Araştırma Makalesi
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Kedi Alt Üriner Sistem Hastalığında Ultrasonografik ve Laboratuvar Bulguların Karşılaştırılması

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 2, 153 - 163, 27.06.2025

Ender Erkoç , Turan Civelek

Öz

Bu çalışmada idrar yolu şikâyeti ile randomize olarak kliniğe getirilen kedilerde teşhis edilen alt üriner sistem hastalığı olgularında ultrasonografik ve laboratuvar bulgularının karşılaştırılması amaçlandı. Çalışma materyalini alt üriner sistem hastalığı tanısı alan, farklı ırk, yaş ve cinsiyette 50 kedi oluşturdu. Tanı; anemnez, klinik bulgular, idrar ve biyokimyasal analiz sonuçları ve ultrasonografi bulgularıyla kondu. Serum biyokimya ve idrar analiz sonuçları ve ultrasonografik muayene verileri karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirildi. Çalışma sonuçları kedilerde alt üriner sistem hastalığı olgularına en sık erkek bireylerde rastlandığına ve yine ırklar arası belirgin farkların olduğuna vurgu yapmaktadır. Çalışmada alt üriner sistem hastalığı tanısı alan 50 kedide en sık rastlanan promlemler, sırasıyla, strüvit kristalüri; %30 ve idiyopatik sistit; %28 olarak belirlendi. Elde edilen veriler; rezistif indeks ile serum fosfor değeri arasında pozitif orta düzeyde ve rezistif inseks ile kan-üre nitrojen ve kreatinin arasında ise pozitif orta düzeye yakın anlamlı bir ilişki ortaya koydu. Rezistif indeks ve idrar protein değerleri arasında da pozitif orta düzeye yakın anlamlı bir ilişki belirlendi. Alt üriner sistem hastalığı olan kedilerde ölçülen ortalama serum kan-üre nitrojen, kreatinin ve fosfor konsantrasyonlarının, olgular arasında bireysel farklar olmakla birlikte, nispi olarak yüksek olduğu gözlendi. Bununla birlikte; özellikle kısmi obstrüksiyonun gözlendiği vakalarda ortalama kan üre-nitrojen ve kreatinin değerlerinin, bireysel farklar olmakla birlikte, normal sınırlarda belirlenmesi dikkat çekicidir. Bir ay süreli gerçekleştirilen takip sonrası öldüğü belirlenen kedilerde, kliniğe ilk başvuruda ölçülen kan üre-nitrojen, kreatinin ve fosfor değerlerinin, sağkalan hayvanlara göre daha yüksek olduğunu belirlendi. Sunulan araştırma verileri, aynı zamanda, idrar protein ile serum kan üre-nitrojen ve fosfor değerleri arasında pozitif anlamlı bir ilişkinin varlığını da ortaya koydu. Bu yüksek lisans tez çalışmasında değerlendirmeye alınan ultrasonografik renal ölçüm verileri, olgular arasında bireysel farklar olsa da, ortalama normal değerler arasında kaydedildi. Ölçülen ortalama rezistif indeks değeri normal üst sınır olarak belirtilen 0.7’nin altındaydı. Sonuçlar; kedi alt üriner sistem hastalığı olgularında tanıda, hasta takibinde, prognozun tayininde ve doğru tedavi yönteminin tespitinde tüm ölçüm verilerinin karşılaştırmalı değerlendirmesinin önemine vurgu yapmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Böbrek FLUTD Kedigiller Rezistif indeks Urinalysis USG

Kaynakça

  • Ay, C. D., Tuna, G. E., Ulutaş, B., & Voyvoda, H. (2021). Clinicopathological Characteristics of Cats with Obstructive Lower Urinary Tract Disease in the Aydın Province (Turkey). Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, 14(4), 474-481.
  • Bailiff, N. L., Nelson, R. W., Feldman, E. C., Westropp, J. L., Ling, G. V., Jang, S. S., & Kass, P. H. (2006). Frequency and risk factors for urinary tract infection in cats with diabetes mellitus. Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 20(4), 850–855.
  • Bartges J. (1996). Lower urinary tract disease in geriatric cats: What‘s common, what‘s not. Symposium on health and nutrition of geriatric cats and dogs, Orlando, Florida; 39.
  • Bartges, J. W., Finco, D. R., Polzin, D. J., Osborne, C. A., Barsanti, J. A., & Brown, S. A. (1996). Pathophysiology of urethral obstruction. The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice, 26(2), 255–264.
  • Buffington, C. A., Chew, D. J., Kendall, M. S., Scrivani, P. V., Thompson, S. B., Blaisdell, J. L., & Woodworth, B. E. (1997). Clinical evaluation of cats with nonobstructive urinary tract diseases. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 210(1), 46–50.
  • Debruyn, K., Haers, H., Combes, A., Paepe, D., Peremans, K., Vanderperren, K., & Saunders, J. H. (2012). Ultrasonography of the feline kidney: Technique, anatomy and changes associated with disease. Journal of feline medicine and surgery, 14(11), 794–803. Evangelista, G. C., Dornelas, L. R., Cintra, C. C., Valente, F. L., Favarato, E. S., da Fonseca, L. A., & Reis, E. C. (2023). Evaluating feline lower urinary tract disease: Doppler ultrasound of the kidneys. Journal of feline medicine and surgery, 25(1), 1098612X221145477.
  • Fischer J, Lane I, Stokes J. (2009). Acute postrenal azotemia: etiology, clinicopathology, and pathophysiology. Compendium (Yardley, PA). 31(11), 520 -30.
  • Forrester, S.D., & Roudebush, P. (2007). Evidence-based management of feline lower urinary tract disease. The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice, 37(3), 1– 558.
  • Grauer GF (2015). Feline Struvite & Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis. Today´s Vet Pract 5(5):14–20
  • Hostutler, R. A., Chew, D. J., & DiBartola, S. P. (2005). Recent concepts in feline lower urinary tract disease. The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice, 35(1), 147–vii.
  • Kelliher, C. M. (2022). Mitybos vaidmuo kačių obstrukcinės urolitiazės prevencijai ir kontrolė (Doctoral dissertation, Lietuvos sveikatos mokslų universitetas).
  • Kruger, J. M., Osborne, C. A., Goyal, S. M., Wickstrom, S. L., Johnston, G. R., Fletcher, T. F., & Brown, P. A. (1991). Clinical evaluation of cats with lower urinary tract disease. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 199(2), 211–216.
  • Lekcharoensuk, C., Osborne, C. A., & Lulich, J. P. (2001). Epidemiologic study of risk factors for lower urinary tract diseases in cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 218(9), 1429–1435.
  • Lemberger, S. I., Deeg, C. A., Hauck, S. M., Amann, B., Hirmer, S., Hartmann, K., & Dorsch, R. (2011). Comparison of urine protein profiles in cats without urinary tract disease and cats with idiopathic cystitis, bacterial urinary tract infection, or urolithiasis. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 72(10), 1407–1415. Longstaff, L., Gruffydd-Jones, T. J., Buffington, C. T., Casey, R. A., & Murray, J. K. (2017). Owner-reported lower urinary tract signs in a cohort of young cats. Journal of feline medicine and surgery, 19(6), 609–618.
  • Lulich J.P. (2007) FLUTD: Are you missing the correct diagnosis? Part 1. In: Proceedings of the Navc North American Veterinary Conference, p. 696-698, Orlando, Florida, Electronic Proceedings, Florida, USA.
  • Lund, H. S., Krontveit, R. I., Halvorsen, I., & Eggertsdóttir, A. V. (2013). Evaluation of urinalyses from untreated adult cats with lower urinary tract disease and healthy control cats: predictive abilities and clinical relevance. Journal of feline medicine and surgery, 15(12), 1086-1097.
  • Mayer-Roenne, B., Goldstein, R. E., & Erb, H. N. (2007). Urinary tract infections in cats with hyperthyroidism, diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. Journal of feline medicine and surgery, 9(2), 124-132.
  • Neri, A. M., de Araújo Machado, L. H., Guimarães Okamoto, P. T., Filippi, M. G., Takahira, R. K., Melchert, A., & Gomes Lourenço, M. L. (2016). Routine Screening Examinations in Attendance of Cats With Obstructive Lower Urinary Tract Disease. Topics in companion animal medicine, 31(4), 140–145. Nevins, J. R., Mai, W., & Thomas, E. (2015). Associations Between Ultrasound and Clinical Findings in 87 Cats With Urethral Obstruction. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound: The Official Journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association, 56(4), 439–447.
  • Novellas, R., Espada, Y., & Ruiz de Gopegui, R. (2007). Doppler ultrasonographic estimation of renal and ocular resistive and pulsatility indices in normal dogs and cats. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound: The Official Journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association, 48(1), 69–73. Nururrozi, A., Yanuartono, Y., Sivananthan, P., & Indarjulianto, S. (2020). Evaluation of lower urinary tract disease in the Yogyakarta cat population, Indonesia. Veterinary world, 13(6), 1182–1186.
  • Ortega, C. J., Stavroulaki, E. M., Lawlor, A., Lulich, J., & Cuq, B. (2023). Retrospective analysis of 131 feline uroliths from the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland (2010-2020). Irish Veterinary Journal, 76(1), 2.
  • Osborne, C. A., Lulich, J. P., Kruger, J. M., Ulrich, L. K., & Koehler, L. A. (2009). Analysis of 451,891 canine uroliths, feline uroliths, and feline urethral plugs from 1981 to 2007: perspectives from the Minnesota Urolith Center. The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice, 39(1), 183–197.
  • Ostrowska, J., Kiełbowicz, Z., Zaleska-Dorobisz, U., Atamaniuk, W., Pietsch-Fulbiszewska, A. ve Kinda, W. (2016). Resistance index obtained by Doppler ultrasonography in renal interlobar arteries of normal dogs and cats (RI). Pak Vet J, 36 (1), 45-48.
  • Piyarungsri, K., Tangtrongsup, S., Thitaram, N., Lekklar, P., & Kittinuntasilp, A. (2020). Prevalence and risk factors of feline lower urinary tract disease in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Scientific reports, 10(1), 196.
  • Rizzi, T. E. (2014). Urinalysis in companion animals: Part 2: evaluation of urine chemistry & sediment.
  • Sabino C.V. (2017). Urethral Obstruction in Cats. Cliniciansbrief, 37-41.
  • Savik, B. K., Trangerud, C., Ottesen, N., Sørum, H., & Eggertsdóttir, A. V. (2011). Causes of lower urinary tract disease in Norwegian cats. Journal of feline medicine and surgery, 13(6), 410–417.
  • Segev, Gilad; Livne, Hofit; Ranen, Eyal; Lavy, Eran (2011). Urethral obstruction in cats: predisposing factors, clinical, clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis. Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery, 13(2), 101–108.
  • Timothy, A. A. (1996). Measurement of the influence of diet on feline urinary pH. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice, 26(2), 363-368.
  • Tipisca, V.; Murino, C.; Cortese, L.; Mennonna, G.; Auletta, L.; Vulpe, V.; Meomartino, L. (2015). Resistive index for kidney evaluation in normal and diseased cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, DOI:10.1177/1098612x15587573
  • Webb G (2018). Urethral Obstruction in The Male Cat. The Veterinary Nurse, 7: 372- 377.
  • Widyawati R., Palgunadi BU., Wardhani LD., Samjaya DF. (2022). The correlation between the type of commercial feed and the type of crystal in the FLUTD cat case at the animal husbandry service animal hospital in East Java. Jurnal Vitek Bidang Kedokteran Hewan, 12(1).
  • Wood M.W. (2017). Lower Urinary Tract Disease. Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine: Diseases of The Dog and The Cat Ed.s: Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC, Cote e. Eighth Edition. Chapter 330 p:4809-4820.
  • Woolf, K. (2012). Feline lower urinary tract disease: predisposition, causes and nursing care. The Veterinary Nurse, 3(7), 406-412.

Comparison of Ultrasonographic and Laboratory Findings in Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 2, 153 - 163, 27.06.2025

Ender Erkoç , Turan Civelek

Öz

The aim of this study was to compare ultrasonographic and laboratory findings in cases of lower urinary tract disease diagnosed in cats randomly brought to the clinic with urinary tract complaints. The study material consisted of 50 cats of different breeds, age and sex diagnosed with feline lower urinary tract disease. The diagnosis was based on anamnesis, clinical findings, urine and biochemical analyses and ultrasonographic findings. Serum biochemistry and urine analysis results and ultrasonographic examination data were evaluated comparatively. The results of the study emphasise that cases of lower urinary tract disease in cats are most frequently encountered in male individuals and that there are significant differences between breeds. In the study, the most common problems in 50 cats diagnosed with lower urinary tract disease were struvite crystalluria; 30% and idiopathic cystitis; 28%, respectively. The data obtained revealed a significant positive moderate correlation between resistive index and serum phosphorus values and a significant positive moderate correlation between resistive index and blood-urea nitrogen and creatinine. There was also a significant positive moderate correlation between resistive index and urine protein values. The mean serum blood-urea nitrogen, creatinine and phosphorus concentrations measured in cats with lower urinary tract disease were relatively high, although there were individual differences between the cases. However, it is noteworthy that the mean blood urea-nitrogen and creatinine values were within normal limits, although there were individual differences, especially in cases of partial obstruction. One-month follow-up showed that the blood urea-nitrogen, creatinine and phosphorus values measured at the first presentation to the clinic were higher in cats that died than in surviving animals. The data presented in this study also revealed the presence of a positive significant correlation between urinary protein and serum blood urea-nitrogen and phosphorus values. The ultrasonographic renal measurement data evaluated in this master thesis study were recorded within the average normal values, although there were individual differences between the subjects. The mean resistive index value measured was below the upper limit of normal of 0.7. The results emphasise the importance of comparative evaluation of all measurement data in the diagnosis, patient follow-up, prognosis and determination of the correct treatment method in cases of feline lower urinary tract disease.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Feline FLUTD Kidney Resistive index Urinalysis USG

Etik Beyan

ek evrak olarak sunulmuştur

Kaynakça

  • Ay, C. D., Tuna, G. E., Ulutaş, B., & Voyvoda, H. (2021). Clinicopathological Characteristics of Cats with Obstructive Lower Urinary Tract Disease in the Aydın Province (Turkey). Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, 14(4), 474-481.
  • Bailiff, N. L., Nelson, R. W., Feldman, E. C., Westropp, J. L., Ling, G. V., Jang, S. S., & Kass, P. H. (2006). Frequency and risk factors for urinary tract infection in cats with diabetes mellitus. Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 20(4), 850–855.
  • Bartges J. (1996). Lower urinary tract disease in geriatric cats: What‘s common, what‘s not. Symposium on health and nutrition of geriatric cats and dogs, Orlando, Florida; 39.
  • Bartges, J. W., Finco, D. R., Polzin, D. J., Osborne, C. A., Barsanti, J. A., & Brown, S. A. (1996). Pathophysiology of urethral obstruction. The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice, 26(2), 255–264.
  • Buffington, C. A., Chew, D. J., Kendall, M. S., Scrivani, P. V., Thompson, S. B., Blaisdell, J. L., & Woodworth, B. E. (1997). Clinical evaluation of cats with nonobstructive urinary tract diseases. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 210(1), 46–50.
  • Debruyn, K., Haers, H., Combes, A., Paepe, D., Peremans, K., Vanderperren, K., & Saunders, J. H. (2012). Ultrasonography of the feline kidney: Technique, anatomy and changes associated with disease. Journal of feline medicine and surgery, 14(11), 794–803. Evangelista, G. C., Dornelas, L. R., Cintra, C. C., Valente, F. L., Favarato, E. S., da Fonseca, L. A., & Reis, E. C. (2023). Evaluating feline lower urinary tract disease: Doppler ultrasound of the kidneys. Journal of feline medicine and surgery, 25(1), 1098612X221145477.
  • Fischer J, Lane I, Stokes J. (2009). Acute postrenal azotemia: etiology, clinicopathology, and pathophysiology. Compendium (Yardley, PA). 31(11), 520 -30.
  • Forrester, S.D., & Roudebush, P. (2007). Evidence-based management of feline lower urinary tract disease. The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice, 37(3), 1– 558.
  • Grauer GF (2015). Feline Struvite & Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis. Today´s Vet Pract 5(5):14–20
  • Hostutler, R. A., Chew, D. J., & DiBartola, S. P. (2005). Recent concepts in feline lower urinary tract disease. The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice, 35(1), 147–vii.
  • Kelliher, C. M. (2022). Mitybos vaidmuo kačių obstrukcinės urolitiazės prevencijai ir kontrolė (Doctoral dissertation, Lietuvos sveikatos mokslų universitetas).
  • Kruger, J. M., Osborne, C. A., Goyal, S. M., Wickstrom, S. L., Johnston, G. R., Fletcher, T. F., & Brown, P. A. (1991). Clinical evaluation of cats with lower urinary tract disease. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 199(2), 211–216.
  • Lekcharoensuk, C., Osborne, C. A., & Lulich, J. P. (2001). Epidemiologic study of risk factors for lower urinary tract diseases in cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 218(9), 1429–1435.
  • Lemberger, S. I., Deeg, C. A., Hauck, S. M., Amann, B., Hirmer, S., Hartmann, K., & Dorsch, R. (2011). Comparison of urine protein profiles in cats without urinary tract disease and cats with idiopathic cystitis, bacterial urinary tract infection, or urolithiasis. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 72(10), 1407–1415. Longstaff, L., Gruffydd-Jones, T. J., Buffington, C. T., Casey, R. A., & Murray, J. K. (2017). Owner-reported lower urinary tract signs in a cohort of young cats. Journal of feline medicine and surgery, 19(6), 609–618.
  • Lulich J.P. (2007) FLUTD: Are you missing the correct diagnosis? Part 1. In: Proceedings of the Navc North American Veterinary Conference, p. 696-698, Orlando, Florida, Electronic Proceedings, Florida, USA.
  • Lund, H. S., Krontveit, R. I., Halvorsen, I., & Eggertsdóttir, A. V. (2013). Evaluation of urinalyses from untreated adult cats with lower urinary tract disease and healthy control cats: predictive abilities and clinical relevance. Journal of feline medicine and surgery, 15(12), 1086-1097.
  • Mayer-Roenne, B., Goldstein, R. E., & Erb, H. N. (2007). Urinary tract infections in cats with hyperthyroidism, diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. Journal of feline medicine and surgery, 9(2), 124-132.
  • Neri, A. M., de Araújo Machado, L. H., Guimarães Okamoto, P. T., Filippi, M. G., Takahira, R. K., Melchert, A., & Gomes Lourenço, M. L. (2016). Routine Screening Examinations in Attendance of Cats With Obstructive Lower Urinary Tract Disease. Topics in companion animal medicine, 31(4), 140–145. Nevins, J. R., Mai, W., & Thomas, E. (2015). Associations Between Ultrasound and Clinical Findings in 87 Cats With Urethral Obstruction. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound: The Official Journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association, 56(4), 439–447.
  • Novellas, R., Espada, Y., & Ruiz de Gopegui, R. (2007). Doppler ultrasonographic estimation of renal and ocular resistive and pulsatility indices in normal dogs and cats. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound: The Official Journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association, 48(1), 69–73. Nururrozi, A., Yanuartono, Y., Sivananthan, P., & Indarjulianto, S. (2020). Evaluation of lower urinary tract disease in the Yogyakarta cat population, Indonesia. Veterinary world, 13(6), 1182–1186.
  • Ortega, C. J., Stavroulaki, E. M., Lawlor, A., Lulich, J., & Cuq, B. (2023). Retrospective analysis of 131 feline uroliths from the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland (2010-2020). Irish Veterinary Journal, 76(1), 2.
  • Osborne, C. A., Lulich, J. P., Kruger, J. M., Ulrich, L. K., & Koehler, L. A. (2009). Analysis of 451,891 canine uroliths, feline uroliths, and feline urethral plugs from 1981 to 2007: perspectives from the Minnesota Urolith Center. The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice, 39(1), 183–197.
  • Ostrowska, J., Kiełbowicz, Z., Zaleska-Dorobisz, U., Atamaniuk, W., Pietsch-Fulbiszewska, A. ve Kinda, W. (2016). Resistance index obtained by Doppler ultrasonography in renal interlobar arteries of normal dogs and cats (RI). Pak Vet J, 36 (1), 45-48.
  • Piyarungsri, K., Tangtrongsup, S., Thitaram, N., Lekklar, P., & Kittinuntasilp, A. (2020). Prevalence and risk factors of feline lower urinary tract disease in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Scientific reports, 10(1), 196.
  • Rizzi, T. E. (2014). Urinalysis in companion animals: Part 2: evaluation of urine chemistry & sediment.
  • Sabino C.V. (2017). Urethral Obstruction in Cats. Cliniciansbrief, 37-41.
  • Savik, B. K., Trangerud, C., Ottesen, N., Sørum, H., & Eggertsdóttir, A. V. (2011). Causes of lower urinary tract disease in Norwegian cats. Journal of feline medicine and surgery, 13(6), 410–417.
  • Segev, Gilad; Livne, Hofit; Ranen, Eyal; Lavy, Eran (2011). Urethral obstruction in cats: predisposing factors, clinical, clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis. Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery, 13(2), 101–108.
  • Timothy, A. A. (1996). Measurement of the influence of diet on feline urinary pH. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice, 26(2), 363-368.
  • Tipisca, V.; Murino, C.; Cortese, L.; Mennonna, G.; Auletta, L.; Vulpe, V.; Meomartino, L. (2015). Resistive index for kidney evaluation in normal and diseased cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, DOI:10.1177/1098612x15587573
  • Webb G (2018). Urethral Obstruction in The Male Cat. The Veterinary Nurse, 7: 372- 377.
  • Widyawati R., Palgunadi BU., Wardhani LD., Samjaya DF. (2022). The correlation between the type of commercial feed and the type of crystal in the FLUTD cat case at the animal husbandry service animal hospital in East Java. Jurnal Vitek Bidang Kedokteran Hewan, 12(1).
  • Wood M.W. (2017). Lower Urinary Tract Disease. Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine: Diseases of The Dog and The Cat Ed.s: Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC, Cote e. Eighth Edition. Chapter 330 p:4809-4820.
  • Woolf, K. (2012). Feline lower urinary tract disease: predisposition, causes and nursing care. The Veterinary Nurse, 3(7), 406-412.
Toplam 33 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Veteriner İç Hastalıkları
Bölüm ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ
Yazarlar

Ender Erkoç 0000-0003-1703-6950

Turan Civelek 0000-0002-4819-3484

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 11 Haziran 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Haziran 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 17 Nisan 2025
Kabul Tarihi 27 Mayıs 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 18 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Erkoç, E., & Civelek, T. (2025). Comparison of Ultrasonographic and Laboratory Findings in Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, 18(2), 153-163.
AMA Erkoç E, Civelek T. Comparison of Ultrasonographic and Laboratory Findings in Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease. kvj. Haziran 2025;18(2):153-163.
Chicago Erkoç, Ender, ve Turan Civelek. “Comparison of Ultrasonographic and Laboratory Findings in Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease”. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal 18, sy. 2 (Haziran 2025): 153-63.
EndNote Erkoç E, Civelek T (01 Haziran 2025) Comparison of Ultrasonographic and Laboratory Findings in Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal 18 2 153–163.
IEEE E. Erkoç ve T. Civelek, “Comparison of Ultrasonographic and Laboratory Findings in Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease”, kvj, c. 18, sy. 2, ss. 153–163, 2025.
ISNAD Erkoç, Ender - Civelek, Turan. “Comparison of Ultrasonographic and Laboratory Findings in Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease”. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal 18/2 (Haziran 2025), 153-163.
JAMA Erkoç E, Civelek T. Comparison of Ultrasonographic and Laboratory Findings in Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease. kvj. 2025;18:153–163.
MLA Erkoç, Ender ve Turan Civelek. “Comparison of Ultrasonographic and Laboratory Findings in Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease”. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, c. 18, sy. 2, 2025, ss. 153-6.
Vancouver Erkoç E, Civelek T. Comparison of Ultrasonographic and Laboratory Findings in Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease. kvj. 2025;18(2):153-6.
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