Derleme
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

The Negative Effects of Early Sports Specialization in Physical, Psychological, and Social Dimensions

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 1 - 18, 30.06.2025

Ahmet Buğra Gözeller , Ahmet Atlı , Gülhan Erdem Subak

Öz

ABSTRACT
Purpose: This review study aims to examine the physical, psychological, and social effects of early sports specialization on young athletes from a multidimensional perspective.
Method: This study is a review article that aims to shed light on the subject by examining the relevant literature. published studies were identified and evaluated through a systematic search using keywords and subject headings across academic databases including Google Scholar, PubMed and Web of Science.
Results: Within the scope of this study, key issues such as physical overuse, injury risk, developmental disorders, psychological burnout, and social isolation resulting from early specialization are examined in detail. Additionally, the study discusses how alternative approaches such as developmental sport models and multi-sport participation can play a role in preventing these negative outcomes. The findings of the study reveal that early specialization is not a suitable strategy for sustainable athlete development. Instead, it concludes that providing developmentally appropriate, play-based, and diversified sports education that includes multi-sport experiences for children and youth is more effective for achieving long-term success and fostering healthy individual development.
Conclusion: In line with the findings of this study, it is emphasized that coaches, families, and sports policy makers need to be made aware of the risks associated with early specialization. In conclusion, this review demonstrates that a holistic approach centered on athlete health and development is significantly more sustainable compared to early specialization.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Early Sport Specialization Developmental Risks in Youth Athletes Burnout and Sport Dropout

Kaynakça

  • Baker, J., & Logan, A. J. (2007). Developmental contexts and sporting success: Birthdate and birthplace effects in national hockey league draftees 2000–2005. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 41(8), 515-517. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2006.033977
  • Baker, J., & Young, B. (2014). 20 years later: Deliberate practice and the development of expertise in sport. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 7(1), 135-157. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2014.896024
  • Bell, D. R., Post, E. G., Biese, K., Bay, C., & McGuine, T. A. (2016). Sport specialization and risk of overuse injuries: A systematic review with meta-analysis. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 44(7), 1861-1866. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546515617742
  • Brenner, J. S. (2016). Sports specialization and intensive training in young athletes. Pediatrics, 138(3), e20162148. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-2148
  • Côté, J., Lidor, R., & Hackfort, D. (2009). ISSP position stand: To sample or to specialize? Seven postulates about youth sport activities that lead to continued participation and elite performance. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 7(1), 7-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2009.9671889
  • Côté, J. (1999). The influence of the family in the development of talent in sport. The Sport Psychologist, 13(4), 395-417. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.13.4.395
  • Côté, J., Baker, J., & Abernethy, B. (2009). Practice and play in the development of sport expertise. In R. Eklund & G. Tenenbaum (Eds.), Handbook of Sport Psychology (3rd ed., pp. 184-202). Wiley.
  • Côté, J., & Fraser-Thomas, J. (2008). Play, practice, and athlete development. In D. Farrow, J. Baker, & C. MacMahon (Eds.), Developing sport expertise: Researchers and coaches put theory into practice (pp. 17-28). Routledge.
  • DiFiori, J. P., Benjamin, H. J., Brenner, J. S., Gregory, A., Jayanthi, N., Landry, G. L., & Luke, A. (2014). Overuse injuries and burnout in youth sports: A position statement from the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(4), 287-288. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-093299
  • Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. Springer Science & Business Media.
  • Ericsson, K. A., Krampe, R. T., & Tesch-Römer, C. (1993). The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychological Review, 100(3), 363-406. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.100.3.363
  • Fraser-Thomas, J., Côté, J., & Deakin, J. (2008). Understanding dropout and prolonged engagement in adolescent competitive sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 9(5), 645-662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.08.003
  • Feeley, B. T., Agel, J., & LaPrade, R. F. (2016). When is it too early for single sport specialization? The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 44(1), 234-241. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546515576899
  • Gould, D., Tuffey, S., Udry, E., & Loehr, J. (1996). Burnout in competitive junior tennis players: I. A Quantitative psychological assessment. The Sport Psychologist, 10(4), 322-340.
  • Helsen, W. F., Hodges, N. J., Van Winckel, J., & Starkes, J. L. (2012). The influence of relative age on success and dropout in male soccer players. The Journal of Sports Sciences, 19(10), 859-864. https://doi.org/10.1080/026404102320245848
  • Hoye, R., Agergaard, S., & Johansen, B. (2015). Gender and sport: Understanding sport participation and the changing role of women in sport. Routledge Handbook of Sports Studies, 431-445.
  • Jayanthi, N. A., Pinkham, C., Dugas, L., Patrick, B., & LaBella, C. (2013). Sports specialized intensive training and the risk of injury in young athletes: a clinical case-control study. Sports Health, 5(3), 251-257. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738112464626
  • Jayanthi, N. A., LaBella, C. R., Fischer, D., Pasulka, J., & Dugas, L. R. (2015). Risk of injuries associated with sports specialization and intense training patterns in young athletes: A prospective clinical cohort study. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(4), 794-801. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546514567298
  • LaPrade, R. F., Agel, J., Baker, J., Brenner, J. S., Cordasco, F. A., Côté, J., ... & Engebretsen, L. (2016). AOSSM early sport specialization consensus statement. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 4(4), 2325967116644241. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967116644241
  • Malina, R. M. (2010). Early sport specialization: Roots, effectiveness, risks. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 9(6), 364-371. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0b013e3181fe3166
  • Myer, G. D., Jayanthi, N., DiFiori, J. P., Faigenbaum, A. D., Kiefer, A. W., Logerstedt, D., & Micheli, L. J. (2015). Sports specialization, part I: Does early sports specialization increase negative outcomes and reduce the opportunity for success in young athletes? Sports Health, 7(5), 437-442. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738115598747
  • Raedeke, T. D. (2004). Coach commitment and burnout: A one-year follow-up. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 16(4), 333-349.
  • Raedeke, T. D., & Smith, A. L. (2001). Development and preliminary validation of an athlete burnout scale. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 23(4), 281-306. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.23.4.281
  • Vaeyens, R., Güllich, A., Warr, C. R., & Philippaerts, R. (2009). Talent identification and promotion programmes of Olympic athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(13), 1367-1380. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410903110974

Fiziksel, Psikolojik ve Sosyal Boyutlarıyla Erken Spor Uzmanlaşmasının Olumsuz Etkileri

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 1 - 18, 30.06.2025

Ahmet Buğra Gözeller , Ahmet Atlı , Gülhan Erdem Subak

Öz

ÖZET
Amaç: Bu derleme çalışması, erken yaşta spor uzmanlaşmasının genç sporcular üzerindeki fiziksel, psikolojik ve sosyal etkilerini çok boyutlu bir bakış açısıyla incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır.
Yöntem: Bu çalışma, konuyla ilgili literatürü inceleyerek konuya ışık tutmayı amaçlayan bir derleme makalesidir. Google Scholar, PubMed ve Web of Science gibi akademik veri tabanlarında anahtar kelimeler ve konu başlıkları kullanılarak yayımlanmış çalışmalar sistematik bir şekilde taranmış ve değerlendirilmiştir.
Bulgular: Bu çalışma kapsamında, erken uzmanlaşmanın yol açtığı fiziksel aşırı yüklenme, yaralanma riski, gelişimsel bozukluklar, psikolojik tükenmişlik ve sosyal izolasyon gibi temel problemler ayrıntılı olarak ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca, gelişimsel spor modelleri ve çoklu spor katılımı gibi alternatif yaklaşımların, bu olumsuz etkileri önlemede nasıl rol oynayabileceği tartışılmıştır. Çalışmanın bulguları, erken yaşta uzmanlaşmanın sürdürülebilir sporcu gelişimi için uygun bir strateji olmadığını ortaya koymaktadır. Bunun yerine, çocuk ve genç sporculara gelişimsel olarak uygun, çoklu spor deneyimlerini içeren, oyun temelli ve çeşitlilik içeren bir spor eğitimi sunulmasının, uzun vadeli başarı ve sağlıklı birey gelişimi açısından daha etkili olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.
Sonuç: Bu çalışmanın bulguları doğrultusunda, antrenörlerin, ailelerin ve spor politikası geliştiricilerinin erken uzmanlaşmanın riskleri konusunda bilinçlendirilmesi gerektiği vurgulanmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, bu derleme, sporcu sağlığını ve gelişimini merkeze alan bütüncül bir yaklaşımın, erken uzmanlaşmaya kıyasla çok daha sürdürülebilir olduğunu göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Erken Spor Uzmanlaşması Genç Sporcularda Gelişimsel Riskler Tükenmişlik ve Spordan Kopuş

Kaynakça

  • Baker, J., & Logan, A. J. (2007). Developmental contexts and sporting success: Birthdate and birthplace effects in national hockey league draftees 2000–2005. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 41(8), 515-517. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2006.033977
  • Baker, J., & Young, B. (2014). 20 years later: Deliberate practice and the development of expertise in sport. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 7(1), 135-157. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2014.896024
  • Bell, D. R., Post, E. G., Biese, K., Bay, C., & McGuine, T. A. (2016). Sport specialization and risk of overuse injuries: A systematic review with meta-analysis. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 44(7), 1861-1866. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546515617742
  • Brenner, J. S. (2016). Sports specialization and intensive training in young athletes. Pediatrics, 138(3), e20162148. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-2148
  • Côté, J., Lidor, R., & Hackfort, D. (2009). ISSP position stand: To sample or to specialize? Seven postulates about youth sport activities that lead to continued participation and elite performance. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 7(1), 7-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2009.9671889
  • Côté, J. (1999). The influence of the family in the development of talent in sport. The Sport Psychologist, 13(4), 395-417. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.13.4.395
  • Côté, J., Baker, J., & Abernethy, B. (2009). Practice and play in the development of sport expertise. In R. Eklund & G. Tenenbaum (Eds.), Handbook of Sport Psychology (3rd ed., pp. 184-202). Wiley.
  • Côté, J., & Fraser-Thomas, J. (2008). Play, practice, and athlete development. In D. Farrow, J. Baker, & C. MacMahon (Eds.), Developing sport expertise: Researchers and coaches put theory into practice (pp. 17-28). Routledge.
  • DiFiori, J. P., Benjamin, H. J., Brenner, J. S., Gregory, A., Jayanthi, N., Landry, G. L., & Luke, A. (2014). Overuse injuries and burnout in youth sports: A position statement from the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(4), 287-288. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-093299
  • Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. Springer Science & Business Media.
  • Ericsson, K. A., Krampe, R. T., & Tesch-Römer, C. (1993). The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychological Review, 100(3), 363-406. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.100.3.363
  • Fraser-Thomas, J., Côté, J., & Deakin, J. (2008). Understanding dropout and prolonged engagement in adolescent competitive sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 9(5), 645-662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.08.003
  • Feeley, B. T., Agel, J., & LaPrade, R. F. (2016). When is it too early for single sport specialization? The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 44(1), 234-241. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546515576899
  • Gould, D., Tuffey, S., Udry, E., & Loehr, J. (1996). Burnout in competitive junior tennis players: I. A Quantitative psychological assessment. The Sport Psychologist, 10(4), 322-340.
  • Helsen, W. F., Hodges, N. J., Van Winckel, J., & Starkes, J. L. (2012). The influence of relative age on success and dropout in male soccer players. The Journal of Sports Sciences, 19(10), 859-864. https://doi.org/10.1080/026404102320245848
  • Hoye, R., Agergaard, S., & Johansen, B. (2015). Gender and sport: Understanding sport participation and the changing role of women in sport. Routledge Handbook of Sports Studies, 431-445.
  • Jayanthi, N. A., Pinkham, C., Dugas, L., Patrick, B., & LaBella, C. (2013). Sports specialized intensive training and the risk of injury in young athletes: a clinical case-control study. Sports Health, 5(3), 251-257. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738112464626
  • Jayanthi, N. A., LaBella, C. R., Fischer, D., Pasulka, J., & Dugas, L. R. (2015). Risk of injuries associated with sports specialization and intense training patterns in young athletes: A prospective clinical cohort study. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(4), 794-801. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546514567298
  • LaPrade, R. F., Agel, J., Baker, J., Brenner, J. S., Cordasco, F. A., Côté, J., ... & Engebretsen, L. (2016). AOSSM early sport specialization consensus statement. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 4(4), 2325967116644241. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967116644241
  • Malina, R. M. (2010). Early sport specialization: Roots, effectiveness, risks. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 9(6), 364-371. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0b013e3181fe3166
  • Myer, G. D., Jayanthi, N., DiFiori, J. P., Faigenbaum, A. D., Kiefer, A. W., Logerstedt, D., & Micheli, L. J. (2015). Sports specialization, part I: Does early sports specialization increase negative outcomes and reduce the opportunity for success in young athletes? Sports Health, 7(5), 437-442. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738115598747
  • Raedeke, T. D. (2004). Coach commitment and burnout: A one-year follow-up. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 16(4), 333-349.
  • Raedeke, T. D., & Smith, A. L. (2001). Development and preliminary validation of an athlete burnout scale. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 23(4), 281-306. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.23.4.281
  • Vaeyens, R., Güllich, A., Warr, C. R., & Philippaerts, R. (2009). Talent identification and promotion programmes of Olympic athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(13), 1367-1380. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410903110974
Toplam 24 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Egzersiz ve Spor Bilimleri (Diğer)
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Ahmet Buğra Gözeller 0000-0003-0693-3269

Ahmet Atlı 0000-0002-7516-2675

Gülhan Erdem Subak 0000-0003-1698-262X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 16 Mayıs 2025
Kabul Tarihi 2 Haziran 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Gözeller, A. B., Atlı, A., & Subak, G. E. (2025). Fiziksel, Psikolojik ve Sosyal Boyutlarıyla Erken Spor Uzmanlaşmasının Olumsuz Etkileri. Kafkas Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(2), 1-18.
 Kapak Resmi İndir

Spor Bilimleri alanındaki çalışmaları içeren hakemli dergi olarak yayımlanan Kafkas Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi'nin Eylül 2025'te çıkacak olan sayısı için dergimizin kapsamı dahilinde olan konularla ilgili özgün araştırma ve derleme türünde makaleler kabul edilecektir. Bu anlamda ilgili sayı için makaleler 2025 yılının Ağustos ayı sonuna kadar gönderilebilir.

Bilgilerinize sunulur.

Editör

Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Tarkan HAVADAR