Neurobiol Stress. 2022;18:100446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ynstr.2022.100446.
  • [39] Boukholda K, Gargouri B, Aouey B, Attaai A, Elkodous MA, Najimi M, Fiebich BL, Bouchard M, Fetoui H. Subacute silica nanoparticle exposure induced oxidative stress and inflammation in rat hippocampus combined with disruption of cholinergic system and behavioral functions. NanoImpact. 2021;24:100358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.impact.2021.100358
  • [40] Konar A, Gupta R, Shukla RK, Maloney B, Khanna VK, Wadhwa R, Lahiri DK, Thakur MK. M1 muscarinic receptor is a key target of neuroprotection, neuroregeneration and memory recovery by i-Extract from Withania somnifera. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):13990. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-48238-6.
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Klinik Farmakoloji ve Terapötikler
Bölüm Articles
Yazarlar

Nirmala Kumari Yadav 0000-0002-7851-4306

Rakesh Yadav 0000-0002-8932-5076

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Haziran 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 27 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Yadav, N. K., & Yadav, R. (2025). Memory enhancing potential of Euphorbia prostrata through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti acetylcholinesterase effect against Scopolamine -induced Alzheimer’s disease in Wistar albino rats. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 27(3), 1004-1014.
AMA Yadav NK, Yadav R. Memory enhancing potential of Euphorbia prostrata through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti acetylcholinesterase effect against Scopolamine -induced Alzheimer’s disease in Wistar albino rats. J. Res. Pharm. Haziran 2025;27(3):1004-1014.
Chicago Yadav, Nirmala Kumari, ve Rakesh Yadav. “Memory Enhancing Potential of Euphorbia Prostrata through Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti Acetylcholinesterase Effect Against Scopolamine -Induced Alzheimer’s Disease in Wistar Albino Rats”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 27, sy. 3 (Haziran 2025): 1004-14.
EndNote Yadav NK, Yadav R (01 Haziran 2025) Memory enhancing potential of Euphorbia prostrata through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti acetylcholinesterase effect against Scopolamine -induced Alzheimer’s disease in Wistar albino rats. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 27 3 1004–1014.
IEEE N. K. Yadav ve R. Yadav, “Memory enhancing potential of Euphorbia prostrata through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti acetylcholinesterase effect against Scopolamine -induced Alzheimer’s disease in Wistar albino rats”, J. Res. Pharm., c. 27, sy. 3, ss. 1004–1014, 2025.
ISNAD Yadav, Nirmala Kumari - Yadav, Rakesh. “Memory Enhancing Potential of Euphorbia Prostrata through Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti Acetylcholinesterase Effect Against Scopolamine -Induced Alzheimer’s Disease in Wistar Albino Rats”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 27/3 (Haziran 2025), 1004-1014.
JAMA Yadav NK, Yadav R. Memory enhancing potential of Euphorbia prostrata through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti acetylcholinesterase effect against Scopolamine -induced Alzheimer’s disease in Wistar albino rats. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;27:1004–1014.
MLA Yadav, Nirmala Kumari ve Rakesh Yadav. “Memory Enhancing Potential of Euphorbia Prostrata through Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti Acetylcholinesterase Effect Against Scopolamine -Induced Alzheimer’s Disease in Wistar Albino Rats”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, c. 27, sy. 3, 2025, ss. 1004-1.
Vancouver Yadav NK, Yadav R. Memory enhancing potential of Euphorbia prostrata through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti acetylcholinesterase effect against Scopolamine -induced Alzheimer’s disease in Wistar albino rats. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;27(3):1004-1.