YASIN SİLAH OLARAK KULLANILMASI: DEVLETLER VE DEVLET DIŞI SİLAHLI AKTÖRLERİN YASI SİYASAL AMAÇLARLA ARAÇSALLAŞTIRMASI
Öz
Bu çalışma, yas duygusunu siyasi olarak araçsallaştırılmış bir duygu biçimi olarak kavramsallaştırmakta ve yasın, devlet ve devlet dışı aktörler tarafından otoriteyi meşrulaştırmak, destek toplamak ve siyasi gündemleri kutsallaştırmak amacıyla stratejik olarak seferber edildiğini ileri sürmektedir. Hafıza politikaları ve politik teolojiden alınan disiplinler arası içgörülere dayanan çalışma, ulusal anma törenlerinden isyancıların şehit kültlerine kadar çeşitli kamusal yas ritüellerinin kimlik pekiştirme, ahlaki sınırları belirleme ve şiddeti meşrulaştırma işlevleri gören duygusal mekanizmalar olduğunu iddia etmektedir. Mevcut literatür bellek, travma ve sembolik siyaset konularına değinse de, yas duygusunun kendisini bağımsız bir yönetim veya direniş aracı olarak nadiren ele almaktadır. Bu boşluğu doldurmak amacıyla çalışma, yas tutmanın siyasi kazanımlar için nasıl kullanıldığına dair sınanabilir hipotezler geliştirmektedir. Nitel içerik analizi yöntemini kullanarak dört açıklayıcı vakayı incelemektedir: ABD’nin 11 Eylül sonrası söylemi, Rusya’nın İkinci Dünya Savaşı anma rejimi, Hizbullah’ın şehit anlatıları ve IŞİD’in yas yüklü propagandası. Bu vakaların tümünde, yas duygusunun kutuplaştırıcı bir "biz ve onlar" dinamiği oluşturduğu, meşruiyeti pekiştirdiği ve fedakârlığı kutsal bir eylem olarak çerçevelediği görülmektedir. Bulgular, uluslararası siyasette duygunun etkilerine dair kuramsal tartışmaları ileri taşıyarak, duygusal yaklaşımların spekülatif olduğuna dair eleştirilere karşı sağlam temelli bir düzeltme sunmaktadır. Böylelikle çalışma, yas duygusunu salt bir duygu olmaktan çıkarıp yapılandırılmış bir siyasi araç olarak öne sürerek, duygusal yönetişim ve sembolik iktidar çalışmalarına yeni bir analitik bakış açısı kazandırmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Yasın Seferber Edilmesi Politik Teoloji Hafıza Politikaları Yas Ritüelleri Sembolik Siyaset Şehitlik Anlatıları
Kaynakça
- AGAMBEN, G. (2004). State of Exception. https://doi.org/10.7208/9780226009261
- BACHLEITNER, K. (2022). Collective memory and the social creation of identities: Linking the past with the present and future. Progress in Brain Research, 274 1(1), 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/BS.PBR.2022.07.002
- BENČIĆ, A. (2016). Teorijska konceptualizacija kolektivnih sjećanja u sociologiji i srodnim društvenim znanostima. Drustvena Istrazivanja, 25(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.5559/DI.25.1.01
- BIANCHI, K. (2018). Letters from Home: Hezbollah Mothers and the Culture of Martyrdom - Combating Terrorism Center at West Point. CTCSENTINEL. https://ctc.westpoint.edu/letters-home-hezbollah-mothers-culture-martyrdom/
- CAMPBELL, E. B. (2024). Grieving Overdose. Contexts, 23(2), 36–43. https://doi.org/10.1177/15365042241252126
- CRUZ, J. Carroll. (1989). Secular saints : 250 canonized and beatified lay men, women, and children. 780. https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/2854823-secular-saints
- DOWNE-WAMBOLDT, B. (1992). Content analysis: Method, applications, and issues. Health Care for Women International, 13(3). https://doi.org/10.1080/07399339209516006
- DURKHEIM, É. (2000). As formas elementares da vida religiosa: o sistema totêmico na Austrália. São Paulo.
- DURKHEIM, É. (2012a). Considerações a respeito dos cultos primitivos e a função do sagrado. Debates Do NER. https://doi.org/10.22456/1982-8136.36519
- DURKHEIM, É. (2012b). O problema religioso e a dualidade da natureza humana. Debates Do NER. https://doi.org/10.22456/1982-8136.36518
- EDKINS, J. (2011). Trauma and the memory of politics. In Trauma and the Memory of Politics. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511840470
- EYERMAN, R. (2013). Social theory and trauma. Acta Sociologica (United Kingdom), 56(1), 41–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001699312461035;WGROUP:STRING:PUBLICATION
- FASSIN, D. (2011). Humanitarian Reason: A Moral History of the Present. In Humanitarian Reason: A Moral History of the Present. https://doi.org/10.1080/13507486.2012.702063
- FLAM, H. (2022a). Politics of Grief and Grieving “Mothers” Movements. The Wiley‐Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social and Political Movements, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470674871.WBESPM480.PUB2
- FLAM, H. (2022b). Politics of Grief and Grieving “Mothers” Movements. The Wiley‐Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social and Political Movements, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470674871.WBESPM480.PUB2
- FRÉVERT, U. (2023). Grief. The Power of Emotions, 159–178. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009376792.010
- GENSBURGER, S. (2016). Halbwachs’ studies in collective memory: A founding text for contemporary ‘memory studies’? Journal of Classical Sociology, 16(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/1468795X16656268
- GESSEN, M. (2022, April 11). The Holocaust Memorial Undone by Another War. The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/04/18/the-holocaust-memorial-undone-by-another-war
- HALBWACHS, M. (1992). The Reconstrucion of the Past. In On Collective Memory.
- HALBWACHS, M. (2005). Memoria individual y memoria colectiva. Estudios: Centro d Estudios Avanzados, ISSN 0328-185X, ISSN-e 1852-1568, No. 16, 2005 (Ejemplar Dedicado a: Memorias Colectivas), Págs. 163-187, 16.
- HALBWACHS, M., & Coser, L. A. (2020). On Collective Memory. In On Collective Memory. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226774497.001.0001
- HANLEY, D. (2022). Choreographing Affective Solidarity: The Choral Politics of Responding to Loss. Theory and Event, 25(4), 873–899. https://doi.org/10.1353/TAE.2022.0045
- HARRIS, D. (2025). An exploration of sociopolitical grief. Mortality, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/13576275.2025.2450229
- HAUGHTON, T. (2016). Twenty years after communism: the politics of memory and commemoration. East European Politics, 32(4). https://doi.org/10.1080/21599165.2015.1123151
- HAYNES, Jeffrey. (2007). Introduction to international relations and religion. 445. https://books.google.com/books/about/Introduction_to_International_Relations.html?hl=tr&id=fXvWDdprUmQC
- HUTCHINSON, J. (2009). Warfare and the Sacralisation of Nations: The Meanings, Rituals and Politics of National Remembrance. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 38(2), 401–417. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305829809347538
- KANSTEINER, W. (2002). Finding Meaning in Memory: A Methodological Critique of Collective Memory Studies. History and Theory, 41(2), 179–197. https://doi.org/10.1111/0018-2656.00198
- KRIPPENDORFF, K. (2022). Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology. In Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781071878781
- KUBIK, J., & BERNHARD, M. (2014). A Theory of the Politics of Memory. Twenty Years After Communism, 7–34. https://doi.org/10.1093/ACPROF:OSO/9780199375134.003.0002
- LAWRENCE, J. S. (2005). Rituals of Mourning and National Innocence. The Journal of American Culture, 28(1), 35–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1542-734X.2005.00152.X
- MEDEIROS, D., & MAKHASHVILI, A. (2022). United in Grief? Emotional Communities Around the Far-Right Terrorist Attack in Hanau. Media and Communication, 10(3), 39–49. https://doi.org/10.17645/MAC.V10I3.5438
- MISEMER, S. (2008). Secular Saints: Performing Frida Kahlo, Carlos Gardel, Eva Perón, and Selena. Secular Saints. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781846156731
- MURRAY, S. (2017). The “Rally-’Round-the-Flag” Phenomenon and the Diversionary Use of Force. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. https://doi.org/10.1093/ACREFORE/9780190228637.013.518
- NORA, P. (1989). Between Memory and History: Les Lieux de Mémoire. Representations, 26, 7–24. https://doi.org/10.2307/2928520
- OLICK, J. K. (2013). The Politics of Regret: On Collective Memory and Historical Responsibility. In The Politics of Regret: On Collective Memory and Historical Responsibility. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203941478
- RICOEUR, P., BLAMEY, K., & PELLAUER, D. (2013). Memory, History, Forgetting. In Memory, History, Forgetting. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226713465.001.0001
- ROTHBERG, M. (2014). Multidirectional memory. Témoigner. Entre Histoire et Mémoire, 119, 176. https://doi.org/10.4000/temoigner.1494
- RUSTEMOVA, S. D. (2017). Widen African Network of Isis: Boko Haram and Al-Shabaab. The Journal Of Social Sciences Institute of Van University, 1(1), 195–211. https://millitaryams.ru/armii-mira/islamskoye-gosudarstvo/,
- SCHMITT, C. (2005). Political theology : four chapters on the concept of sovereignty . University of Chicago Press.
- SCHMITT, O. (2018). A theory of international relations or a theory of foreign policy?: Reading peace and war among. In Raymond Aron and International Relations. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315620114
- VINX, L. (2025). Carl Schmitt. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- WAGONER, B., & Luna, I. B. De. (2021). Collective grief: Mourning rituals, politics and memorial sites. Cultural, Existential and Phenomenological Dimensions of Grief Experience, 197–213. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003099420-17
- WINTER, J. M. . (2006). Remembering war : the Great War between memory and history in the twentieth century. 340.
- YODER, K. J., Ruby, K., Pape, R., & Decety, J. (2020). EEG distinguishes heroic narratives in ISIS online video propaganda. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 19593. https://doi.org/10.1038/S41598-020-76711-0
Öz
This study conceptualizes grief as a politically instrumentalized emotion strategically mobilized by state and non-state actors to legitimize authority, galvanize support, and sacralize political agendas. Drawing on interdisciplinary insights from memory politics and political theology, this argument posits that public rituals of mourning—from national commemorations to insurgent martyr cults—serve as effective mechanisms for consolidating identity, demarcating moral boundaries, and justifying violence. While existing literature addresses memory, trauma, and symbolic politics, it seldom treats grief itself as a discrete tool of governance or resistance. To address this gap, the study formulates testable hypotheses regarding how mourning is leveraged for political gain. Employing qualitative content analysis, it examines four illustrative cases: U.S. discourse post-9/11, Russia’s WWII commemorative regime, Hezbollah’s martyr narratives, and ISIS’s grief-saturated propaganda. Across these cases, grief emerges as a ritualized force that forges a polarized "us vs. them" dynamic, reaffirms legitimacy, and frames sacrifice as sacred. The findings advance theorizations of effect in international politics and offer a grounded corrective to critiques of emotionalist approaches as speculative. By foregrounding grief as a structured political instrument rather than mere sentiment, the article contributes a novel analytic lens to the study of emotional governance and symbolic power.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Grief Mobilization Political Theology Memory Politics Mourning Rituals Symbolic Politics Martyr Narratives
Kaynakça
- AGAMBEN, G. (2004). State of Exception. https://doi.org/10.7208/9780226009261
- BACHLEITNER, K. (2022). Collective memory and the social creation of identities: Linking the past with the present and future. Progress in Brain Research, 274 1(1), 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/BS.PBR.2022.07.002
- BENČIĆ, A. (2016). Teorijska konceptualizacija kolektivnih sjećanja u sociologiji i srodnim društvenim znanostima. Drustvena Istrazivanja, 25(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.5559/DI.25.1.01
- BIANCHI, K. (2018). Letters from Home: Hezbollah Mothers and the Culture of Martyrdom - Combating Terrorism Center at West Point. CTCSENTINEL. https://ctc.westpoint.edu/letters-home-hezbollah-mothers-culture-martyrdom/
- CAMPBELL, E. B. (2024). Grieving Overdose. Contexts, 23(2), 36–43. https://doi.org/10.1177/15365042241252126
- CRUZ, J. Carroll. (1989). Secular saints : 250 canonized and beatified lay men, women, and children. 780. https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/2854823-secular-saints
- DOWNE-WAMBOLDT, B. (1992). Content analysis: Method, applications, and issues. Health Care for Women International, 13(3). https://doi.org/10.1080/07399339209516006
- DURKHEIM, É. (2000). As formas elementares da vida religiosa: o sistema totêmico na Austrália. São Paulo.
- DURKHEIM, É. (2012a). Considerações a respeito dos cultos primitivos e a função do sagrado. Debates Do NER. https://doi.org/10.22456/1982-8136.36519
- DURKHEIM, É. (2012b). O problema religioso e a dualidade da natureza humana. Debates Do NER. https://doi.org/10.22456/1982-8136.36518
- EDKINS, J. (2011). Trauma and the memory of politics. In Trauma and the Memory of Politics. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511840470
- EYERMAN, R. (2013). Social theory and trauma. Acta Sociologica (United Kingdom), 56(1), 41–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001699312461035;WGROUP:STRING:PUBLICATION
- FASSIN, D. (2011). Humanitarian Reason: A Moral History of the Present. In Humanitarian Reason: A Moral History of the Present. https://doi.org/10.1080/13507486.2012.702063
- FLAM, H. (2022a). Politics of Grief and Grieving “Mothers” Movements. The Wiley‐Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social and Political Movements, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470674871.WBESPM480.PUB2
- FLAM, H. (2022b). Politics of Grief and Grieving “Mothers” Movements. The Wiley‐Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social and Political Movements, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470674871.WBESPM480.PUB2
- FRÉVERT, U. (2023). Grief. The Power of Emotions, 159–178. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009376792.010
- GENSBURGER, S. (2016). Halbwachs’ studies in collective memory: A founding text for contemporary ‘memory studies’? Journal of Classical Sociology, 16(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/1468795X16656268
- GESSEN, M. (2022, April 11). The Holocaust Memorial Undone by Another War. The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/04/18/the-holocaust-memorial-undone-by-another-war
- HALBWACHS, M. (1992). The Reconstrucion of the Past. In On Collective Memory.
- HALBWACHS, M. (2005). Memoria individual y memoria colectiva. Estudios: Centro d Estudios Avanzados, ISSN 0328-185X, ISSN-e 1852-1568, No. 16, 2005 (Ejemplar Dedicado a: Memorias Colectivas), Págs. 163-187, 16.
- HALBWACHS, M., & Coser, L. A. (2020). On Collective Memory. In On Collective Memory. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226774497.001.0001
- HANLEY, D. (2022). Choreographing Affective Solidarity: The Choral Politics of Responding to Loss. Theory and Event, 25(4), 873–899. https://doi.org/10.1353/TAE.2022.0045
- HARRIS, D. (2025). An exploration of sociopolitical grief. Mortality, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/13576275.2025.2450229
- HAUGHTON, T. (2016). Twenty years after communism: the politics of memory and commemoration. East European Politics, 32(4). https://doi.org/10.1080/21599165.2015.1123151
- HAYNES, Jeffrey. (2007). Introduction to international relations and religion. 445. https://books.google.com/books/about/Introduction_to_International_Relations.html?hl=tr&id=fXvWDdprUmQC
- HUTCHINSON, J. (2009). Warfare and the Sacralisation of Nations: The Meanings, Rituals and Politics of National Remembrance. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 38(2), 401–417. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305829809347538
- KANSTEINER, W. (2002). Finding Meaning in Memory: A Methodological Critique of Collective Memory Studies. History and Theory, 41(2), 179–197. https://doi.org/10.1111/0018-2656.00198
- KRIPPENDORFF, K. (2022). Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology. In Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781071878781
- KUBIK, J., & BERNHARD, M. (2014). A Theory of the Politics of Memory. Twenty Years After Communism, 7–34. https://doi.org/10.1093/ACPROF:OSO/9780199375134.003.0002
- LAWRENCE, J. S. (2005). Rituals of Mourning and National Innocence. The Journal of American Culture, 28(1), 35–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1542-734X.2005.00152.X
- MEDEIROS, D., & MAKHASHVILI, A. (2022). United in Grief? Emotional Communities Around the Far-Right Terrorist Attack in Hanau. Media and Communication, 10(3), 39–49. https://doi.org/10.17645/MAC.V10I3.5438
- MISEMER, S. (2008). Secular Saints: Performing Frida Kahlo, Carlos Gardel, Eva Perón, and Selena. Secular Saints. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781846156731
- MURRAY, S. (2017). The “Rally-’Round-the-Flag” Phenomenon and the Diversionary Use of Force. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. https://doi.org/10.1093/ACREFORE/9780190228637.013.518
- NORA, P. (1989). Between Memory and History: Les Lieux de Mémoire. Representations, 26, 7–24. https://doi.org/10.2307/2928520
- OLICK, J. K. (2013). The Politics of Regret: On Collective Memory and Historical Responsibility. In The Politics of Regret: On Collective Memory and Historical Responsibility. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203941478
- RICOEUR, P., BLAMEY, K., & PELLAUER, D. (2013). Memory, History, Forgetting. In Memory, History, Forgetting. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226713465.001.0001
- ROTHBERG, M. (2014). Multidirectional memory. Témoigner. Entre Histoire et Mémoire, 119, 176. https://doi.org/10.4000/temoigner.1494
- RUSTEMOVA, S. D. (2017). Widen African Network of Isis: Boko Haram and Al-Shabaab. The Journal Of Social Sciences Institute of Van University, 1(1), 195–211. https://millitaryams.ru/armii-mira/islamskoye-gosudarstvo/,
- SCHMITT, C. (2005). Political theology : four chapters on the concept of sovereignty . University of Chicago Press.
- SCHMITT, O. (2018). A theory of international relations or a theory of foreign policy?: Reading peace and war among. In Raymond Aron and International Relations. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315620114
- VINX, L. (2025). Carl Schmitt. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- WAGONER, B., & Luna, I. B. De. (2021). Collective grief: Mourning rituals, politics and memorial sites. Cultural, Existential and Phenomenological Dimensions of Grief Experience, 197–213. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003099420-17
- WINTER, J. M. . (2006). Remembering war : the Great War between memory and history in the twentieth century. 340.
- YODER, K. J., Ruby, K., Pape, R., & Decety, J. (2020). EEG distinguishes heroic narratives in ISIS online video propaganda. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 19593. https://doi.org/10.1038/S41598-020-76711-0
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Uluslararası İlişkiler (Diğer) |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 18 Temmuz 2025 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 21 Temmuz 2025 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 4 Mayıs 2025 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 17 Mayıs 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1 |
