Araştırma Makalesi
The Effect of Bokashi Fertilizer Doses on the Growth and Rhizosphere Characteristics of Melissa officinalis Seedlings
Öz
Bokashi is an organic fertilizer in which beneficial microorganisms ferment organic waste. Bokashi improves plant growth and yields by improving the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil. In this study, it was aimed to determine the effect of different doses of bokashi fertilizer (0% (control), 2%, 4%, 8%, 16% and 32%) on the growth of lemon balm seedlings and some microbiological characteristics in the rhizosphere. Some soil biological characteristics of lemon balm seedlings, such as plant height, shoot and root wet weights, root length, chlorophyll content of leaves, root zone dehydrogenase, urease, β-glucosidase enzyme activities and soil respiration, were investigated using Bokashi fertilizer. Statistically significant increases were observed in chlorophyll content and shoot and root wet weights of seedlings with increasing doses of Bokashi. The highest root length, root and shoot wet weight were determined with 32% treatment dose. The highest root length, root and shoot wet weights, and the most significant increase in the enzymatic activity of the rhizosphere were obtained with the 32% application dose of Bokashi. The total mold count of the soil increased with the 32% dose of bokashi. On the other hand, the highest total bacterial count was determined at 16% application dose. As a result, it was determined that 32% dose of Bokashi was suitable for both plant growth and soil biological properties.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Bokashi organic fertilizer Melissa officinalis microbial activity soil enzymes
Kaynakça
- Abed El-Hamied, SA. 2014. Effect of multi-ingredient of Bokashi on productivity of mandarin trees and soil properties under saline water irrigation. IOSR J. Agric. Vet. Sci., 7: 79–87. Doi:10.9790/2380-071127987
- Alvarez-Solis, JD., Mendoza-Nunez, JA., Leon-Martinez, NS., Castellanos-Albores J., Gutierrez-Miceli, FA. 2016. Effect of bokashi and vermicompost leachate on yield and quality of pepper (Capsicum annuum) and onion (Allium cepa) under monoculture and intercropping cultures. Cienc. e Investig. Agrar., 43:243–252. Doi:10.4067/S0718-16202016000200007
- Alyokhin, A., Nault, B., Brown, B. 2020. Soil conservation practices for insect pest management in highly disturbed agroecosystems–a review. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 168:7–27. Doi:10.1111/eea.12863
- Anderson, JPE. 1982. Soil respiration. In: methods of soil analysis, part 2, chemical and microbiological properties (Ed. A.L. Page). ASA-SSSA, Madison, Winsconsin. pp. 831-871.
- Anhar, A., Junialdi, R., Zein, A., Advinda, L., Leilani, I. 2018. Growth and tomato nutrition content with Bandotan (Ageratum Conyzoides L) bokashi applied. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng. 335:1-9. Doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/335/1/012017
- Anonim, 2022. Melisa tarımı ve endüstrisi. Fizibilite raporu. Batı Akdeniz Kalkınma Ajansı s.58 https://baka.gov.tr/assets/upload/dosyalar/melisa-tarimi-ve-endustrisi-fizibilite-raporu.pdf
- Arnon, D.T. 1949. Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplast polyphenol oxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiol., 24:1-15. Doi:10.1104/pp.24.1.1
- Batubara, S. 2015. Growth response and yield of maize and soybean in intercropping to the urban waste compost and rock phosphate. Int. J. Sci. Res., 6:2319–7064.
- Barajas-Aceves, M. 2016. Organic waste as fertilizer in semiarid soils and restoration in mine sites. Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski [eds.], Organic fertilizers-from basic concepts to applied outcomes. InTech., 243-271 p. Doi: 10.5772/62665
- Djajadi, J., Heliyanto, B., Hidayah, N. 2011. Changes of physical properties of sandy soil and growth of physic nut (Jatropa curcas L.) due to addition of clay and organic matter. Agrivita, 33:245-250. Doi:10.17503/agrivita.v33i3.75
- Dumanoğlu, E., Çakmak, B. 2017. Oğulotu (Melissa officinalis L.) tohumunun kaplanması ve pelletlenmesinin tohum kalitesi üzerine etkileri. Tarım Mak. Bil. Dergisi, 13:87-92.
- Efthimiadou, A., Bilalis, D., Karkanis, A., Froud-Williams, B. 2010. Combined organic/inorganic fertilization enhance soil quality and increased yield, photosynthesis, and sustainability of sweet maize crop. Aust. J Crop Sci., 4:722- 729.
- Erdal, İ., Yaylacı, C., Türkan, Ş.A., Merji, R. 2024. Sığır Gübresi ve Sığır Gübresi Kaynaklı Bokaşi Kompostlarının Marulun Gelişimi ve Yaprak SPAD Değerlerine Etkisi. Isparta. Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Der., 19:85-93. Doi:10.54975/sduzfd.1591463
- Gomez-Velasco, DA., Alvarez-Solis, JD., Ruiz-Valdiviezo, VM., Abud-Archilla, M., Montes-Molina, JA., Dendooven, L., Gutierrez-Miceli, FA. 2014. Enzymatic activities in soil cultivated with coffee (Coffea arabica L. cv. ‘Bourbon’) and amended with organic material. Comm. Soil Sci Plant Anal., 45:2529-2538 Doi:10.1080/00103624.2014.932375
- Hata, FT., Ventura, MU., de Freitas Fregonezi, GA., de Lima, RF. 2021. Bokashi, boiled manure and penergetic applications ıncreased agronomic production variables and may enhance powdery mildew severity of organic tomato plants. Horticulturae, 7(2):27. Doi:10.3390/horticulturae7020027
- Hata, FT., Ventura, MU., Sousa, V., Fregonezi, GAF. 2019. Low-cost organic fertilizations and bioactivator for arugula-radish intercropping. Emirates Journal of Food & Agri., 31: 773–778. Doi:10.9755/ejfa.2019.v31.i10.2018
- Hernandez, MIS., Gómez-Álvarez, R., Rivera-Cruz, M., del Cruz, R., Álvarez-Solís, JD., Pat-Fernández, JM., Ortiz-García, CF. 2014. The influence of organic fertilizers on the chemical properties of soil and the production of Alpinia purpurata. Cienc e Investig Agrar. 41:215–224 Doi:10.4067/S0718-16202014000200008
- Hoffmann, G., Teicher, K. 1961. Colorimetric method for the determination of the urease activity in soil. Zeit. Pflanzenernaehr. Dung. Bodenkunde. 95:55-63.
- Karimuna, L., Rahni, NM., Boer, D. 2016. The use of bokashi to enhance agricultural productivity of marginal soils in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. J. Trop Crop Sci., 3: 1-6 Doi: 10.29244/jtcs.3.1.1-6
- Kazemeini, SA., Hamzehzarghani, H., Edalat, M. 2010. The impact of nitrogen and organic matter on winter canola seed yield and yield components. Aust J Crop Sci. 4: 335- 342
- Küçük, Ç., Pek, S. 2025. Vermikompost ve sıvı deniz yosunu ekstraktı uygulamalarının arpa (Hordeum vulgaris L.) rizosferinde mikrobiyal solunum ve β-glukosidaz aktiviteye etkisi. Manas J. of Agri. Vet. Life Sci, 14 (2):125-133. Doi:10.53518/mjavl.1463512
- Lasmini, SA., Nasir, B., Hayati, N., Edy, N. 2018. Improvement of soil quality using bokashi composting and NPK fertilizer to increase shallot yield on dry land. Australian Journal of Crop Science. 12:1743-1749. Doi: 10.21475/ajcs.18.12.11.p1435
- Liu, X., van Groenigen, K., Dijkstra, P., Hungate, B. 2017. Increased plant uptake of native soil nitrogen following fertilizer addition – not a priming effect? Appl Soil Ecol. 114: 105–110. Doi: 10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.03.011
- Maeda, K., Hanajima, D., Toyoda, S., Yoshida, N., Morioka, R., Osada, T. 2011. Microbiology of nitrogen cycle in animal manure compost. Minireview Microbial Biotechnol 6:700–709. Doi: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2010.00236.x
- Mathews, IM., Eastwood, J., Lamport, DJ., Cozannet, RL., Fanca-Berthon, P., Williams, CM. 2024. Clinical Efficacy and Tolerability of Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis L.) in Psychological Well-Being: A Review. Nutrients, 16: 3545. Doi:10.3390/nu16203545
- Mayer, J., Scheid, S., Widmer, F., Fließbach, A., Oberholzer, HR. 2010. How effective are ‘effective microorganisms® (EM)’? Results from a field study in temperate climate. Appl Soil Ecol., 46:230–239. Doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2010.08.007
- Munyahali, W., Pypers, P., Swennen, R., Walangululu, J., Vanlauwe, B., Merckx, R. 2017. Responses of cassava growth and yield to leaf harvesting frequency and NPK fertilizer in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo. Field Crops Res., 214:194–201. Doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2017.09.018
- Murillo-Amador, B., Morales-Prado, LE., Troyo-Diéguez, E., Córdoba-Matson, MV., HernándezMontiel. LG., RuedaPuente, EO., Nieto-Garibay, A. 2015. Changing environmental conditions and applying organic fertilizers in Origanum vulgare L. Front Plant Sci, 6:549. Doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.00549
- Pangaribuan, D., Pratiwi, H., Lismawanti, OL. 2011. Pengurangan pemakaian pupuk anorganik dengan penambahan bokashi serasah tanaman pada budidaya tanaman tomat (the reduction of inorganic fertilizers using the addition of plant bokashi in the tomato cultivation. J Agron Ind. 39: 173– 179. Doi: 10.24831/jai.v39i3.14960
- Pei-Sheng, Y., Hui-Lian, X. 2002. Influence of EM bokashi on nodulation, physiological characters and yield of peanut in nature farming fields. J. Sustain. Agric., 19:105–112. Doi:10.1300/J064v19n04_10
- Pepper, IL., Gerba, CP., Brendecke, JW. 1995. Environmental microbiology: a laboratory manual. Academic Press Inc. New York, USA
- Phooi, CL., Azman, EA., Ismail, R. 2022. Role of organic manure bokashi improving plant growth and nutrition: A Review. Sarhad J. of Agri., 38:1160-1546. Doi:10.17582/journal.sja/2022/38.4.1478.1484
- Quiroz, M., Cespedes, C. 2019. Bokashi as an Amendment and Source of Nitrogen in Sustainable Agricultural Systems: a Review. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 19:237–248. Doi:10.1007/s42729-019-0009-9
- Ryals, R., Kaiser, M., Torn, MS., Berhe, AA., Silver, WL. 2014. Impacts of organic matter amendments on carbon and nitrogen dynamics in grassland soils. Soil Biol Biochem 68:52–61. Doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.09.011
- Santos, CC., Veira, MC., Zarate, NAH., Carnevali, TO., Gonçalves, WV. 2020. Organic Residues and Bokashi Influence in the Growth of Alibertia edulis. Floresta e Ambiente 27(1): e20171034 Doi:10.1590/2179-8087.103417
- Shaheen, A., Fatma, M., Rizk, A., Singer, SM. 2007. Growing onion plants without chemical fertilization. Res J Agr Biol Sci. 3:95-104.
- Silva, MA., Santos, CM., Vitorino, HS., Rhein, AF. 2014.Pigmentos fotossintéticos e índice SPAD como descritores de intensidade do estresse por deficiência hídrica em cana-de-açúcar. Bioscience Journal, Uberlândia, 30:173-181
- Tabatabai, MA. 1982. Soil Enzymes. In: Page, A.L., Miller, R.H. and Keeney, D.R., Eds., Methods of Soil Analysis, ASA, SSSA, Publisher, Madison, WI, 903-947.
- Tiquia, SM. 2002. Microbial transformation of nitrogen during composting. In: Insam H, Riddech N, Klammer S (eds) Microbiology of composting. Springer, New York (NY), pp 237–246
- Uka, UN., Chukwuka, KS., Iwuagwu, M. 2013. Relative effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth of Okra Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench. J Agri Sci., 58 :159- 166. Doi: 10.2298/JAS1303159U
- Xu, HL., Wang, R., Mridha, MAU. 2000. Effects of organic fertilizers and a microbial inoculant on leaf photosynthesis and fruit yield and quality of tomato plants. J. Crop Prod., 3:173–182. Doi:10.1300/J144v03n01_15
- Zhang, K., Chen, L., Li, Y., Brookes, P., Xu, J., Luo, Y. 2017. The effects of combinations of biochar, lime, and organic fertilizer on nitrification and nitrifiers. Biol Fertil Soils, 53: 77-87. Doi: 10.1007/s00374-016-1154-0
- Zucco, MA., Walters, SA., Chong, SK., Klubek, BP., Masabni, JG. 2015. Effect of soil type and vermicompost applications on tomato growth. Int J Recyc Org Waste Agric., 4:135–141 Doi: 10.1007/s40093-015-0093-3
Melissa officinalis Fidelerinin Gelişimi ve Rizosfer Özelliklerine Bokashi Gübresi Dozlarının Etkisi
Öz
Bokashi, faydalı mikroorganizmalar tarafından organik atıkların fermente edildiği organik bir gübredir. Bokashi, toprağın fiziksel, kimyasal ve biyolojik özelliklerini iyileştirerek bitki büyümesini ve verimini artırmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, bokashi gübresinin farklı dozlarının (%0 (kontrol), %2, %4, %8, %16 ve %32) toprağa uygulanması ile melisa fidelerinin gelişimi ve rizosferdeki bazı mikrobiyolojik özellikler üzerine etkisini belirlemek amaçlanmıştır. Bokashi gübresi kullanılarak melisa fidelerinin bitki boyu, sürgün ve kök yaş ağırlıkları, kök uzunluğu, yaprakların klorofil içerikleri, kök bölgesi dehidrogenaz, üreaz, β-glukosidaz enzim aktiviteleri, toprak solunumu gibi bazı toprak biyolojik özellikleri incelenmiştir. Bokashi’nin artan dozları ile klorofil miktarı, fidelerin sürgün ve kök yaş ağırlıklarında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı artış gözlenmiştir. En yüksek kök uzunluğu, kök ve sürgün yaş ağırlıklarının yanı sıra rizosferin enzimatik aktivitesinde de en belirgin artış, Bokashi’nin %32’lik uygulama dozu ile elde edilmiştir. Toprağın toplam küf sayısı bokashinin %32’lik dozu ile artmıştır. Buna karşın en yüksek toplam bakteri sayısı ise %16’lık uygulama dozunda belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak Bokashinin %32’lik dozunun hem bitki gelişimi hem de toprağın biyolojik özellikleri üzerinde uygun olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Bokashi organik gübre Melissa officinalis mikrobiyal aktivite toprak enzimleri
Etik Beyan
Bu çalışma için etik kurul onayı alınmasına gerek yoktur
Kaynakça
- Abed El-Hamied, SA. 2014. Effect of multi-ingredient of Bokashi on productivity of mandarin trees and soil properties under saline water irrigation. IOSR J. Agric. Vet. Sci., 7: 79–87. Doi:10.9790/2380-071127987
- Alvarez-Solis, JD., Mendoza-Nunez, JA., Leon-Martinez, NS., Castellanos-Albores J., Gutierrez-Miceli, FA. 2016. Effect of bokashi and vermicompost leachate on yield and quality of pepper (Capsicum annuum) and onion (Allium cepa) under monoculture and intercropping cultures. Cienc. e Investig. Agrar., 43:243–252. Doi:10.4067/S0718-16202016000200007
- Alyokhin, A., Nault, B., Brown, B. 2020. Soil conservation practices for insect pest management in highly disturbed agroecosystems–a review. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 168:7–27. Doi:10.1111/eea.12863
- Anderson, JPE. 1982. Soil respiration. In: methods of soil analysis, part 2, chemical and microbiological properties (Ed. A.L. Page). ASA-SSSA, Madison, Winsconsin. pp. 831-871.
- Anhar, A., Junialdi, R., Zein, A., Advinda, L., Leilani, I. 2018. Growth and tomato nutrition content with Bandotan (Ageratum Conyzoides L) bokashi applied. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng. 335:1-9. Doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/335/1/012017
- Anonim, 2022. Melisa tarımı ve endüstrisi. Fizibilite raporu. Batı Akdeniz Kalkınma Ajansı s.58 https://baka.gov.tr/assets/upload/dosyalar/melisa-tarimi-ve-endustrisi-fizibilite-raporu.pdf
- Arnon, D.T. 1949. Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplast polyphenol oxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiol., 24:1-15. Doi:10.1104/pp.24.1.1
- Batubara, S. 2015. Growth response and yield of maize and soybean in intercropping to the urban waste compost and rock phosphate. Int. J. Sci. Res., 6:2319–7064.
- Barajas-Aceves, M. 2016. Organic waste as fertilizer in semiarid soils and restoration in mine sites. Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski [eds.], Organic fertilizers-from basic concepts to applied outcomes. InTech., 243-271 p. Doi: 10.5772/62665
- Djajadi, J., Heliyanto, B., Hidayah, N. 2011. Changes of physical properties of sandy soil and growth of physic nut (Jatropa curcas L.) due to addition of clay and organic matter. Agrivita, 33:245-250. Doi:10.17503/agrivita.v33i3.75
- Dumanoğlu, E., Çakmak, B. 2017. Oğulotu (Melissa officinalis L.) tohumunun kaplanması ve pelletlenmesinin tohum kalitesi üzerine etkileri. Tarım Mak. Bil. Dergisi, 13:87-92.
- Efthimiadou, A., Bilalis, D., Karkanis, A., Froud-Williams, B. 2010. Combined organic/inorganic fertilization enhance soil quality and increased yield, photosynthesis, and sustainability of sweet maize crop. Aust. J Crop Sci., 4:722- 729.
- Erdal, İ., Yaylacı, C., Türkan, Ş.A., Merji, R. 2024. Sığır Gübresi ve Sığır Gübresi Kaynaklı Bokaşi Kompostlarının Marulun Gelişimi ve Yaprak SPAD Değerlerine Etkisi. Isparta. Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Der., 19:85-93. Doi:10.54975/sduzfd.1591463
- Gomez-Velasco, DA., Alvarez-Solis, JD., Ruiz-Valdiviezo, VM., Abud-Archilla, M., Montes-Molina, JA., Dendooven, L., Gutierrez-Miceli, FA. 2014. Enzymatic activities in soil cultivated with coffee (Coffea arabica L. cv. ‘Bourbon’) and amended with organic material. Comm. Soil Sci Plant Anal., 45:2529-2538 Doi:10.1080/00103624.2014.932375
- Hata, FT., Ventura, MU., de Freitas Fregonezi, GA., de Lima, RF. 2021. Bokashi, boiled manure and penergetic applications ıncreased agronomic production variables and may enhance powdery mildew severity of organic tomato plants. Horticulturae, 7(2):27. Doi:10.3390/horticulturae7020027
- Hata, FT., Ventura, MU., Sousa, V., Fregonezi, GAF. 2019. Low-cost organic fertilizations and bioactivator for arugula-radish intercropping. Emirates Journal of Food & Agri., 31: 773–778. Doi:10.9755/ejfa.2019.v31.i10.2018
- Hernandez, MIS., Gómez-Álvarez, R., Rivera-Cruz, M., del Cruz, R., Álvarez-Solís, JD., Pat-Fernández, JM., Ortiz-García, CF. 2014. The influence of organic fertilizers on the chemical properties of soil and the production of Alpinia purpurata. Cienc e Investig Agrar. 41:215–224 Doi:10.4067/S0718-16202014000200008
- Hoffmann, G., Teicher, K. 1961. Colorimetric method for the determination of the urease activity in soil. Zeit. Pflanzenernaehr. Dung. Bodenkunde. 95:55-63.
- Karimuna, L., Rahni, NM., Boer, D. 2016. The use of bokashi to enhance agricultural productivity of marginal soils in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. J. Trop Crop Sci., 3: 1-6 Doi: 10.29244/jtcs.3.1.1-6
- Kazemeini, SA., Hamzehzarghani, H., Edalat, M. 2010. The impact of nitrogen and organic matter on winter canola seed yield and yield components. Aust J Crop Sci. 4: 335- 342
- Küçük, Ç., Pek, S. 2025. Vermikompost ve sıvı deniz yosunu ekstraktı uygulamalarının arpa (Hordeum vulgaris L.) rizosferinde mikrobiyal solunum ve β-glukosidaz aktiviteye etkisi. Manas J. of Agri. Vet. Life Sci, 14 (2):125-133. Doi:10.53518/mjavl.1463512
- Lasmini, SA., Nasir, B., Hayati, N., Edy, N. 2018. Improvement of soil quality using bokashi composting and NPK fertilizer to increase shallot yield on dry land. Australian Journal of Crop Science. 12:1743-1749. Doi: 10.21475/ajcs.18.12.11.p1435
- Liu, X., van Groenigen, K., Dijkstra, P., Hungate, B. 2017. Increased plant uptake of native soil nitrogen following fertilizer addition – not a priming effect? Appl Soil Ecol. 114: 105–110. Doi: 10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.03.011
- Maeda, K., Hanajima, D., Toyoda, S., Yoshida, N., Morioka, R., Osada, T. 2011. Microbiology of nitrogen cycle in animal manure compost. Minireview Microbial Biotechnol 6:700–709. Doi: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2010.00236.x
- Mathews, IM., Eastwood, J., Lamport, DJ., Cozannet, RL., Fanca-Berthon, P., Williams, CM. 2024. Clinical Efficacy and Tolerability of Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis L.) in Psychological Well-Being: A Review. Nutrients, 16: 3545. Doi:10.3390/nu16203545
- Mayer, J., Scheid, S., Widmer, F., Fließbach, A., Oberholzer, HR. 2010. How effective are ‘effective microorganisms® (EM)’? Results from a field study in temperate climate. Appl Soil Ecol., 46:230–239. Doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2010.08.007
- Munyahali, W., Pypers, P., Swennen, R., Walangululu, J., Vanlauwe, B., Merckx, R. 2017. Responses of cassava growth and yield to leaf harvesting frequency and NPK fertilizer in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo. Field Crops Res., 214:194–201. Doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2017.09.018
- Murillo-Amador, B., Morales-Prado, LE., Troyo-Diéguez, E., Córdoba-Matson, MV., HernándezMontiel. LG., RuedaPuente, EO., Nieto-Garibay, A. 2015. Changing environmental conditions and applying organic fertilizers in Origanum vulgare L. Front Plant Sci, 6:549. Doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.00549
- Pangaribuan, D., Pratiwi, H., Lismawanti, OL. 2011. Pengurangan pemakaian pupuk anorganik dengan penambahan bokashi serasah tanaman pada budidaya tanaman tomat (the reduction of inorganic fertilizers using the addition of plant bokashi in the tomato cultivation. J Agron Ind. 39: 173– 179. Doi: 10.24831/jai.v39i3.14960
- Pei-Sheng, Y., Hui-Lian, X. 2002. Influence of EM bokashi on nodulation, physiological characters and yield of peanut in nature farming fields. J. Sustain. Agric., 19:105–112. Doi:10.1300/J064v19n04_10
- Pepper, IL., Gerba, CP., Brendecke, JW. 1995. Environmental microbiology: a laboratory manual. Academic Press Inc. New York, USA
- Phooi, CL., Azman, EA., Ismail, R. 2022. Role of organic manure bokashi improving plant growth and nutrition: A Review. Sarhad J. of Agri., 38:1160-1546. Doi:10.17582/journal.sja/2022/38.4.1478.1484
- Quiroz, M., Cespedes, C. 2019. Bokashi as an Amendment and Source of Nitrogen in Sustainable Agricultural Systems: a Review. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 19:237–248. Doi:10.1007/s42729-019-0009-9
- Ryals, R., Kaiser, M., Torn, MS., Berhe, AA., Silver, WL. 2014. Impacts of organic matter amendments on carbon and nitrogen dynamics in grassland soils. Soil Biol Biochem 68:52–61. Doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.09.011
- Santos, CC., Veira, MC., Zarate, NAH., Carnevali, TO., Gonçalves, WV. 2020. Organic Residues and Bokashi Influence in the Growth of Alibertia edulis. Floresta e Ambiente 27(1): e20171034 Doi:10.1590/2179-8087.103417
- Shaheen, A., Fatma, M., Rizk, A., Singer, SM. 2007. Growing onion plants without chemical fertilization. Res J Agr Biol Sci. 3:95-104.
- Silva, MA., Santos, CM., Vitorino, HS., Rhein, AF. 2014.Pigmentos fotossintéticos e índice SPAD como descritores de intensidade do estresse por deficiência hídrica em cana-de-açúcar. Bioscience Journal, Uberlândia, 30:173-181
- Tabatabai, MA. 1982. Soil Enzymes. In: Page, A.L., Miller, R.H. and Keeney, D.R., Eds., Methods of Soil Analysis, ASA, SSSA, Publisher, Madison, WI, 903-947.
- Tiquia, SM. 2002. Microbial transformation of nitrogen during composting. In: Insam H, Riddech N, Klammer S (eds) Microbiology of composting. Springer, New York (NY), pp 237–246
- Uka, UN., Chukwuka, KS., Iwuagwu, M. 2013. Relative effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth of Okra Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench. J Agri Sci., 58 :159- 166. Doi: 10.2298/JAS1303159U
- Xu, HL., Wang, R., Mridha, MAU. 2000. Effects of organic fertilizers and a microbial inoculant on leaf photosynthesis and fruit yield and quality of tomato plants. J. Crop Prod., 3:173–182. Doi:10.1300/J144v03n01_15
- Zhang, K., Chen, L., Li, Y., Brookes, P., Xu, J., Luo, Y. 2017. The effects of combinations of biochar, lime, and organic fertilizer on nitrification and nitrifiers. Biol Fertil Soils, 53: 77-87. Doi: 10.1007/s00374-016-1154-0
- Zucco, MA., Walters, SA., Chong, SK., Klubek, BP., Masabni, JG. 2015. Effect of soil type and vermicompost applications on tomato growth. Int J Recyc Org Waste Agric., 4:135–141 Doi: 10.1007/s40093-015-0093-3
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Ekoloji (Diğer) |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 21 Temmuz 2025 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 24 Mart 2025 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 13 Mayıs 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2 |
