Öz
Bu çalışma kapsamında Terapötik Mevcudiyet Envanteri’nin danışan ve terapist formlarının Türkçe uyarlaması yapılmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda psikoterapi eğitimine devam eden terapist adaylarının yürüttükleri seanslar sonrasında hem danışanlardan hem de terapistlerden veri toplanmış ve analiz edilmiştir. Demografik bilgi formu, Terapötik Mevcudiyeti Envanteri danışan ve terapist formları ve Terapötik İttifak Ölçeği- Kısa Formunun danışan ve terapist formları kullanılmıştır. Otuz beş danışan ve 11 terapiste ait toplam 245 seanstan veri toplanmış, aracın psikometrik özelliklerini incelemek için açımlayıcı faktör analizi, iç tutarlılık analizi, korelasyon ve regresyon analizleri yapılmıştır. Analizler sonucunda danışan formundan bir maddenin silinmesinin uygun olduğuna karar verilmiştir. Terapötik Mevcudiyet Envanteri’nin iki maddelik danışan formunun iç tutarlılık değeri .85, yirmi bir maddelik terapist formunun iç tutarlılık değeri ise .93 olarak bulunmuştur. Bulgular, ölçeğin orijinal tek boyutlu yapısını destekler niteliktedir. Envanterin iç tutarlılık değerleri ve diğer ölçek ve alt ölçeklerle olan ilişkisi göz önüne alındığında, psikoterapi araştırmaları ve uygulamaları alanında kullanılabilecek geçerli ve güvenilir bir araç olduğu değerlendirilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
terapist mevcudiyeti terapötik ittifak psikoterapi araştırmaları
Etik Beyan
BEYANLAR Etik Kurul Onayı Bu çalışma, TOBB Ekonomi ve Teknoloji Üniversitesi Etik Kurulu tarafından 13.03.2023 tarihli toplantıda E-27393295-100-38621 no’lu kararla etik ilkelere ve kurallara uygun olduğu yönünde onaylanmıştır. Çıkar Çatışması Beyanı Bu makalenin tüm yazarları, makaleye ilişkin herhangi bir çıkar çatışması olmadığını beyan ederler. Onam Formu Çalışmaya katılan tüm katılımcılardan onam formu alınmıştır. Proje/Ödenek Bilgisi Bu çalışma TÜBİTAK tarafından desteklenen 123K485 numaralı proje kapsamında üretilmiştir. Data Paylaşımı/Uygunluğu Bu çalışmada danışanların bilgileri yer aldığı için veri paylaşımı mümkün değildir. Yazar(lar)ın Katkısı [İVG]: Kavramsallaştırma, Yöntem, Proje Yönetimi, Verilerin Sağlanması, İstatistiksel Analiz, Rapor Yazımı. [İDA]: Verilerin Sağlanması, Rapor Yazımı, Gözden Geçirilmesi ve Düzenlenmesi. [Gİ]: Verilerin Sağlanması, Rapor Yazımı, Gözden Geçirilmesi ve Düzenlenmesi. [ANK]: Verilerin Sağlanması, Rapor Yazımı, Gözden Geçirilmesi ve Düzenlenmesi.
Destekleyen Kurum
Bu çalışma TÜBİTAK tarafından desteklenen 123K485 numaralı proje kapsamında üretilmiştir.
Proje Numarası
TÜBİTAK 123K485
Kaynakça
- Aafjes-Van Doorn, K., Békés, V., Luo, X. ve Hopwood, C. J. (2023). Therapists’ perception of the working alliance, real relationship and therapeutic presence in in-person therapy versus tele-therapy. Psychotherapy Research, 34(5), 574–588.
- Abbasi Sooreshjani, M., Nikgoo, R. ve Farahani, H. (2023). The indirect effect of compassion for others in the relationship between mindfulness and therapeutic presence. Clinical Psychologist, 27(3), 343–351.
- Audet, C. T. ve Everall, R. D. (2010). Therapist self-disclosure and the therapeutic relationship: A phenomenological study from the client perspective. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 38(3), 327–342.
- Bartlett, M. S. (1954). A Note on the Multiplying Factors for Various χ2 Approximations. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological), 16(2), 296–298.
- Bordin, E. S. (1979). The generalizability of the psychoanalytic concept of the working alliance. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 16(3), 252-260.
- Campbell Bernards, J. (2017). Physiological attunement and ınfluence in couples therapy: examining the roots of therapeutic presence. [Master’s thesis, Brigham Young University]. BYU Scholars Archive. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6395
- Castonguay, L. G., Youn, S. J., Xiao, H. ve McAleavey, A. A. (2018). The therapeutic relationship: A warm, important, and potentially mutative factor in cognitive-behavioral therapy. O. Tishby ve H. Wiseman (Ed.) içinde, Developing the therapeutic relationship: Integrating case studies, research, and practice (pp. 157–179). American Psychological Association.
- Colosimo, K. A. ve Pos, A. E. (2015). A rational model of expressed therapeutic presence. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 25(2), 100–114.
- Cooper, M. (2005). Therapists’ experiences of relational depth: A qualitative interview study. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 5(2), 87–95.
- Dunn, R., Callahan, J. L., Swift, J. K. ve Ivanovic, M. (2013). Effects of pre-session centering for therapists on session presence and effectiveness. Psychotherapy Research, 23(1), 78–85.
- Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C. ve Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4(3), 272–299.
- Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (4. baskı). SAGE Publications.
- Geller, S. (2020). Cultivating online therapeutic presence: strengthening therapeutic relationships in teletherapy sessions, Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 34(3-4), 687-703.
- Geller, S. M. (2013). Therapeutic presence as a foundation for relational depth. Knox, R., Murphy, D., Wiggins, S. ve Cooper, M. (Eds.), Relational depth: New perspectives and developments, (s. 175-184) içinde. Palgrav.
- Geller, S. M. ve Greenberg, L. S. (2002). Therapeutic presence: Therapists’ experience of presence in the psychotherapeutic encounter. Person-Centered & Experiential Psychotherapies, 1(1-2), 71-86.
- Geller, S. M. ve Porges, S. W. (2014). Therapeutic presence: Neurophysiological mechanisms mediating feeling safe in therapeutic relationships. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 24(3), 178–192.
- Geller, S. M., & Greenberg, L. S. (2012). Therapeutic Presence: A Mindful Approach to Effective Therapy. Washington, DC: APA Publications.
- Geller, S. M., Greenberg, L. S. ve Watson, J. C. (2010). Therapist and client perceptions of therapeutic presence: The development of a measure. Psychotherapy Research, 20(5), 599-610.
- George, D. ve Mallery, M. (2010). SPSS for Windows step by step: a simple guide and reference, 17.0 update (10. baskı). Pearson.
- Grad, R. I. (2021). Therapeutic alliance and childhood interpersonal trauma: The role of attachment, cultural humility, and therapeutic presence. Journal of Counseling & Development, 100(3), 296–307.
- Gülüm, İ. V., Uluç, S. ve Soygüt, G. (2018). Terapötik İttifak Ölçeği-Kısa formun psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi, Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi. 29(1) 47-53.
- Hatcher R. L. ve Gillaspy J. A. (2006). Development and validation of a revised short version of the working alliance inventory. Psychotherapy Research, 16(1), 12-25.
- Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. ve Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7. baskı). Pearson.
- Horvath A. O. ve Greenberg L. S. (1989). Development and validation of the working alliance inventory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36(2), 223-233.
- Horvath, A. O., Del Re, A. C., Flückiger, C. ve Symonds, D. (2011). Alliance in individual psychotherapy, Psychotherapy, 48(1), 9-16.
- Kaiser, H. F. (1970). A second generation little jiffy. Psychometrika, 35(4), 401–415.
- Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31-36.
- Krause, M. (2024). Lessons from ten years of psychotherapy process research. Psychotherapy Research, 34(3), 261-275.
- Lambert, M. J. (2013). The efficacy and effectiveness of psychotherapy. M. J. Lambert (Ed.), Bergin and Garfield’s Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change (6. baskı, s. 169–218) içinde. Wiley.
- Malet, P., Bioy, A. ve Santarpia, A. (2022). Clinical perspectives on the notion of presence. Frontiers in Psychology, 13.
- Rathenau, S., Sousa, D., Vaz, A. ve Geller, S. (2022). The effect of attitudes toward online therapy and the difficulties perceived in online therapeutic presence. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 32(1), 19–33.
- R Core Team (2021). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL https://www.R-project. org
- Swift, J. ve Callahan, J. (2009). Early psychotherapy processes: An examination of client and trainee clinician perspective convergence. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy: An International Journal of Theory & Practice, 16(3), 228-236.
- The jamovi project (2024). jamovi (Version 2.5) [Computer Software]. https://www.jamovi.org
- Tracey, T. J. ve Kokotovic, A. M. (1989). Factor structure of the working alliance inventory. Psychological Assessment, 1(3), 207-210.
- Tryon, G. S., Blackwell, S. C. ve Hammel, E. F. (2007). A meta-analytic examination of client-therapist perspectives of the working alliance. Psychotherapy Research, 17(6), 629–642.
- West, S. G., Finch, J. F. ve Curran, P. J. (1996). Structural equation models with nonnormal variables: problems and remedies. R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural Equation Modeling: Concepts, Issues and Applications (s. 56-75) içinde. Sage.
- Worthington, R. L. ve Whittaker, T. A. (2006). Scale development research: A content analysis and recommendations for best practices. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(6), 806-838.
Öz
Within the scope of this study, the client and therapist forms of the Therapist Presence Inventory were adapted into Turkish. For this purpose, data were collected and analyzed from clients and therapists after the sessions conducted by therapist candidates who continued their psychotherapy training. Demographic information form, client and therapist forms of the Therapist Presence Inventory, and client and therapist forms of the Working Alliance Inventory - Short Form were used. A total of 245 sessions' data from 35 clients and 11 therapists were collected. Exploratory factor analysis, internal consistency analysis, correlation, and regression analyses were conducted to examine the psychometric properties of the inventory. As a result of the analyses, it was decided that removing one item from the client form was appropriate. The internal consistency value of the two-item client form of the Therapist Presence Inventory was .85. The internal consistency value of the twenty-one-item therapist form was .93. Findings support the original single factor structure. Considering the internal consistency values of the inventory and its relationship with other scales and subscales, it was evaluated as a valid and reliable tool that can be used in the field of psychotherapy research and practice.
Anahtar Kelimeler
therapist presence therapeutic alliance psychotherapy research
Etik Beyan
DECLARATIONS Ethics Committee Approval The ethical approval of the study was obtained by TOBB ETU Ethics Committee (Date: Mar 13, 2023, Decision No: E-27393295-100-38621). Conflict of Interest Authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest in the publication of this work. Informed Consent Before participation in the study, all participants provided informed consent. Project/Funding Information This study was conducted within the scope of Project No. 123K485, supported by TÜBİTAK. Data Sharing/Availability The participants of this study did not give written consent for their data to be shared publicly, so due to the sensitive nature of the research, supporting data are not available. Authors’ Contributions [İVG]: Conceptualization, Methodology, Project Administration, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Writing – Original Draft Preparation. [İDA]: Data Curation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing. [Gİ]: Data Curation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing. [ANK]: Data Curation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing.
Destekleyen Kurum
This study was conducted within the scope of Project No. 123K485, supported by TÜBİTAK.
Proje Numarası
TÜBİTAK 123K485
Kaynakça
- Aafjes-Van Doorn, K., Békés, V., Luo, X. ve Hopwood, C. J. (2023). Therapists’ perception of the working alliance, real relationship and therapeutic presence in in-person therapy versus tele-therapy. Psychotherapy Research, 34(5), 574–588.
- Abbasi Sooreshjani, M., Nikgoo, R. ve Farahani, H. (2023). The indirect effect of compassion for others in the relationship between mindfulness and therapeutic presence. Clinical Psychologist, 27(3), 343–351.
- Audet, C. T. ve Everall, R. D. (2010). Therapist self-disclosure and the therapeutic relationship: A phenomenological study from the client perspective. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 38(3), 327–342.
- Bartlett, M. S. (1954). A Note on the Multiplying Factors for Various χ2 Approximations. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological), 16(2), 296–298.
- Bordin, E. S. (1979). The generalizability of the psychoanalytic concept of the working alliance. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 16(3), 252-260.
- Campbell Bernards, J. (2017). Physiological attunement and ınfluence in couples therapy: examining the roots of therapeutic presence. [Master’s thesis, Brigham Young University]. BYU Scholars Archive. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6395
- Castonguay, L. G., Youn, S. J., Xiao, H. ve McAleavey, A. A. (2018). The therapeutic relationship: A warm, important, and potentially mutative factor in cognitive-behavioral therapy. O. Tishby ve H. Wiseman (Ed.) içinde, Developing the therapeutic relationship: Integrating case studies, research, and practice (pp. 157–179). American Psychological Association.
- Colosimo, K. A. ve Pos, A. E. (2015). A rational model of expressed therapeutic presence. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 25(2), 100–114.
- Cooper, M. (2005). Therapists’ experiences of relational depth: A qualitative interview study. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 5(2), 87–95.
- Dunn, R., Callahan, J. L., Swift, J. K. ve Ivanovic, M. (2013). Effects of pre-session centering for therapists on session presence and effectiveness. Psychotherapy Research, 23(1), 78–85.
- Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C. ve Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4(3), 272–299.
- Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (4. baskı). SAGE Publications.
- Geller, S. (2020). Cultivating online therapeutic presence: strengthening therapeutic relationships in teletherapy sessions, Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 34(3-4), 687-703.
- Geller, S. M. (2013). Therapeutic presence as a foundation for relational depth. Knox, R., Murphy, D., Wiggins, S. ve Cooper, M. (Eds.), Relational depth: New perspectives and developments, (s. 175-184) içinde. Palgrav.
- Geller, S. M. ve Greenberg, L. S. (2002). Therapeutic presence: Therapists’ experience of presence in the psychotherapeutic encounter. Person-Centered & Experiential Psychotherapies, 1(1-2), 71-86.
- Geller, S. M. ve Porges, S. W. (2014). Therapeutic presence: Neurophysiological mechanisms mediating feeling safe in therapeutic relationships. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 24(3), 178–192.
- Geller, S. M., & Greenberg, L. S. (2012). Therapeutic Presence: A Mindful Approach to Effective Therapy. Washington, DC: APA Publications.
- Geller, S. M., Greenberg, L. S. ve Watson, J. C. (2010). Therapist and client perceptions of therapeutic presence: The development of a measure. Psychotherapy Research, 20(5), 599-610.
- George, D. ve Mallery, M. (2010). SPSS for Windows step by step: a simple guide and reference, 17.0 update (10. baskı). Pearson.
- Grad, R. I. (2021). Therapeutic alliance and childhood interpersonal trauma: The role of attachment, cultural humility, and therapeutic presence. Journal of Counseling & Development, 100(3), 296–307.
- Gülüm, İ. V., Uluç, S. ve Soygüt, G. (2018). Terapötik İttifak Ölçeği-Kısa formun psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi, Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi. 29(1) 47-53.
- Hatcher R. L. ve Gillaspy J. A. (2006). Development and validation of a revised short version of the working alliance inventory. Psychotherapy Research, 16(1), 12-25.
- Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. ve Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7. baskı). Pearson.
- Horvath A. O. ve Greenberg L. S. (1989). Development and validation of the working alliance inventory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36(2), 223-233.
- Horvath, A. O., Del Re, A. C., Flückiger, C. ve Symonds, D. (2011). Alliance in individual psychotherapy, Psychotherapy, 48(1), 9-16.
- Kaiser, H. F. (1970). A second generation little jiffy. Psychometrika, 35(4), 401–415.
- Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31-36.
- Krause, M. (2024). Lessons from ten years of psychotherapy process research. Psychotherapy Research, 34(3), 261-275.
- Lambert, M. J. (2013). The efficacy and effectiveness of psychotherapy. M. J. Lambert (Ed.), Bergin and Garfield’s Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change (6. baskı, s. 169–218) içinde. Wiley.
- Malet, P., Bioy, A. ve Santarpia, A. (2022). Clinical perspectives on the notion of presence. Frontiers in Psychology, 13.
- Rathenau, S., Sousa, D., Vaz, A. ve Geller, S. (2022). The effect of attitudes toward online therapy and the difficulties perceived in online therapeutic presence. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 32(1), 19–33.
- R Core Team (2021). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL https://www.R-project. org
- Swift, J. ve Callahan, J. (2009). Early psychotherapy processes: An examination of client and trainee clinician perspective convergence. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy: An International Journal of Theory & Practice, 16(3), 228-236.
- The jamovi project (2024). jamovi (Version 2.5) [Computer Software]. https://www.jamovi.org
- Tracey, T. J. ve Kokotovic, A. M. (1989). Factor structure of the working alliance inventory. Psychological Assessment, 1(3), 207-210.
- Tryon, G. S., Blackwell, S. C. ve Hammel, E. F. (2007). A meta-analytic examination of client-therapist perspectives of the working alliance. Psychotherapy Research, 17(6), 629–642.
- West, S. G., Finch, J. F. ve Curran, P. J. (1996). Structural equation models with nonnormal variables: problems and remedies. R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural Equation Modeling: Concepts, Issues and Applications (s. 56-75) içinde. Sage.
- Worthington, R. L. ve Whittaker, T. A. (2006). Scale development research: A content analysis and recommendations for best practices. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(6), 806-838.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Klinik Psikoloji, Psikoterapi Uygulama ve Araştırmaları |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Proje Numarası | TÜBİTAK 123K485 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 25 Nisan 2025 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 19 Nisan 2024 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 27 Haziran 2024 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1 |
