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THE SOCIOECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF SUICIDE IN OECD COUNTRIES

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 31, 1 - 35, 27.06.2025

Merve Kaya Ay

https://doi.org/10.36543/kauiibfd.2025.001

Öz

In addition to the sociological, economic, and demographic determinants, this study aims to examine the impact of informal employment on suicide rates through the rate of wage and salaried workers, which distinguishes it from existing literature. The study is estimated using the Fixed Effects Estimator (with Driscoll Kraay robust standard errors) with 2007-2020 annual data for 30 OECD countries. Results indicate that increase in GDP per capita, inflation, wage and salaried worker, and female labor participation rate contribute to the decrease in suicide rates. No significant relationship has been found between unemployment and suicide; however, unemployment benefits are effective in preventing suicide. Besides, a positive relationship has been observed between the increase in the level of education and suicide rates. Marital status were found to be unrelated, but parenthood was determined to have a diminishing effect on suicide. Alcohol addiction and densely populated urban areas trigger suicide has been reached.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Suicide socioeconomic factors mental health informal employment

Kaynakça

  • Akyuz, M., & Karul, C. (2022). The effect of economic factors on suicide: An analysis of a developing country. International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare, https://doi.org/10.1108/IJHRH-03-2022-0023.
  • Andres, A. R. (2005). Income inequality, unemployment, and suicide: A panel data analysis of 15 European countries. Applied Economics, 37(4). 439-451.
  • Andres, A. R., Halicioglu, F., & Yamamura, E. (2011). Socio-economic determinants of suicide in Japan, The Journal of Socio-Economics, 40(6), 723-731.
  • Altinanahtar, A., & Halicioglu, F. (2009). A dynamic econometric model of suicides in Turkey. The Journal of Socio-economics, 38(6), 903-907.
  • Antonakakis, N., & Collins, A. (2015). The impact of fiscal austerity on suicide mortality: Evidence across the ‘Eurozone Periphery. Social Science & Medicine, 145, 63-78.
  • Antonakakis, N., & Gupta, R. (2017). Is economic policy uncertainty related to suicide rates? Evidence from the United States. Social Indicators Research, 133(2), 543-560.
  • Asteriou, D., & Hall, S. G. (2021). Applied econometrics. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Bálint, L., Osváth, P., Rihmer, Z., & Döme, P. (2016). Associations between marital and educational status and risk of completed suicide in Hungary. Journal of Affective Disorders, 190, 777-783.
  • Baltagi, B. H. (2005). Econometric analysis of panel data (3 P.). Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Berk, M., Dodd, S., & Henry, M. (2006). The effect of macroeconomic variables on suicide. Psychological Medicine, 36(2), 181-189.
  • Branas, C. C., Kastanaki, A. E., Michalodimitrakis, M., Tzougas, J., Kranioti, E. F., Theodorakis, P. N., & Wiebe, D. J. (2015). The impact of economic austerity and prosperity events on suicide in Greece: A 30-year interrupted time-series analysis. BMJ Open, 5(1), E005619.
  • Burgard, S. A., Brand, J. E., & House, J. S. (2009). Perceived job insecurity and worker health in the United States. Social Science & Medicine, 69(5), 777-785.
  • Burr, J. A., McCall, P. L., & Powell-Griner, E. (1997). Female labor force participation and suicide. Social Science & Medicine, 44(12), 1847-1859.
  • Bussu, A., Detotto, C., & Sterzi, V. (2013). Social conformity and suicide. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 42, 67-78.
  • Caces, F. E., & Harford, T. (1998). Time series analysis of alcohol consumption and suicide mortality in the United States, 1934-1987. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 59(4), 455-461.
  • Chang, T., & Chen, W. Y. (2017). Revisiting the relationship between suicide and unemployment: evidence from linear and nonlinear cointegration. Economic Systems, 41(2), 266-278.
  • Chen, Y. Y., Chen, M., Lui, C. S., & Yip, P. S. (2017). Female labour force participation and suicide rates in the world. Social Science & Medicine, 195, 61-67.
  • Choi, M., Sempungu, J. K., Lee, E. H., Chang, S. S., & Lee, Y. H. (2022). Single and combined effects of marital status, education attainment, and employment status on suicide among working-age population: A case-control study in South Korea. SSM-Population Health, 19, 101246.
  • Chung, A. (2009). Gender difference in suicide, household production and unemployment. Applied Economics, 41(19), 2495-2504.
  • Cook, A. (2019). The education–suicide mortality gradient. Applied Economics Letters, 26(9), 717-721.
  • Corcoran, P., Griffin, E., Arensman, E., Fitzgerald, A. P., & Perry, I. J. (2015). Impact of the economic recession and subsequent austerity on suicide and self-harm in Ireland: An interrupted time series analysis, International Journal of Epidemiology, 44(3), 969-977.
  • Cylus, J., Glymour, M. M., & Avendano, M. (2014). Do generous unemployment benefit programs reduce suicide rates? A state fixed-effect analysis covering 1968–2008. American Journal of Epidemiology, 180(1), 45-52.
  • David, G.K., Lawrence, L.K. and Keith, E.M. (1988), Applied Regression Analysis and Other Multivariate Methods, 2nd ed., PWS-Kent, Boston, MA.
  • Davis, R. A. (1981). Female labor force participation, status integration and suicide, 1950–1969. Suicide and Life‐Threatening Behavior, 11(2), 111-123.
  • De Bruin, A., Agyemang, A., & Chowdhury, M. I. H. (2020). New insights on suicide: Uncertainty and political conditions. Applied Economics Letters, 27(17), 1424-1429.
  • Defina, R., & Hannon, L. (2014). The changing relationship between unemployment and suicide. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 45(2), 217-229.
  • Denney, J. T., Wadsworth, T., Rogers, R. G., & Pampel, F. C. (2015). Suicide in the city: do characteristics of place really influence risk?. Social Science Quarterly, 96(2), 313-329.
  • Driscoll, J. C., & Kraay, A. C. (1998). Consistent covariance matrix estimation with spatially dependent panel data. Review of Economics and Statistics, 80(4), 549-560.
  • Durkheim, E. (2013). İntihar. (Z. Z. İlkgelen, Trans.), İstanbul: Pozitif Yayınları.
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  • Erdem, H. F., Demirel, S. K., & Erkan, E. (2019). Genç işsizliğin intihar oranları üzerindeki olası etkisi: panel veri analizi ile bölgesel karşılaştırma. Anadolu İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 3(2), 76-92.
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OECD ÜLKELERİNDE İNTİHARIN SOSYOEKONOMİK BELİRLEYİCİLERİ

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 31, 1 - 35, 27.06.2025

Merve Kaya Ay

https://doi.org/10.36543/kauiibfd.2025.001

Öz

Bu çalışmada intihar vakalarının sosyolojik, ekonomik ve demografik belirleyicilerinin yanında literatürden farklı olarak ücretli ve maaşlı çalışanların oranı üzerinden kayıt dışı istihdamın, intihar üzerindeki etkisi incelenmektedir. Çalışma, 30 OECD ülkesinin 2007-2020 yıllık verileri kullanılarak Sabit Etkiler (Driscoll Kraay dirençli standart hataları) ile tahmin edilmiştir. Kişi başına düşen milli gelir, enflasyon ve kadınların işgücüne katılımındaki iyileşmelerin intihar oranlarını düşürdüğü tespit edilmiştir. Kayıtlı istihdamın önemli bir göstergesi olan ücretli ve maaşlı çalışma şeklinin yaygınlaşmasının intihar oranlarını düşürdüğü bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır. İşsizlik ile intihar arasında anlamlı bir ilişkiye rastlanılmamış, ancak işsizlik ödeneklerinin intiharı önlemede etkin olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte eğitim düzeyindeki artış ile intihar oranları arasında pozitif yönlü ilişki bulunmuştur. Medeni durumdaki değişmenin intihar ile ilişkisiz olduğu, ancak çocuk sahipliğinin intiharı azalttığı tespit edilmiştir. Alkol bağımlılığı ile yoğun kent nüfusunun intiharı tetiklediği bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İntihar sosyoekonomik faktörler zihin sağlığı kayıt dışı istihdam

Kaynakça

  • Akyuz, M., & Karul, C. (2022). The effect of economic factors on suicide: An analysis of a developing country. International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare, https://doi.org/10.1108/IJHRH-03-2022-0023.
  • Andres, A. R. (2005). Income inequality, unemployment, and suicide: A panel data analysis of 15 European countries. Applied Economics, 37(4). 439-451.
  • Andres, A. R., Halicioglu, F., & Yamamura, E. (2011). Socio-economic determinants of suicide in Japan, The Journal of Socio-Economics, 40(6), 723-731.
  • Altinanahtar, A., & Halicioglu, F. (2009). A dynamic econometric model of suicides in Turkey. The Journal of Socio-economics, 38(6), 903-907.
  • Antonakakis, N., & Collins, A. (2015). The impact of fiscal austerity on suicide mortality: Evidence across the ‘Eurozone Periphery. Social Science & Medicine, 145, 63-78.
  • Antonakakis, N., & Gupta, R. (2017). Is economic policy uncertainty related to suicide rates? Evidence from the United States. Social Indicators Research, 133(2), 543-560.
  • Asteriou, D., & Hall, S. G. (2021). Applied econometrics. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Bálint, L., Osváth, P., Rihmer, Z., & Döme, P. (2016). Associations between marital and educational status and risk of completed suicide in Hungary. Journal of Affective Disorders, 190, 777-783.
  • Baltagi, B. H. (2005). Econometric analysis of panel data (3 P.). Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Berk, M., Dodd, S., & Henry, M. (2006). The effect of macroeconomic variables on suicide. Psychological Medicine, 36(2), 181-189.
  • Branas, C. C., Kastanaki, A. E., Michalodimitrakis, M., Tzougas, J., Kranioti, E. F., Theodorakis, P. N., & Wiebe, D. J. (2015). The impact of economic austerity and prosperity events on suicide in Greece: A 30-year interrupted time-series analysis. BMJ Open, 5(1), E005619.
  • Burgard, S. A., Brand, J. E., & House, J. S. (2009). Perceived job insecurity and worker health in the United States. Social Science & Medicine, 69(5), 777-785.
  • Burr, J. A., McCall, P. L., & Powell-Griner, E. (1997). Female labor force participation and suicide. Social Science & Medicine, 44(12), 1847-1859.
  • Bussu, A., Detotto, C., & Sterzi, V. (2013). Social conformity and suicide. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 42, 67-78.
  • Caces, F. E., & Harford, T. (1998). Time series analysis of alcohol consumption and suicide mortality in the United States, 1934-1987. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 59(4), 455-461.
  • Chang, T., & Chen, W. Y. (2017). Revisiting the relationship between suicide and unemployment: evidence from linear and nonlinear cointegration. Economic Systems, 41(2), 266-278.
  • Chen, Y. Y., Chen, M., Lui, C. S., & Yip, P. S. (2017). Female labour force participation and suicide rates in the world. Social Science & Medicine, 195, 61-67.
  • Choi, M., Sempungu, J. K., Lee, E. H., Chang, S. S., & Lee, Y. H. (2022). Single and combined effects of marital status, education attainment, and employment status on suicide among working-age population: A case-control study in South Korea. SSM-Population Health, 19, 101246.
  • Chung, A. (2009). Gender difference in suicide, household production and unemployment. Applied Economics, 41(19), 2495-2504.
  • Cook, A. (2019). The education–suicide mortality gradient. Applied Economics Letters, 26(9), 717-721.
  • Corcoran, P., Griffin, E., Arensman, E., Fitzgerald, A. P., & Perry, I. J. (2015). Impact of the economic recession and subsequent austerity on suicide and self-harm in Ireland: An interrupted time series analysis, International Journal of Epidemiology, 44(3), 969-977.
  • Cylus, J., Glymour, M. M., & Avendano, M. (2014). Do generous unemployment benefit programs reduce suicide rates? A state fixed-effect analysis covering 1968–2008. American Journal of Epidemiology, 180(1), 45-52.
  • David, G.K., Lawrence, L.K. and Keith, E.M. (1988), Applied Regression Analysis and Other Multivariate Methods, 2nd ed., PWS-Kent, Boston, MA.
  • Davis, R. A. (1981). Female labor force participation, status integration and suicide, 1950–1969. Suicide and Life‐Threatening Behavior, 11(2), 111-123.
  • De Bruin, A., Agyemang, A., & Chowdhury, M. I. H. (2020). New insights on suicide: Uncertainty and political conditions. Applied Economics Letters, 27(17), 1424-1429.
  • Defina, R., & Hannon, L. (2014). The changing relationship between unemployment and suicide. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 45(2), 217-229.
  • Denney, J. T., Wadsworth, T., Rogers, R. G., & Pampel, F. C. (2015). Suicide in the city: do characteristics of place really influence risk?. Social Science Quarterly, 96(2), 313-329.
  • Driscoll, J. C., & Kraay, A. C. (1998). Consistent covariance matrix estimation with spatially dependent panel data. Review of Economics and Statistics, 80(4), 549-560.
  • Durkheim, E. (2013). İntihar. (Z. Z. İlkgelen, Trans.), İstanbul: Pozitif Yayınları.
  • Erdem, C. and Dinc, M. (2022). The socioeconomic determinants of suicide: A panel data analysis. Yildiz Social Science Review, 8(1), 1-12.
  • Erdem, H. F., Demirel, S. K., & Erkan, E. (2019). Genç işsizliğin intihar oranları üzerindeki olası etkisi: panel veri analizi ile bölgesel karşılaştırma. Anadolu İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 3(2), 76-92.
  • Eviews 12, (2020). User Guide. Basic Data Analysis. Series. Interpolate. HIS Markit. ISBN: 978-1-880411-62-9
  • Fernquist, R. M., & Cutright, P. (1998). Societal integration and age-standardized suicide rates in 21 developed countries, 1955–1989. Social Science Research, 27(2), 109-127.
  • Field, C. A., Claassen, C. A., & O’Keefe, G. (2001). Association of alcohol use and other high-risk behaviors among trauma patients. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 50(1), 13-19.
  • Ginsberg, R. B. (1967). Anomie and aspirations: A reinterpretation of Durkheim's Theory. Dissertation abstracts international section a. Washington: Humanities and Social Sciences, 27(11-A), 3945–3946.
  • Gültekin, Ö. F., & Emsen, Ö. S. (2023). Relations between mental diseases, per capita income and some socio-economic variables: researches on BRICS-T countries. Sağlık ve Sosyal Refah Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(2), 138-157.
  • Hamermesh, D. S., & Soss, N. M. (1974). An economic theory of suicide. Journal of Political Economy, 82(1), 83-98.
  • Henry, A. F., & Short, J. F. (1954). Suicide and homicide: some economic, sociological and psychological aspects of aggression (Vol. 91442). New York: Free Press.
  • Hoechle, D. (2007). Robust standard errors for panel regressions with cross-sectional dependence. The Stata Journal, 7(3), 281-312.
  • Hsiao, C. (2003). Analysis of panel data. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • ILO, (2022). Tripartite declaration of principles concerning multinational enterprises and social policy. Geneva. ISBN 978-92-2-038588-3
  • Inagaki, K. (2010). Income inequality and the suicide rate in japan: evidence from cointegration and LA-VAR. Journal of Applied Economics, 13(1), 113-133.
  • Johnson, B. D. (1965). Durkheim's one cause of suicide. American Sociological Review, 875-886.
  • Kavaklı, M. (2023). Türkiye’de intiharın sosyo-ekonomik ve sosyo-psikolojik belirleyicileri: Düzey 2 için bir panel veri çözümlemesi. Bursa Uludağ Journal of Economy and Society, 42(1), 55-71.
  • Kızılkaya, O., & Kuzucu, H. (2022). İntihar vakalarının ekonomik faktörler ile ilişkisi: Panel veri analizi. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 24(42), 62-80.
  • Kunce, M., & Anderson, A. L. (2002). The impact of socioeconomic factors on state suicide rates: A methodological note. Urban Studies, 39(1), 155-162.
  • Kurbin, E.C. & Weitzer, R. (2003). New directions in social disorganization theory. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 40(4), 374–402.
  • Lari, M. S., & Sefiddashti, S. E. (2023). Socio-economic, health and environmental factors influencing suicide rates: A cross-country study in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 93, 102463.
  • Lau, E., Hamzah, S. N. Z., Tan, S. C. C., & Simonetti, B. (2017). Suicide and socioeconomic determinants in Canada: Beyond morality and philosophy. Quality & Quantity, 51, 1843-1858.
  • Lester, D., Motohashi, Y., & Yang, B. (1992). The impact of the economy on suicide and homicide rates in Japan and the United States. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 38(4), 314-317.
  • Lusyne, P., & Page, H. (2008). The impact of children on a parent's risk of suicide following death of a spouse, Belgium 1991–96. Population Studies, 62(1), 55-67.
  • Mattei, G., & Pistoresi, B. (2019). Unemployment and suicide in Italy: evidence of a long-run association mitigated by public unemployment spending. The European Journal of Health Economics, 20(4), 569-577.
  • Merrill, J., Milner, G., Owens, J., & Vale, A. (1992). Alcohol and attempted suicide. British Journal of Addiction, 87(1), 83-89.
  • Minoiu, C., & Andres, A. R. (2008). The effect of public spending on suicide: Evidence from US State data. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 37(1), 237-261.
  • Mohseni-Cheraghlou, A. (2013). Labor markets and mental wellbeing: Labor market conditions and suicides in the United States (1979–2004). The Journal of Socio-Economics, 45, 175-186.
  • Næss, E. O., Mehlum, L., & Qin, P. (2021). Marital status and suicide risk: Temporal effect of marital breakdown and contextual difference by socioeconomic status. SSM-Population Health, 15, 100853.
  • Neumayer, E. (2003). Are socioeconomic factors valid determinants of suicide? Controlling for national cultures of suicide with fixed-effects estimation. Cross-Cultural Research, 37(3), 307-329.
  • OECD, (2020). Health at a glance: Europe 2020. Accessed on 01 February 2023 from https://doi.org/10.1787/23056088 .
  • OECD, (2023a). Benefits in unemployment, share of previous income. Accessed on 18 December 2023 from https://data.oecd.org/benwage/benefits-in-unemployment-share-of-previous-income.htm .
  • OECD, (2023b). Family database. Accessed on 15 December 2022 from Https://Stats.Oecd.Org/index.Aspx?Queryid=68249 .
  • OECD, (2023c). Health risks-alcohol consumption, Accessed on 25 December 2023 from https://data.oecd.org/healthrisk/alcohol-consumption.htm .
  • Okada, K., & Samreth, S. (2013). A Study on the socio-economic determinants of suicide: evidence from 13 European OECD countries. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 45, 78-85.
  • Ordóñez‐Monak, I., Arroyave, I., & Cardona, D. (2021). Educational inequalities in suicide in a middle‐income country: A socioeconomic approach of mental health. Suicide and Life‐Threatening Behavior, 51(2), 289-300.
  • Phillips, J. A., & Hempstead, K. (2017). Differences in US suicide rates by educational attainment, 2000–2014. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 53(4), e123-e130.
  • Phillips, J. A., & Nugent, C. N. (2014). Suicide and the great recession of 2007–2009: The role of economic factors in the 50 US States. Social Science & Medicine, 116, 22-31.
  • Pompili, M., Vichi, M., Qin, P., Innamorati, M., De Leo, D., & Girardi, P. (2013). Does the level of education influence completed suicide? A nationwide register study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 147(1-3), 437-440.
  • Razvodovsky, Y. E. (2011). Alcohol consumption and suicide rates in Russia. Suicidology Online, 2, 67-74.
  • Reeves, A., McKee, M., Gunnell, D., Chang, S. S., Basu, S., Barr, B., & Stuckler, D. (2015). Economic shocks, resilience, and male suicides in the great recession: Cross-national analysis of 20 EU countries. The European Journal of Public Health, 25(3), 404-409.
  • Roy, A. (2003). Distal risk factors for suicidal behavior in alcoholics: Replications and new findings. Journal of Affective Disorders. 77(3), 267–271.
  • Saraçoğlu, S., & Gültekin, Ö. F. (2021). İntihara uyarlanmiş kuznets eğrisi: Türkiye için bölgesel bir analiz. Dicle Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (28), 101-130.
  • Sieber, S. D. (1974). Toward a theory of role accumulation. American Sociological Review, 567-578.
  • Stack, S. (1978). Suicide: A comparative analysis. Social Forces, 57(2), 644-653.
  • Stuckler, D., Basu, S., Suhrcke, M., Coutts, A., & McKee, M. (2009). The public health effect of economic crises and alternative policy responses in Europe: An empirical analysis. The Lancet, 374(9686), 315-323.
  • Tatoğlu, F. Y. (2012). Panel veri ekonometrisi. İstanbul: Beta Yayınevi.
  • Vandoros, S., Avendano, M., & Kawachi, I. (2019). The Association between economic uncertainty and suicide in the short-run, Social Science & Medicine, 220, 403-410.
  • Vandoros, S., & Kawachi, I. (2021). Economic uncertainty and suicide in the United States, European Journal of Epidemiology, 36(6), 641-647.
  • Wooldridge, J. M. (2010). Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data. MIT Press.
  • World Bank, (2023a). GDP per capita (constant 2015 us$). Accessed on 12 December 2022 from Https://Data.Worldbank.Org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD .
  • World Bank, (2023b). Inflation, consumer prices (annual %). Accessed on 12 December 2022 from Https://Data.Worldbank.Org/indicator/FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG .
  • World Bank, (2023c). Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15+) (modeled ILO estimate). Accessed on 17 January 2023 from Https://Data.Worldbank.Org/indicator/SL.TLF.CACT.FE.ZS .
  • World Bank, (2023d). Population density (people per sq. km of land area). Accessed on 15 January 2023 from Https://Data.Worldbank.Org/indicator/EN.POP.DNST .
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  • World Bank, (2023g). Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (modeled ILO estimate), Accessed on 15 December 2022 from Https://Data.Worldbank.Org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS . World Bank, (2023h). Wage and salaried workers, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate), Accessed on 16 December 2023 from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.EMP.WORK.ZS .
  • Yang, X., Liu, L., & Li, R. (2023). How marital events explain the suicide rate among Chinese. Plos One, 18(10), e0286961.
Toplam 85 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Çalışma Ekonomisi, Sağlık Ekonomisi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Merve Kaya Ay 0000-0002-8889-9537

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Haziran 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 28 Şubat 2024
Kabul Tarihi 17 Şubat 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 31

Kaynak Göster

APA Kaya Ay, M. (2025). THE SOCIOECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF SUICIDE IN OECD COUNTRIES. Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(31), 1-35. https://doi.org/10.36543/kauiibfd.2025.001
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