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Yıl 2025, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 416 - 420, 30.04.2025

Dilek Öztürk , Sibel Yaman , Azra Demirci Özdemir

https://doi.org/10.24880/meditvetj.1524043

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Al, B., Yenen, M. E.,  Aldemir, M. (2011). Rectal bleeding due to leech bite: a case report. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Dergisi, 2011; 17 (1):83-86.
  • Alkan-Çeviker, S., Günal, Ö.,  Kılıç, S. S. (2019). Cellulitis and abscess caused by Aeromonas hydrophila: a case report. Klimik Dergisi. 32 (1): 99-101.
  • Altanlar, N., Yücel, N.,  Akın, A. (2003). Occurenceand antibiotic susceptibility of motile Aeromonas spp. of untreated well water. Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University, 32(3): 151-157. https://doi.org/10.1501/Eczfak_0000000407.
  • Chen, F., Sun, J., Han, Z., Yang, X., Xian, Ja., Lv, A., Hu, X.,  Shi, H. (2019). Isolation, Identification and Characteristics of Aeromonas veronii From Diseased Crucian Carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). Frontiers in Microbiology, 10, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.02742.
  • Çakmak, T., Çaltekin, İ., Gökçen, E., Savrun, A., Yaşar, E. (2018). Kounis syndrome due to hirudotherapy (leech therapy) in emergency department; a case report. Turkish Journal of Emergency Medicine, 18, 85-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjem.2017.12.005.
  • Eroglu, C., Hokelek, M., Guneren, E., Esen, S., Pekbay, A., Uysal, O. A. (2001). Bacterial Flora of Hirudo medicinalis and Their Antibiotic Sensitivities in the Middle Black Sea Region, Turkey. Annals of Plastic Surgery 47(1): 70-73. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000637-200107000-00013.
  • Garça, M. F., Yelken, M. K., Okur, M. H.,  Yuca, S. A. (2010). Leech Infestation of the nasopharynx (A rare cause of epistaxis and hemorrhage). European Journal of General Medicine, 8(2): 141-143.
  • Gönen, İ., Özşahin, M., Turan, H., Uslu, M., Celbek, G., Yıldırım, M.,  Ataoğlu, S. (2013). Acinetobacter Infection Developed After Leech Therapy In A Patıent With Gonarthrosis: A Case Report. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics. 16(2), 237-240.
  • Hathaa, M., Vivekanandhanb, A. A., Joicea, G. J.,  Christol. (2005). Antibiotic resistance pattern of motile aeromonads from farm raised fresh water fish. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 98, 131 – 134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.05.017.
  • Hermansdorfer, J., Lineaweaver, W., Follansbee, S., Valauri, F. A.,  Buncke ,H. J. (1988). Antibiotic sensitivities of Aeromonas hydrophila cultured from medicinal leeches. British Journal of Plastic Surgery, 41: 649-651. https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-1226(88)90176-2.
  • Jaberi, S., Rahnema, M.,  Shapouri, R. (2014). Determine the Microbial Flora of Leeches in North of Iran and Designing Antimicrobial Solution to Sterile the Leeches.Journal of Applied Biological Sciences, 8 (3): 42-45.
  • Kaya, B., Bat, O., Esen Bulut, N., Altun, H.,  Memisoglu, K. (2011). Prolonged venous bleeding due to traditional treatment with leech bite: a case report. Journal of Medical Case Reports, 5, 172. doi: 10.1186/1752-1947-5-172.
  • Koneman, E, W., Allen, S. D., Janda, W. M., Schreckenberger, P. C.,  Winn, J. R. (1992). Color atlas and textbook of diagnostic microbiology. JP Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp.267-272.
  • Korun, J., Ulutaş, A.,  Gökoğlu, M. (2019). Tıbbi sülük (Hirudo verbana)’den izole edilen Aeromonas spp. suşlarının antibiyotik duyarlılıklarının belirlenmesi ve Çoklu Antibiyotik Direnç (ÇAD) indeks sonuçları. Journal of Advances in VetBio Science and Techniques, 4(2): 59-66. https://doi.org/ 10.31797/vetbio.534867.
  • Li, T., Raza, S. H. A., Yang, B., Sun, Y., Wang, G., Sun, W., Qian, A., Wang, C., Kang, Y.,  Shan, X. (2020). Aeromonas veronii Infection in Commercial Freshwater Fish: A Potential Threat to Public Health. Animals (Basel). 10(4): 608. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10040608.
  • Litwinowicz, A.,  Blaszkowska, J. (2014). Preventing infective complications following leech therapy: elimination of symbiotic Aeromonas spp. from the intestine of Hirudo verbana using antibiotic feeding. Surgical Infections, 15(6):757-62. https://doi.org/10.1089/sur.2014.036.
  • Maetz, B., Abbou, R., Baptiste Andreoletti, J.,  Bruant-Rodier, C. (2012). Infections following the application of leeches: two case reports and review of the literature. Journal of Medical Case Reports, 6, 364. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-1947-6-364.
  • Mastersa, M. C., Guptab, A. R, Rhodesc, N. J., Flahertya, J. P., Zembowera, T. R., Alghoulg, M.,  Kruegera, K. M. (2020). Multidrug resistant Aeromonas infection following medical leech therapy: A case report and development of a joint antimicrobial stewardship and infection prevention protocol. Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance, 23: 349–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgar.2020.10.010.
  • Menteş, B. B., Leventoğlu, S., Osmanov, İ., Kösehan, D.,  Erol, T. (2019). Anal abscess due to leech therapy of hemorrhoids: mumbo jumbo is still in vogue. Journal of Surgical Case Reports, 2019 (7): 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1093/jscr/rjz218.
  • Muş, T. E.,  Çetinkaya, F. (2013). Investigation of the Presence of Aeromonas hydrophila in Seafood at Retail Level. Uludağ University Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 32 (1), 7-10.
  • Najjari, M., Solgi, R.,  Tavakoli Kareshk, A. (2022). Cellulitis Caused by Hirudo orientalis Bites That Lead to an Allergic reaction. Case Reports in Infectious Diseases, 1-4. https://doi.org/ 10.1155/2022/5493057.
  • Nelson, M. C.,  Graf, J. (2012). Bacterial symbioses of the medicinal leech Hirudo verbana. Gut Microbes, 3 (4), 322-331. https://doi.org/10.4161/gmic.20227.
  • Nonomura, H., Kato, N., Ohno, Y., Itokazu, M., Matsunaga, T.,  Watanabet, K. (1996). Indigenous bacterial flora of medicinal leeches and their susceptibilities to 15 antimicrobial agents. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 45, 490-493.
  • Ocak, F. (2018). Antibiotic Susceptibility of Motile Aeromonas spp. Isolated from Foods of Animal Origin and Water. Journal of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Erciyes University, 15 (2): 137-141.
  • Odeyemi, O. A.,  Ahmad, A. (2017). Antibiotic resistance profiling and phenotyping of Aeromonas species isolated from aquatic sources. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 24 (1), 65-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.09.016. Onuk, E. E., Tanrıverdi, Ç. Y., Çoban, A. Y., Çiftci, A., Balta, F., Didinen, B. İ.,  Altun, S. (2017). Determination of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of fish and rearing water originated Aeromonas isolates. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 64(1): 69-73. https://doi.org/10.1501/Vetfak_0000002768.
  • Ozturk, D., Adanir, R.,  Turutoglu, H. (2007). Isolation andantibiotic susceptibility of Aeromonas hydrophila in a carp (Cyprinus carpio) hatchery farm. Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy, 51: 361–364.
  • Sari, T.,  Kaya, A. (2020). Leech Therapy in A Case with Arterial Embolism. International Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research, 1(3), 149-150.
  • Savrun, A., Bozkurt, S., Okumus, M., Gökcen, E.,  Türkaslan, M. (2015) Prolonged bleeding on the neck in leech therapy: Case report. Archives of Clinical and Experimental Surgery (ACES), 4, 234-237. https://doi.org/10.5455/aces.20131205020904.
  • Schnabl, S. M., Kunz, C., Unglaub, F., Olykandriotis, E., Horch, R. E.,  Dragu, A. (2010). Acute postoperative infection with Aeromonas hydrophila after using medical leeches for treatment of venous congestion, Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, 130: 1323-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00402-010-1135-y.
  • Silva, A. A., Leite, J. N., Winter, H. C. L., Furtado, T. L. J., Morais, N. M. L., Faria, R. A. P. G., Nascimento, E., Ritter, D. O.,  Lanzarin, M. (2022). Aeromonas sp. in freshwater fish and antimicrobial resistance: emerging pathogen. Ciencia Rural, Santa Maria, 53(7): 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20220088.
  • Sproll, C., Lommen, J., Balasiu, A., Schorn, L., Kübler, N. R., Henrich, B., Kram, R.,  Petersdorf, S. (2022). Lethal Aeromonas veronii Sepsis in the Course of Medicinal Leech Therapy. Antibiotics,11,1180. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11091180.
  • Unal, K., Erol, M. E.,  Ayhan, H. (2023). Literature Review on the Effectiveness of Medicinal Leech Therapy in The Wound Healing. Ankara Med J, 23 (1), 151-164. https://doi.org/10.5505/amj.2023.20280.
  • Worthen, P. L., Gode, C. J.,  Graf, J. (2006). Culture-independent characterization of the digestive-tract microbiota of the medicinal leech reveals a tripartite symbiosis. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 72 (7), 4775-81. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00356-06.

Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Aeromonas species isolated from medical leeches

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 416 - 420, 30.04.2025

Dilek Öztürk , Sibel Yaman , Azra Demirci Özdemir

https://doi.org/10.24880/meditvetj.1524043

Öz

The aim of this study was to determine the antibiotic susceptibility of Aeromonas species isolated from their environment and leeches are grown for use in medical treatment. The water samples and two leeches which 2-10 g weight from a leech hatchery were brought to XXXXX. The samples were cultured on blood agar base added 7% defibrined sheep blood and MacConkey agar at 18-20 hours and 37C. Besides the samples were incubated on two Sabourrauds’ Dextrose agar supplemented chloramphenicol at 20 C and 37C for 10 -14 days. Two different colonies was detected to be Aeromonas spp. by conventional microbiological methods such as Gram staining, haemolysis, catalase, oxidase, triple tube methods. These colonies were identified to be Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas veronii on species level by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry, too. According to antimicrobial susceptibiliy tests, while Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas veronii isolates were found resistant to amoxycillin, ampicilin, gentamicin, erytromycin, oxacillin and penicillin, these isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone, enrofloxacin, florfenicol and trimethoprim-sulphamethaxazole. Because of isolation and identification of Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas veronii from medical leeches and its environmental, and antimicrobial resistances to several antibiotics, leech therapy may be a potential public health problem for humans.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Key words: Leeches Aeromonas hydrophila A. veronii antimicrobial resistance

Etik Beyan

I hereby declare that Ethics Committee Approval is not required for the publication given below prepared by the study team.

Kaynakça

  • Al, B., Yenen, M. E.,  Aldemir, M. (2011). Rectal bleeding due to leech bite: a case report. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Dergisi, 2011; 17 (1):83-86.
  • Alkan-Çeviker, S., Günal, Ö.,  Kılıç, S. S. (2019). Cellulitis and abscess caused by Aeromonas hydrophila: a case report. Klimik Dergisi. 32 (1): 99-101.
  • Altanlar, N., Yücel, N.,  Akın, A. (2003). Occurenceand antibiotic susceptibility of motile Aeromonas spp. of untreated well water. Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University, 32(3): 151-157. https://doi.org/10.1501/Eczfak_0000000407.
  • Chen, F., Sun, J., Han, Z., Yang, X., Xian, Ja., Lv, A., Hu, X.,  Shi, H. (2019). Isolation, Identification and Characteristics of Aeromonas veronii From Diseased Crucian Carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). Frontiers in Microbiology, 10, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.02742.
  • Çakmak, T., Çaltekin, İ., Gökçen, E., Savrun, A., Yaşar, E. (2018). Kounis syndrome due to hirudotherapy (leech therapy) in emergency department; a case report. Turkish Journal of Emergency Medicine, 18, 85-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjem.2017.12.005.
  • Eroglu, C., Hokelek, M., Guneren, E., Esen, S., Pekbay, A., Uysal, O. A. (2001). Bacterial Flora of Hirudo medicinalis and Their Antibiotic Sensitivities in the Middle Black Sea Region, Turkey. Annals of Plastic Surgery 47(1): 70-73. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000637-200107000-00013.
  • Garça, M. F., Yelken, M. K., Okur, M. H.,  Yuca, S. A. (2010). Leech Infestation of the nasopharynx (A rare cause of epistaxis and hemorrhage). European Journal of General Medicine, 8(2): 141-143.
  • Gönen, İ., Özşahin, M., Turan, H., Uslu, M., Celbek, G., Yıldırım, M.,  Ataoğlu, S. (2013). Acinetobacter Infection Developed After Leech Therapy In A Patıent With Gonarthrosis: A Case Report. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics. 16(2), 237-240.
  • Hathaa, M., Vivekanandhanb, A. A., Joicea, G. J.,  Christol. (2005). Antibiotic resistance pattern of motile aeromonads from farm raised fresh water fish. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 98, 131 – 134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.05.017.
  • Hermansdorfer, J., Lineaweaver, W., Follansbee, S., Valauri, F. A.,  Buncke ,H. J. (1988). Antibiotic sensitivities of Aeromonas hydrophila cultured from medicinal leeches. British Journal of Plastic Surgery, 41: 649-651. https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-1226(88)90176-2.
  • Jaberi, S., Rahnema, M.,  Shapouri, R. (2014). Determine the Microbial Flora of Leeches in North of Iran and Designing Antimicrobial Solution to Sterile the Leeches.Journal of Applied Biological Sciences, 8 (3): 42-45.
  • Kaya, B., Bat, O., Esen Bulut, N., Altun, H.,  Memisoglu, K. (2011). Prolonged venous bleeding due to traditional treatment with leech bite: a case report. Journal of Medical Case Reports, 5, 172. doi: 10.1186/1752-1947-5-172.
  • Koneman, E, W., Allen, S. D., Janda, W. M., Schreckenberger, P. C.,  Winn, J. R. (1992). Color atlas and textbook of diagnostic microbiology. JP Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp.267-272.
  • Korun, J., Ulutaş, A.,  Gökoğlu, M. (2019). Tıbbi sülük (Hirudo verbana)’den izole edilen Aeromonas spp. suşlarının antibiyotik duyarlılıklarının belirlenmesi ve Çoklu Antibiyotik Direnç (ÇAD) indeks sonuçları. Journal of Advances in VetBio Science and Techniques, 4(2): 59-66. https://doi.org/ 10.31797/vetbio.534867.
  • Li, T., Raza, S. H. A., Yang, B., Sun, Y., Wang, G., Sun, W., Qian, A., Wang, C., Kang, Y.,  Shan, X. (2020). Aeromonas veronii Infection in Commercial Freshwater Fish: A Potential Threat to Public Health. Animals (Basel). 10(4): 608. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10040608.
  • Litwinowicz, A.,  Blaszkowska, J. (2014). Preventing infective complications following leech therapy: elimination of symbiotic Aeromonas spp. from the intestine of Hirudo verbana using antibiotic feeding. Surgical Infections, 15(6):757-62. https://doi.org/10.1089/sur.2014.036.
  • Maetz, B., Abbou, R., Baptiste Andreoletti, J.,  Bruant-Rodier, C. (2012). Infections following the application of leeches: two case reports and review of the literature. Journal of Medical Case Reports, 6, 364. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-1947-6-364.
  • Mastersa, M. C., Guptab, A. R, Rhodesc, N. J., Flahertya, J. P., Zembowera, T. R., Alghoulg, M.,  Kruegera, K. M. (2020). Multidrug resistant Aeromonas infection following medical leech therapy: A case report and development of a joint antimicrobial stewardship and infection prevention protocol. Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance, 23: 349–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgar.2020.10.010.
  • Menteş, B. B., Leventoğlu, S., Osmanov, İ., Kösehan, D.,  Erol, T. (2019). Anal abscess due to leech therapy of hemorrhoids: mumbo jumbo is still in vogue. Journal of Surgical Case Reports, 2019 (7): 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1093/jscr/rjz218.
  • Muş, T. E.,  Çetinkaya, F. (2013). Investigation of the Presence of Aeromonas hydrophila in Seafood at Retail Level. Uludağ University Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 32 (1), 7-10.
  • Najjari, M., Solgi, R.,  Tavakoli Kareshk, A. (2022). Cellulitis Caused by Hirudo orientalis Bites That Lead to an Allergic reaction. Case Reports in Infectious Diseases, 1-4. https://doi.org/ 10.1155/2022/5493057.
  • Nelson, M. C.,  Graf, J. (2012). Bacterial symbioses of the medicinal leech Hirudo verbana. Gut Microbes, 3 (4), 322-331. https://doi.org/10.4161/gmic.20227.
  • Nonomura, H., Kato, N., Ohno, Y., Itokazu, M., Matsunaga, T.,  Watanabet, K. (1996). Indigenous bacterial flora of medicinal leeches and their susceptibilities to 15 antimicrobial agents. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 45, 490-493.
  • Ocak, F. (2018). Antibiotic Susceptibility of Motile Aeromonas spp. Isolated from Foods of Animal Origin and Water. Journal of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Erciyes University, 15 (2): 137-141.
  • Odeyemi, O. A.,  Ahmad, A. (2017). Antibiotic resistance profiling and phenotyping of Aeromonas species isolated from aquatic sources. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 24 (1), 65-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.09.016. Onuk, E. E., Tanrıverdi, Ç. Y., Çoban, A. Y., Çiftci, A., Balta, F., Didinen, B. İ.,  Altun, S. (2017). Determination of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of fish and rearing water originated Aeromonas isolates. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 64(1): 69-73. https://doi.org/10.1501/Vetfak_0000002768.
  • Ozturk, D., Adanir, R.,  Turutoglu, H. (2007). Isolation andantibiotic susceptibility of Aeromonas hydrophila in a carp (Cyprinus carpio) hatchery farm. Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy, 51: 361–364.
  • Sari, T.,  Kaya, A. (2020). Leech Therapy in A Case with Arterial Embolism. International Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research, 1(3), 149-150.
  • Savrun, A., Bozkurt, S., Okumus, M., Gökcen, E.,  Türkaslan, M. (2015) Prolonged bleeding on the neck in leech therapy: Case report. Archives of Clinical and Experimental Surgery (ACES), 4, 234-237. https://doi.org/10.5455/aces.20131205020904.
  • Schnabl, S. M., Kunz, C., Unglaub, F., Olykandriotis, E., Horch, R. E.,  Dragu, A. (2010). Acute postoperative infection with Aeromonas hydrophila after using medical leeches for treatment of venous congestion, Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, 130: 1323-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00402-010-1135-y.
  • Silva, A. A., Leite, J. N., Winter, H. C. L., Furtado, T. L. J., Morais, N. M. L., Faria, R. A. P. G., Nascimento, E., Ritter, D. O.,  Lanzarin, M. (2022). Aeromonas sp. in freshwater fish and antimicrobial resistance: emerging pathogen. Ciencia Rural, Santa Maria, 53(7): 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20220088.
  • Sproll, C., Lommen, J., Balasiu, A., Schorn, L., Kübler, N. R., Henrich, B., Kram, R.,  Petersdorf, S. (2022). Lethal Aeromonas veronii Sepsis in the Course of Medicinal Leech Therapy. Antibiotics,11,1180. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11091180.
  • Unal, K., Erol, M. E.,  Ayhan, H. (2023). Literature Review on the Effectiveness of Medicinal Leech Therapy in The Wound Healing. Ankara Med J, 23 (1), 151-164. https://doi.org/10.5505/amj.2023.20280.
  • Worthen, P. L., Gode, C. J.,  Graf, J. (2006). Culture-independent characterization of the digestive-tract microbiota of the medicinal leech reveals a tripartite symbiosis. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 72 (7), 4775-81. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00356-06.
Toplam 33 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Veteriner Mikrobiyolojisi
Bölüm Research Articles
Yazarlar

Dilek Öztürk 0000-0002-9643-8570

Sibel Yaman 0000-0002-9998-3806

Azra Demirci Özdemir 0009-0005-4058-0884

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 29 Temmuz 2024
Kabul Tarihi 6 Mart 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Öztürk, D., Yaman, S., & Demirci Özdemir, A. (2025). Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Aeromonas species isolated from medical leeches. Mediterranean Veterinary Journal, 10(1), 416-420. https://doi.org/10.24880/meditvetj.1524043
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