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Correct Terminology for Sport Scientists: PAP or PAPE

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 68 - 83, 30.06.2025

Alper Çıkıkcı , Recep Fatih Kayhan

Öz

Aim: The existence of multiple mechanisms underlying Post-Activation Potentiation (PAP), variations in measurement techniques, and the differing demands of physiological processes (e.g., increased potential following warm-up) have contributed to a terminological ambiguity in the literature. This ambiguity primarily stems from the uncertainty regarding how to accurately define the performance-enhancing effects of PAP interventions. In recent years, the term Post-Activation Performance Enhancement (PAPE) has increasingly been adopted in place of PAP. The aim of the present study is to conduct a detailed examination of the usage and application of the terms PAP and PAPE within the sports science literature, to analyze the distinctions in methodology and measurement between the two concepts, and to identify the most appropriate terminology based on intended use.
Methods: This study employed a document analysis approach to investigate how PAP and PAPE are defined, utilized, and differentiated in the scientific literature. During the data collection process, the following keywords were used: “Post-Activation Potentiation,” “Post-Activation Performance Enhancement,” “PAP vs. PAPE,” “PAP,” and “PAPE.” Data were retrieved through systematic searches conducted in academic databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect.
Findings: Traditionally, the term PAP has been used to describe the increase in muscle force/torque production observed during electrically evoked contractions. In contrast, PAPE refers to performance enhancements observed following high-intensity voluntary contractions or activities involving prior conditioning stimuli. In this context, both PAP and PAPE are temporally dependent phenomena, with peak performance improvements typically occurring approximately 5 to 10 minutes post-activation. Nevertheless, the findings of this study highlight that the fundamental terminological distinction between PAP and PAPE is primarily attributable to differences in measurement methodologies.
Conclusion: While both PAP and PAPE are associated with enhanced performance following muscular activation, they are grounded in distinct physiological and methodological frameworks. PAP is characterized by short-term improvements in force output, typically assessed through laboratory-based, mechanically oriented measurements. Conversely, PAPE encompasses a broader scope, targeting improvements in athletic performance and generally requiring field-based performance assessments. Thus, appropriate terminology should be selected in accordance with the measurement context and the nature of the activation protocol.
Keywords: PAP, PAPE, Post-Activation Potentiation, Post-Activation Potentiation Enhancement

Anahtar Kelimeler

PAP PAPE Post Activation Potentiation Post Activation Potentiation Enhancement

Kaynakça

  • Behrens, M., Husmann, F., Mau-Moeller, A., Schlegel, J., Reuter, E.-M., & Zschorlich, V. R. (2019). Neuromuscular properties of the human wrist flexors as a function of the wrist joint angle. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 7, 593. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2019.00181
  • Blazevich, A. J., & Babault, N. (2019). Post-activation potentiation versus post-activation performance enhancement in humans: Historical perspective, underlying mechanisms, and current issues. Frontiers in Physiology, 10, 1359. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.01359
  • Boullosa, D., Del Rosso, S., Behm, D. G., & Foster, C. (2018). Post-activation potentiation (PAP) in endurance sports: A review. European Journal of Sport Science, 18, 595–610. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2018.1438519
  • Boullosa, D. (2021). Post-activation performance enhancement strategies in sport: A brief review for practitioners. Human Movement, 22(3), 101–109. https://doi.org/10.5114/hm.2021.103280
  • Boullosa, D., Beato, M., Dello Iacono, A., Cuenca-Fernández, F., Doma, K., Schumann, M., Zagatto, A. M., Loturco, I., & Behm, D. G. (2020). A new taxonomy for postactivation potentiation in sport. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 15, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0892
  • Chiu, L. Z. F., Fry, A. C., Weiss, L. W., Schilling, B. K., Brown, L. E., & Smith, S. L. (2003). Postactivation potentiation response in athletic and recreationally trained individuals. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 17, 671.
  • Cuenca-Fernández, F., Smith, I. C., Jordan, M. J., Macintosh, B. R., López-Contreras, G., Arellano, R., et al. (2017). Nonlocalized postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE) effects in trained athletes: A pilot study. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 42(10), 1122–1125. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2017-0217
  • Dobbs, W. C., Tolusso, D. V., Fedewa, M. V., & Esco, M. R. (2019). Effect of post-activation potentiation on explosive vertical jump: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 33, 2009–2018. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002750
  • Fischer, J., & Paternoster, F. K. (2024). Post-activation-performance enhancement: Possible contributing factors. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 23(1), 34.
  • Gago, P., Marques, M. C., Marinho, D. A., & Ekblom, M. M. (2014). Passive muscle length changes affect twitch potentiation in power athletes. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 46, 1334–1342. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000245
  • Gallardo, P., Giakas, G., Sakkas, G. K., & Tsaklis, P. V. (2024). Are surface electromyography parameters indicative of post-activation potentiation/post-activation performance enhancement, in terms of twitch potentiation and voluntary performance? A systematic review. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 9, 106.
  • González-Alonso, J., Quistorff, B., Krustrup, P., Bangsbo, J., & Saltin, B. (2000). Heat production in human skeletal muscle at the onset of intense dynamic exercise. The Journal of Physiology, 524, 603–615. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.00603.x
  • Gouvêa, A. L., Fernandes, I. A., César, E. P., Silva, W. A. B., & Gomes, P. S. C. (2012). The effects of rest intervals on jumping performance: A meta-analysis on post-activation potentiation studies. Journal of Sports Sciences, 31(5), 459–467. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.738924
  • Hamada, T., Sale, D. G., MacDougall, J. D., & Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2000). Postactivation potentiation, fiber type, and twitch contraction time in human knee extensor muscles. Journal of Applied Physiology, 88, 2131–2137. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.88.6.2131
  • Hansen, E. A., Lee, H.-D., Barrett, K., & Herzog, W. (2003). The shape of the force–elbow angle relationship for maximal voluntary contractions and sub-maximal electrically induced contractions in human elbow flexors. Journal of Biomechanics, 36, 1713–1718. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9290(03)00167-2
  • Healy, R., & Comyns, T. M. (2017). The application of postactivation potentiation methods to improve sprint speed. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 39(1), 1–9.
  • Holmberg, P. M. (2017). Weightlifting to improve volleyball performance. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 35, 79–88. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31825c2bdb
  • Kale, M., Yol, Y., Tolali, A. B., & Ayaz, E. (2023). Effects of repetitive different jump pre-conditioning activities on post-activity performance enhancement. Human Movement, 17(2), 101–109.
  • Kim, J. H., & Johnson, P. W. (2014). Fatigue development in the finger flexor muscle differs between keyboard and mouse use. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 114(12), 2469–2482.
  • Kümmel, J., Kramer, A., Cronin, N. J., & Gruber, M. (2017). Postactivation potentiation can counteract declines in force and power that occur after stretching. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 27(12), 1750–1760. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12817
  • MacIntosh, B. R. (2010). Cellular and whole muscle studies of activity-dependent potentiation. In Rassier, D. E. (Ed.), Muscle Biophysics (pp. 315–342). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6366-6_18
  • Maloney, S. J., Turner, A. N., & Fletcher, I. M. (2014). Ballistic exercise as a pre-activation stimulus: A review of the literature and practical applications. Sports Medicine, 44(10), 1347–1359.
  • Maroto-Izquierdo, S., Bautista, I. J., & Martín Rivera, F. (2020). Post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) after a single bout of high-intensity flywheel resistance training. Biology of Sport, 37(4), 343–350. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2020.96318
  • McBride, J. M., Nimphius, S., & Erickson, T. M. (2005). The acute effects of heavy-load squats and loaded countermovement jumps on sprint performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 19(4), 893.
  • McGowan, C. J., Pyne, D. B., Thompson, K. G., & Rattray, B. (2015). Warm-up strategies for sport and exercise: Mechanisms and applications. Sports Medicine, 45(11), 1523–1546.
  • Pääsuke, M., Ereline, J., Gapeyeva, H., Toots, M., & Toots, L. (2003). Comparison of twitch contractile properties of plantar flexor muscles in 9–10-year-old girls and boys. Pediatric Exercise Science, 15(3), 324–332. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.15.3.324
  • Prieske, O., Behrens, M., Chaabene, H., Granacher, U., & Maffiuletti, N. A. (2020). Time to differentiate postactivation “potentiation” from “performance enhancement” in the strength and conditioning community. Sports Medicine, 50(9), 1559–1565. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01300-0
  • Prieske, O., Maffiuletti, N. A., & Granacher, U. (2018). Postactivation potentiation of the plantar flexors does not directly translate to jump performance in female elite young soccer players. Frontiers in Physiology, 9, 276. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00276
  • Racinais, S., Cocking, S., & Périard, J. D. (2017). Sports and environmental temperature: From warming-up to heating-up. Temperature, 4(3), 227–257. https://doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2017.1356427
  • Sale, D. G. (2002). Postactivation potentiation: Role in human performance. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 30(3), 138–143.
  • Seitz, L. B., Trajano, G. S., Haff, G. G., Dumke, C. C. L. S., Tufano, J. J., & Blazevich, A. J. (2016). Relationships between maximal strength, muscle size, and myosin heavy chain isoform composition and postactivation potentiation. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 41(5), 491–497.
  • Seitz, L. B., & Haff, G. G. (2016). Factors modulating post-activation potentiation of jump, sprint, throw, and upper-body ballistic performances: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 46(2), 231–240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0415-7
  • Stull, J. T., Kamm, K. E., & Vandenboom, R. (2011). Myosin light chain kinase and the role of myosin light chain phosphorylation in skeletal muscle. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 510(2), 120–128.
  • Tillin, N. A., & Bishop, D. (2009). Factors modulating post-activation potentiation and its effect on performance of subsequent explosive activities. Sports Medicine, 39(2), 147–166.
  • Vandervoort, A. A., Quinlan, J., & McComas, A. J. (1983). Twitch potentiation after voluntary contraction. Experimental Neurology, 81(1), 141–152.
  • Villalon-Gasch, L., Penichet-Tomas, A., Sebastia-Amat, S., Pueo, B., & Jimenez-Olmedo, J. M. (2022). Postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE) increases vertical jump in elite female volleyball players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(1), 462. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010462
  • Wilson, J. M., Duncan, N. M., Marin, P. J., Brown, L. E., Loenneke, J. P., Wilson, S. M. C., Jo, E., Lowery, R. P., & Ugrinowitsch, C. (2013). Meta-analysis of postactivation potentiation and power: Effects of conditioning activity, volume, gender, rest periods, and training status. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 27(3), 854–859.
  • Xenofondos, A., Laparidis, K., Kyranoudis, A., Bassa, E., Kotzamanidis, C., & Performance, S. (2010). Post-activation potentiation: Factors affecting it and the effect on performance. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 28, 32–38.
  • Xu, K., Blazevich, A. J., Boullosa, D., et al. (2025). Optimizing post-activation performance enhancement in athletic tasks: A systematic review with meta-analysis for prescription variables and research methods. Sports Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02170-6
  • Zhi, G., Ryder, J. W., Huang, J., Ding, P., Chen, Y., Zhao, Y., et al. (2005). Myosin light chain kinase and myosin phosphorylation effect frequency-dependent potentiation of skeletal muscle contraction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102(49), 17519–17524.

Spor Bilimciler İçin Doğru Terminoloji: PAP veya PAPE

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 68 - 83, 30.06.2025

Alper Çıkıkcı , Recep Fatih Kayhan

Öz

Amaç: PAP (Aktivasyon Sonrası Potansiyel) ile ilişkili mekanizmaların birden fazla olması, ölçüm tekniklerindeki farklılıklar ve fizyolojik süreçlerin değişken talepleri (örneğin, ısınma sonrası artan potansiyel gibi) literatürde terminolojik bir karmaşaya yol açakta ve bu karmaşanın temel nedeni, PAP uygulamalarının performans artışı üzerindeki etkisinin nasıl isimlendirilmesi gerektiği konusundaki belirsizliktir. Son yıllarda, PAP yerine Aktivasyon Sonrası Potansiyel Artışı (PAPE) kavramının kullanılmaya başlandığı görülmektedir. Çalışmamızın amacı, spor bilimleri literatüründe PAP ve PAPE kavramlarının ne amaçla kullanıldığını, bu iki kavram arasındaki uygulama ve ölçüm farklılıklarını detaylı bir şekilde incelemek ve kullanım amacına göre doğru terminolojiyi tespit etmektir.
Yöntem: Çalışma, PAP ve PAPE terminolojilerinin bilimsel literatürde nasıl tanımlandığını, kullanıldığını ve ayrıştırıldığını belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüş ve döküman analizi yöntemi kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Verilerin elde edilme sürecinde "Post-Activation Potentiation", "Post-Activation Performance Enhancement", "PAP vs. PAPE", "PAP", "PAPE" gibi anahtar kelimeler kullanılmıştır. Google Scholar, PubMed ve Sciencedirect veri tabanları aracılığıyla tarama yöntemi ile elde edilmiştir.
Bulgular: Klasik anlamda kullanılan PAP aslında sadece elektriksel olarak tetiklenen kasılmalar esnasındaki kas kuvveti/tork üretimindeki artışları ifade etmek için kullanılmaktadır. Buna karşın, PAPE ön koşullandırma içeren ve genellikle yüksek şiddetli kasılmalar/aktiviteler sonrasında maksimal kuvvet ve güç ölçümlerindeki artışları tanımlamak için kullanılmaktadır. Bu bağlamda hem PAP hem de PAPE’nin performans üzerindeki etkisinin zamanlama ile ilişkili olduğu, en belirgin faydanın aktivasyondan yaklaşık 5-10 dakika sonra ortaya çıktığı öne sürülmektedir. Ancak iki kavram arasındaki terminolojik temel farkın ölçüm yöntemleri ile direkt olarak ilişkili olduğu ortaya konmuştur.
Sonuç: PAP ve PAPE, kas aktivasyonu sonrası performans artışıyla ilişkilidir ancak farklı süreçlere dayanır. PAP, kısa süreli kas kuvveti artışına odaklanırken, PAPE daha geniş kapsamlı olup atletik performansı artırmaya yöneliktir. PAP mekanik yaklaşımı içeren laboratuvar bazlı ölçümlere ihtiyaç duyarken PAPE performans yaklaşımı içeren saha testlerine ihtiyaç duyar.

Anahtar Kelimeler

PAP PAPE Aktivasyon Sonrası Potansiyel Aktivasyon Sonrası Performans Artışı

Kaynakça

  • Behrens, M., Husmann, F., Mau-Moeller, A., Schlegel, J., Reuter, E.-M., & Zschorlich, V. R. (2019). Neuromuscular properties of the human wrist flexors as a function of the wrist joint angle. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 7, 593. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2019.00181
  • Blazevich, A. J., & Babault, N. (2019). Post-activation potentiation versus post-activation performance enhancement in humans: Historical perspective, underlying mechanisms, and current issues. Frontiers in Physiology, 10, 1359. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.01359
  • Boullosa, D., Del Rosso, S., Behm, D. G., & Foster, C. (2018). Post-activation potentiation (PAP) in endurance sports: A review. European Journal of Sport Science, 18, 595–610. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2018.1438519
  • Boullosa, D. (2021). Post-activation performance enhancement strategies in sport: A brief review for practitioners. Human Movement, 22(3), 101–109. https://doi.org/10.5114/hm.2021.103280
  • Boullosa, D., Beato, M., Dello Iacono, A., Cuenca-Fernández, F., Doma, K., Schumann, M., Zagatto, A. M., Loturco, I., & Behm, D. G. (2020). A new taxonomy for postactivation potentiation in sport. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 15, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0892
  • Chiu, L. Z. F., Fry, A. C., Weiss, L. W., Schilling, B. K., Brown, L. E., & Smith, S. L. (2003). Postactivation potentiation response in athletic and recreationally trained individuals. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 17, 671.
  • Cuenca-Fernández, F., Smith, I. C., Jordan, M. J., Macintosh, B. R., López-Contreras, G., Arellano, R., et al. (2017). Nonlocalized postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE) effects in trained athletes: A pilot study. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 42(10), 1122–1125. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2017-0217
  • Dobbs, W. C., Tolusso, D. V., Fedewa, M. V., & Esco, M. R. (2019). Effect of post-activation potentiation on explosive vertical jump: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 33, 2009–2018. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002750
  • Fischer, J., & Paternoster, F. K. (2024). Post-activation-performance enhancement: Possible contributing factors. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 23(1), 34.
  • Gago, P., Marques, M. C., Marinho, D. A., & Ekblom, M. M. (2014). Passive muscle length changes affect twitch potentiation in power athletes. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 46, 1334–1342. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000245
  • Gallardo, P., Giakas, G., Sakkas, G. K., & Tsaklis, P. V. (2024). Are surface electromyography parameters indicative of post-activation potentiation/post-activation performance enhancement, in terms of twitch potentiation and voluntary performance? A systematic review. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 9, 106.
  • González-Alonso, J., Quistorff, B., Krustrup, P., Bangsbo, J., & Saltin, B. (2000). Heat production in human skeletal muscle at the onset of intense dynamic exercise. The Journal of Physiology, 524, 603–615. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.00603.x
  • Gouvêa, A. L., Fernandes, I. A., César, E. P., Silva, W. A. B., & Gomes, P. S. C. (2012). The effects of rest intervals on jumping performance: A meta-analysis on post-activation potentiation studies. Journal of Sports Sciences, 31(5), 459–467. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.738924
  • Hamada, T., Sale, D. G., MacDougall, J. D., & Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2000). Postactivation potentiation, fiber type, and twitch contraction time in human knee extensor muscles. Journal of Applied Physiology, 88, 2131–2137. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.88.6.2131
  • Hansen, E. A., Lee, H.-D., Barrett, K., & Herzog, W. (2003). The shape of the force–elbow angle relationship for maximal voluntary contractions and sub-maximal electrically induced contractions in human elbow flexors. Journal of Biomechanics, 36, 1713–1718. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9290(03)00167-2
  • Healy, R., & Comyns, T. M. (2017). The application of postactivation potentiation methods to improve sprint speed. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 39(1), 1–9.
  • Holmberg, P. M. (2017). Weightlifting to improve volleyball performance. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 35, 79–88. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31825c2bdb
  • Kale, M., Yol, Y., Tolali, A. B., & Ayaz, E. (2023). Effects of repetitive different jump pre-conditioning activities on post-activity performance enhancement. Human Movement, 17(2), 101–109.
  • Kim, J. H., & Johnson, P. W. (2014). Fatigue development in the finger flexor muscle differs between keyboard and mouse use. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 114(12), 2469–2482.
  • Kümmel, J., Kramer, A., Cronin, N. J., & Gruber, M. (2017). Postactivation potentiation can counteract declines in force and power that occur after stretching. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 27(12), 1750–1760. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12817
  • MacIntosh, B. R. (2010). Cellular and whole muscle studies of activity-dependent potentiation. In Rassier, D. E. (Ed.), Muscle Biophysics (pp. 315–342). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6366-6_18
  • Maloney, S. J., Turner, A. N., & Fletcher, I. M. (2014). Ballistic exercise as a pre-activation stimulus: A review of the literature and practical applications. Sports Medicine, 44(10), 1347–1359.
  • Maroto-Izquierdo, S., Bautista, I. J., & Martín Rivera, F. (2020). Post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) after a single bout of high-intensity flywheel resistance training. Biology of Sport, 37(4), 343–350. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2020.96318
  • McBride, J. M., Nimphius, S., & Erickson, T. M. (2005). The acute effects of heavy-load squats and loaded countermovement jumps on sprint performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 19(4), 893.
  • McGowan, C. J., Pyne, D. B., Thompson, K. G., & Rattray, B. (2015). Warm-up strategies for sport and exercise: Mechanisms and applications. Sports Medicine, 45(11), 1523–1546.
  • Pääsuke, M., Ereline, J., Gapeyeva, H., Toots, M., & Toots, L. (2003). Comparison of twitch contractile properties of plantar flexor muscles in 9–10-year-old girls and boys. Pediatric Exercise Science, 15(3), 324–332. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.15.3.324
  • Prieske, O., Behrens, M., Chaabene, H., Granacher, U., & Maffiuletti, N. A. (2020). Time to differentiate postactivation “potentiation” from “performance enhancement” in the strength and conditioning community. Sports Medicine, 50(9), 1559–1565. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01300-0
  • Prieske, O., Maffiuletti, N. A., & Granacher, U. (2018). Postactivation potentiation of the plantar flexors does not directly translate to jump performance in female elite young soccer players. Frontiers in Physiology, 9, 276. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00276
  • Racinais, S., Cocking, S., & Périard, J. D. (2017). Sports and environmental temperature: From warming-up to heating-up. Temperature, 4(3), 227–257. https://doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2017.1356427
  • Sale, D. G. (2002). Postactivation potentiation: Role in human performance. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 30(3), 138–143.
  • Seitz, L. B., Trajano, G. S., Haff, G. G., Dumke, C. C. L. S., Tufano, J. J., & Blazevich, A. J. (2016). Relationships between maximal strength, muscle size, and myosin heavy chain isoform composition and postactivation potentiation. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 41(5), 491–497.
  • Seitz, L. B., & Haff, G. G. (2016). Factors modulating post-activation potentiation of jump, sprint, throw, and upper-body ballistic performances: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 46(2), 231–240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0415-7
  • Stull, J. T., Kamm, K. E., & Vandenboom, R. (2011). Myosin light chain kinase and the role of myosin light chain phosphorylation in skeletal muscle. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 510(2), 120–128.
  • Tillin, N. A., & Bishop, D. (2009). Factors modulating post-activation potentiation and its effect on performance of subsequent explosive activities. Sports Medicine, 39(2), 147–166.
  • Vandervoort, A. A., Quinlan, J., & McComas, A. J. (1983). Twitch potentiation after voluntary contraction. Experimental Neurology, 81(1), 141–152.
  • Villalon-Gasch, L., Penichet-Tomas, A., Sebastia-Amat, S., Pueo, B., & Jimenez-Olmedo, J. M. (2022). Postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE) increases vertical jump in elite female volleyball players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(1), 462. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010462
  • Wilson, J. M., Duncan, N. M., Marin, P. J., Brown, L. E., Loenneke, J. P., Wilson, S. M. C., Jo, E., Lowery, R. P., & Ugrinowitsch, C. (2013). Meta-analysis of postactivation potentiation and power: Effects of conditioning activity, volume, gender, rest periods, and training status. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 27(3), 854–859.
  • Xenofondos, A., Laparidis, K., Kyranoudis, A., Bassa, E., Kotzamanidis, C., & Performance, S. (2010). Post-activation potentiation: Factors affecting it and the effect on performance. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 28, 32–38.
  • Xu, K., Blazevich, A. J., Boullosa, D., et al. (2025). Optimizing post-activation performance enhancement in athletic tasks: A systematic review with meta-analysis for prescription variables and research methods. Sports Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02170-6
  • Zhi, G., Ryder, J. W., Huang, J., Ding, P., Chen, Y., Zhao, Y., et al. (2005). Myosin light chain kinase and myosin phosphorylation effect frequency-dependent potentiation of skeletal muscle contraction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102(49), 17519–17524.
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Egzersiz ve Spor Bilimleri (Diğer)
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Alper Çıkıkcı 0000-0003-4740-0565

Recep Fatih Kayhan 0000-0002-1022-2892

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 17 Mart 2025
Kabul Tarihi 29 Haziran 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Çıkıkcı, A., & Kayhan, R. F. (2025). Spor Bilimciler İçin Doğru Terminoloji: PAP veya PAPE. Kafkas Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(2), 68-83.
 Kapak Resmi İndir

Spor Bilimleri alanındaki çalışmaları içeren hakemli dergi olarak yayımlanan Kafkas Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi'nin Eylül 2025'te çıkacak olan sayısı için dergimizin kapsamı dahilinde olan konularla ilgili özgün araştırma ve derleme türünde makaleler kabul edilecektir. Bu anlamda ilgili sayı için makaleler 2025 yılının Ağustos ayı sonuna kadar gönderilebilir.

Bilgilerinize sunulur.

Editör

Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Tarkan HAVADAR