Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Ankara'da Hava Kirliliği Risk Deseninin Anlaşılması:Antropojenik ve Meteorolojik Etkiler

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 815 - 830, 26.12.2024

Nuriye Ebru Yıldız , Şükran Şahin

https://doi.org/10.30785/mbud.1457692

Öz

Ankara kent merkezinde hava kirliliği riskinin belirlenmesi amacıyla antropojenik ve meteorolojik parametrelere ilişkin nicel ölçümleri içeren bir dizi analiz süreci yürütülmüştür. Nicel sonuçlar normalize edildikten sonra, her bir parametreye ilgili kategorik değerler atanmıştır. Bu parametreler, ağırlık puanları dikkate alınarak üst üste bindirme tekniği ile çakıştırılmıştır. Araştırma bulgularına göre, Çankaya'nın neredeyse tamamı ile Yenimahalle'nin güneyi ve Etimesgut'un doğusunun sırasıyla "Çok Yüksek (5)" ve "Yüksek (4)" düzeylerinde hava kirliliği tespit edilmiştir. Sonuçlar, toplam çalışma alanının %19,78'inde "çok yüksek", %28,92'sinde "yüksek", %30,33'ünde "orta", %16,68'inde "düşük" ve %4,29'unda "çok düşük" hava kirliliği risk düzeylerinin bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Gelecek çalışmalarda, araştırma alanındaki diğer çevresel faktörlere ve gereksinimlere bağlı olarak yönteme farklı ağırlıklarda farklı parametreler eklenebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Hava kalitesi insan etkileri kent planlama coğrafi bilgi sistemleri

Kaynakça

  • Achillas, C., Vlachokostas, C., Moussiopoulos, N. & Banias, G. (2011). Prioritise strategies to confront environmental deterioration in urban areas: multicriteria assessment of public opinion and experts' views. Cities, 28, 414–423. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2011.04.003, Access Address (21.04.2024): https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264275111 000436.
  • Ahern, J., Cilliers, S. & Niemela, J. (2014). The concept of ecosystem services in adaptive urban planning and design: a framework for supporting innovation. Landscape and Urban Planning, 125: 254– 259. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.01.020, Access Address (21.04.2024): https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S016920461400 0346?via%3Dihub.
  • Bay Area Air Quality Management District. (1998). Climate, Physiography, and air Pollution Potential, Bay Area and its sub-Regions. Access Address (21.04.2024): https://www.baaqmd.gov/.
  • Chamber of Environmental Engineers (CEE). (2018). Air Pollution Report. Access Address (18.05.2024): https://www.cmo.org.tr/raporlar.
  • Clean Air Right Platform (CARP). (2021). Dark Report 2021, Reveals the Health Impacts of Air Pollution in Turkey. Access Address (18.07.2024): https://www.temizhavahakki.org/kararapor2021/.
  • Clean Air Right Platform (CARP). (2022). Dark Report 2022, Reveals the Health Impacts of Air Pollution in Turkey. Access Address (18.07.2024): https://www.temizhavahakki.org/kararapor2022/.
  • Copernicus Land Monitoring Services (CLMS). (2022). 2012 Urban Atlas (Land Cover). Access Address (26.07.2022): https://land.copernicus.eu/en/dataset-catalog.
  • Çelik, B.G. & Kadı, İ. (2010). The relation between meteorological factors and pollutants concentrations in Karabük city. G.U. Journal of Science, 20(4): 87–95. Access Address (20.07.2023): https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/83081.
  • Çiçek, İ. & Ataol, M. (2009). Türkiye’nin Su Potansiyelinin Belirlenmesinde Yeni Bir Yaklaşım. Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 7(1), 51–64. https://doi.org/10.1501/cogbil_0000000094.
  • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2022). Heat Island Impacts. Access Address (25.07.2023): https://www.epa.gov/heatislands/heat- island-impacts.
  • Gassmann, M. & Mazzeo, N. (2000). Air Pollution Potential: Regional Study in Argentina. Environmental Management. 25(4): 375–382. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s002679910029, Access Address (21.04.2024): https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s002679910029#citeas.
  • General Directorate of GIS. (2021). 2018 Population Density Data. Ankara.
  • General Directorate of Meteorology. (2022). Long years (1959-2018) all variables bulletin. Ankara.
  • Habibi, R., Alesheikh, A. A., Mohammadinia, A. & Sharif, M. (2017). An Assessment of Spatial Pattern Characterization of Air Pollution: A Case Study of CO and PM2.5 in Tehran, Iran. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 6(9), 270. Access Address (21.04.2024): https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/6/9/270.
  • Hosseiniebalam, F. & Ghaffarpasand, O. (2015). The effect of emission sources and meteorological factors on Sulphur dioxide concentration of great Isfahan, Iran. Atmospheric Environment, 100: 94–101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.10.012, Access Address (21.04.2024): https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S135223101400 8012.
  • Jayamurugan, R., Kumaravel, B., Palanivelraja, S. & Chockalingam, M. P. (2013). Influence of temperature, relative humidity and seasonal variability on ambient air quality in a coastal urban area. International Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, Article ID 264046, 7 pages. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/264046, Access Address (21.04.2024): https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijas/2013/264046/.
  • Kara, G. (2012). Effect of Meteorological to Urban Air Pollutants: The Case of Konya. S.U. Eng.-Architect. Fac. Journal, 27 (3): 73 – 86. Online ISSN: 1304-8708. Access Address (21.04.2024): https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/sujest/issue/23227/248005.
  • Karimi, H., Soffianian, A., Mirghaffari, N. & Soltani, S. (2016). Determining air pollution potential using geographic ınformation systems and multi-criteria evaluation: A case study in ısfahan province in Iran. Environmental Processes, 3: 229–246. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40710-016-0136-4, Access Address (21.04.2024): https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40710-016-0136-4#citeas.
  • Khedairia, S. & Khadir, M.T. (2012). Impact of clustered meteorological parameters on air pollutants concentrations in the region of Annaba, Algeria. Atmospheric Research, 113: 89–101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.05.002, Access Address (21.04.2024): https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S016980951200 1305.
  • Menteşe, S. (2017). Soil, Water and air pollution in terms of environmental sustainability: Theoretical review. Journal of International Social Research, 10 (53): 381–389. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17719/jisr.20175334127, Access Address (21.04.2024): https://www.sosyalarastirmalar.com/abstract/soil-water-and-air- pollution-in-terms-of-environmental-sustainabilitytheoretical-review- 75452.html.
  • Mofarrah, A .T. & Husain Badr, H. (2011). Design of urban air quality monitoring network: Fuzzy based multi-criteria decision-making approach. Dr. Nicolas Mazzeo (Ed.). Air Quality Monitoring, Assessment and Management, Section 2 (p.25-40). ISBN: 978–953-307-317-0. InTech. DOI: 10.5772/1029.
  • National Air Quality Bulletin (2024). Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change, National Air Quality Monitoring Platform. Access Address (03.03.2024): https://ced.csb.gov.tr/hava-kalitesi-haber-bultenleri-i-82299.
  • Oke, T.R. (1973). City size and the urban heat island. Atmospheric Environment, 7(8): 769-779. DOI: 10.1016/0004-6981(73)90140-6, Access Address (03.03.2024): https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0004698173901 406?via%3Dihub.
  • Pata, U. K. & Yurtkuran, S. (2018). The Effect of Renewable Energy Consumption, Population Density and Financial Development on CO2 Emissions: The Case of Turkey. UİİİD-IJEAS (Prof. Dr. Harun Terzi Özel Sayısı): 303-318. ISSN: 1307-9832. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.441173, Access Address (21.04.2024): https://scite.ai/reports/the-effect-of-renewable-energy-dvGjXDR.
  • Pisoni, E., Carnevale, C. & Volta, M. (2009). Multi-criteria analysis for PM10 planning. Environment, 43: 4833–4842. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.07.049, Access Address (21.04.2024): https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S135223100800 6924.
  • Rahman, M. M. (2017). Do population density, economic growth, energy use and exports adversely affect environmental quality in Asian Populous Countries?. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 77, 506-514. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.04.041, Access Address (21.04.2024): https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S136403211730 5427.
  • Safavi, S. Y. & Alijani, B. D. (2006). Investigate meteorological and geographical parameters in air pollution, Tehran, Iran. Geogr Res, 58:99–112 (in Farsi).
  • Toros, H., Bağış, S. & Gemici, Z. (2018). Ankara’da hava kirliliği mekânsal dağılımının modellenmesi. Ulusal Çevre Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi, 1(1), 20–53.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (1992). Urban air pollution in megacities of the world. Blackwell, Oxford. Access Address (21.04.2024): http://alpha.chem.umb.edu/chemistry/ch471/documents/mageetal.p df.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (‎2021)‎. WHO global air quality guidelines: particulate matter (‎PM2.5 and PM10)‎, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide. World Health Organization. Access Address (21.04.2024): https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/345329. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  • Vihervaara, P., Monenen, L., Santos, F., Adamescu, M., Cazacu, C., Luque, S., Genelletti, D. & Maes, J. (2017). Biophysical quantification. Burkhard, B. & Maes, J. (eds). Mapping Ecosystem Services. Pensoft Publishers, 75- 83, Sofia.
  • Viswanathanand, P. & Krishnamurti, C. (1989). Ecotoxicology and climate, effects of temperature and humidity on ecotoxicology of chemicals. Ed. by P. Bourdeau, J. A. Haines, W. Klein and C. R. Krishna, John Wiley & Sons, pp: 139–152.
  • Voogt, J. A., & Oke, T. R. (2003). Thermal remote sensing of urban climate. Remote Sensing of Environment, 86, 370 – 384. Access Address (12.16.2024): https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S00344257030 00798?via%3Dihub.
  • Weng, Q., Lu, D. & Schubring, J. (2004). Estimation of land surface temperature–vegetation abundance relationship for urban heat island studies. Remote Sensing of Environment, 89(4): 467-483. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2003.11.005, Access Address (21.04.2024): https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S00344257030 03390.
  • Zhou, J., Wang, J., Huang, H. & Liu, Y. (2020). Assessment of air quality using GIS and remote sensing: A case study of Guangzhou, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1234-1248.
  • Yıldız, N.E. (2022). The use of ecological performance indicators and process model in urban planning: Ankara case (PhD Thesis). Ankara University, Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Landscape Architecture, 234, Ankara. Access Address (21.04.2024): https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/giris.jsp.

Understanding Air Pollution Risk Patterns in Ankara: Influence of Human and Meteorological Factors

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 815 - 830, 26.12.2024

Nuriye Ebru Yıldız , Şükran Şahin

https://doi.org/10.30785/mbud.1457692

Öz

In order to determine the air pollution risk in Ankara city centre, a series of analyses including quantitative measurements of anthropogenic and meteorological parameters were carried out. After the quantitative results were normalised, relevant categorical values were assigned to each parameter. These parameters were overlaid with the overlapping technique by considering their weight scores. According to the research findings, almost all of Çankaya, the south of Yenimahalle and the east of Etimesgut were found to have "Very High (5)" and "High (4)" levels of air pollution, respectively. The results show that 19.78% of the total study area has "very high", 28.92% "high", 30.33% "medium", 16.68% "low" and 4.29% "very low" air pollution risk levels. In future studies, different parameters with different weights can be added to the method based on other environmental factors and requirements in the research area.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Air quality human effects urban planning geographic information systems

Teşekkür

In this study, the boundaries of the research were determined based on the urban core boundary presented in the doctoral thesis (Yıldız, 2022). However, the air pollution modeling method used in this study differs from the one used by Yıldız (2022).

Kaynakça

  • Achillas, C., Vlachokostas, C., Moussiopoulos, N. & Banias, G. (2011). Prioritise strategies to confront environmental deterioration in urban areas: multicriteria assessment of public opinion and experts' views. Cities, 28, 414–423. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2011.04.003, Access Address (21.04.2024): https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264275111 000436.
  • Ahern, J., Cilliers, S. & Niemela, J. (2014). The concept of ecosystem services in adaptive urban planning and design: a framework for supporting innovation. Landscape and Urban Planning, 125: 254– 259. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.01.020, Access Address (21.04.2024): https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S016920461400 0346?via%3Dihub.
  • Bay Area Air Quality Management District. (1998). Climate, Physiography, and air Pollution Potential, Bay Area and its sub-Regions. Access Address (21.04.2024): https://www.baaqmd.gov/.
  • Chamber of Environmental Engineers (CEE). (2018). Air Pollution Report. Access Address (18.05.2024): https://www.cmo.org.tr/raporlar.
  • Clean Air Right Platform (CARP). (2021). Dark Report 2021, Reveals the Health Impacts of Air Pollution in Turkey. Access Address (18.07.2024): https://www.temizhavahakki.org/kararapor2021/.
  • Clean Air Right Platform (CARP). (2022). Dark Report 2022, Reveals the Health Impacts of Air Pollution in Turkey. Access Address (18.07.2024): https://www.temizhavahakki.org/kararapor2022/.
  • Copernicus Land Monitoring Services (CLMS). (2022). 2012 Urban Atlas (Land Cover). Access Address (26.07.2022): https://land.copernicus.eu/en/dataset-catalog.
  • Çelik, B.G. & Kadı, İ. (2010). The relation between meteorological factors and pollutants concentrations in Karabük city. G.U. Journal of Science, 20(4): 87–95. Access Address (20.07.2023): https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/83081.
  • Çiçek, İ. & Ataol, M. (2009). Türkiye’nin Su Potansiyelinin Belirlenmesinde Yeni Bir Yaklaşım. Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 7(1), 51–64. https://doi.org/10.1501/cogbil_0000000094.
  • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2022). Heat Island Impacts. Access Address (25.07.2023): https://www.epa.gov/heatislands/heat- island-impacts.
  • Gassmann, M. & Mazzeo, N. (2000). Air Pollution Potential: Regional Study in Argentina. Environmental Management. 25(4): 375–382. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s002679910029, Access Address (21.04.2024): https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s002679910029#citeas.
  • General Directorate of GIS. (2021). 2018 Population Density Data. Ankara.
  • General Directorate of Meteorology. (2022). Long years (1959-2018) all variables bulletin. Ankara.
  • Habibi, R., Alesheikh, A. A., Mohammadinia, A. & Sharif, M. (2017). An Assessment of Spatial Pattern Characterization of Air Pollution: A Case Study of CO and PM2.5 in Tehran, Iran. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 6(9), 270. Access Address (21.04.2024): https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/6/9/270.
  • Hosseiniebalam, F. & Ghaffarpasand, O. (2015). The effect of emission sources and meteorological factors on Sulphur dioxide concentration of great Isfahan, Iran. Atmospheric Environment, 100: 94–101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.10.012, Access Address (21.04.2024): https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S135223101400 8012.
  • Jayamurugan, R., Kumaravel, B., Palanivelraja, S. & Chockalingam, M. P. (2013). Influence of temperature, relative humidity and seasonal variability on ambient air quality in a coastal urban area. International Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, Article ID 264046, 7 pages. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/264046, Access Address (21.04.2024): https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijas/2013/264046/.
  • Kara, G. (2012). Effect of Meteorological to Urban Air Pollutants: The Case of Konya. S.U. Eng.-Architect. Fac. Journal, 27 (3): 73 – 86. Online ISSN: 1304-8708. Access Address (21.04.2024): https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/sujest/issue/23227/248005.
  • Karimi, H., Soffianian, A., Mirghaffari, N. & Soltani, S. (2016). Determining air pollution potential using geographic ınformation systems and multi-criteria evaluation: A case study in ısfahan province in Iran. Environmental Processes, 3: 229–246. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40710-016-0136-4, Access Address (21.04.2024): https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40710-016-0136-4#citeas.
  • Khedairia, S. & Khadir, M.T. (2012). Impact of clustered meteorological parameters on air pollutants concentrations in the region of Annaba, Algeria. Atmospheric Research, 113: 89–101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.05.002, Access Address (21.04.2024): https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S016980951200 1305.
  • Menteşe, S. (2017). Soil, Water and air pollution in terms of environmental sustainability: Theoretical review. Journal of International Social Research, 10 (53): 381–389. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17719/jisr.20175334127, Access Address (21.04.2024): https://www.sosyalarastirmalar.com/abstract/soil-water-and-air- pollution-in-terms-of-environmental-sustainabilitytheoretical-review- 75452.html.
  • Mofarrah, A .T. & Husain Badr, H. (2011). Design of urban air quality monitoring network: Fuzzy based multi-criteria decision-making approach. Dr. Nicolas Mazzeo (Ed.). Air Quality Monitoring, Assessment and Management, Section 2 (p.25-40). ISBN: 978–953-307-317-0. InTech. DOI: 10.5772/1029.
  • National Air Quality Bulletin (2024). Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change, National Air Quality Monitoring Platform. Access Address (03.03.2024): https://ced.csb.gov.tr/hava-kalitesi-haber-bultenleri-i-82299.
  • Oke, T.R. (1973). City size and the urban heat island. Atmospheric Environment, 7(8): 769-779. DOI: 10.1016/0004-6981(73)90140-6, Access Address (03.03.2024): https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0004698173901 406?via%3Dihub.
  • Pata, U. K. & Yurtkuran, S. (2018). The Effect of Renewable Energy Consumption, Population Density and Financial Development on CO2 Emissions: The Case of Turkey. UİİİD-IJEAS (Prof. Dr. Harun Terzi Özel Sayısı): 303-318. ISSN: 1307-9832. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.441173, Access Address (21.04.2024): https://scite.ai/reports/the-effect-of-renewable-energy-dvGjXDR.
  • Pisoni, E., Carnevale, C. & Volta, M. (2009). Multi-criteria analysis for PM10 planning. Environment, 43: 4833–4842. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.07.049, Access Address (21.04.2024): https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S135223100800 6924.
  • Rahman, M. M. (2017). Do population density, economic growth, energy use and exports adversely affect environmental quality in Asian Populous Countries?. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 77, 506-514. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.04.041, Access Address (21.04.2024): https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S136403211730 5427.
  • Safavi, S. Y. & Alijani, B. D. (2006). Investigate meteorological and geographical parameters in air pollution, Tehran, Iran. Geogr Res, 58:99–112 (in Farsi).
  • Toros, H., Bağış, S. & Gemici, Z. (2018). Ankara’da hava kirliliği mekânsal dağılımının modellenmesi. Ulusal Çevre Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi, 1(1), 20–53.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (1992). Urban air pollution in megacities of the world. Blackwell, Oxford. Access Address (21.04.2024): http://alpha.chem.umb.edu/chemistry/ch471/documents/mageetal.p df.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (‎2021)‎. WHO global air quality guidelines: particulate matter (‎PM2.5 and PM10)‎, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide. World Health Organization. Access Address (21.04.2024): https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/345329. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  • Vihervaara, P., Monenen, L., Santos, F., Adamescu, M., Cazacu, C., Luque, S., Genelletti, D. & Maes, J. (2017). Biophysical quantification. Burkhard, B. & Maes, J. (eds). Mapping Ecosystem Services. Pensoft Publishers, 75- 83, Sofia.
  • Viswanathanand, P. & Krishnamurti, C. (1989). Ecotoxicology and climate, effects of temperature and humidity on ecotoxicology of chemicals. Ed. by P. Bourdeau, J. A. Haines, W. Klein and C. R. Krishna, John Wiley & Sons, pp: 139–152.
  • Voogt, J. A., & Oke, T. R. (2003). Thermal remote sensing of urban climate. Remote Sensing of Environment, 86, 370 – 384. Access Address (12.16.2024): https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S00344257030 00798?via%3Dihub.
  • Weng, Q., Lu, D. & Schubring, J. (2004). Estimation of land surface temperature–vegetation abundance relationship for urban heat island studies. Remote Sensing of Environment, 89(4): 467-483. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2003.11.005, Access Address (21.04.2024): https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S00344257030 03390.
  • Zhou, J., Wang, J., Huang, H. & Liu, Y. (2020). Assessment of air quality using GIS and remote sensing: A case study of Guangzhou, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1234-1248.
  • Yıldız, N.E. (2022). The use of ecological performance indicators and process model in urban planning: Ankara case (PhD Thesis). Ankara University, Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Landscape Architecture, 234, Ankara. Access Address (21.04.2024): https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/giris.jsp.
Toplam 36 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Peyzaj Planlama
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Nuriye Ebru Yıldız 0000-0002-3508-4895

Şükran Şahin 0000-0002-3730-2534

Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Aralık 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 23 Mart 2024
Kabul Tarihi 3 Ekim 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Yıldız, N. E., & Şahin, Ş. (2024). Understanding Air Pollution Risk Patterns in Ankara: Influence of Human and Meteorological Factors. Journal of Architectural Sciences and Applications, 9(2), 815-830. https://doi.org/10.30785/mbud.1457692
 Kapak Resmi İndir

 26583JASA JOURNAL TAG / MBUD DERGİ KÜNYESİ



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