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Evaluation of egg consumption and nutritional knowledge levels among pregnant women in Konya city centre

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 421 - 431, 30.04.2025

Sümeyra Kula , Nihat Telli

Öz

This study evaluated the sociodemographic characteristics, health information, frequency of food group consumption, egg consumption and nutritional knowledge levels among pregnant women. The study sample included 449 pregnant women living in Meram, Selçuklu and Karatay, the central districts of Konya province. The mean age of the participants was 28.88 ± 5.99 years. When educational status was evaluated, it was found that 31.6% of the participants had a primary education, 55.2% were employed and the average age at marriage was 23.55 ± 3.01 years. In terms of body mass index during pregnancy, 21.2% were classified as obese, and the most commonly reported condition was diabetes. Higher educational level of pregnant women was associated with higher egg consumption. Moreover, the average scores for egg consumption among individuals with normal body mass index were higher than those who were overweight and obese. Thus, we determined that egg consumption among pregnant women significantly varied according to their nutritional knowledge levels (p < 0.05) and that higher nutritional knowledge levels was associated with increased egg consumption. Majority of the pregnant women had a moderate level of nutritional knowledge; however, a significant portion of the participants had inadequate to moderate levels of knowledge regarding egg consumption and their egg consumption scores were also low. Based on the main findings of the study, we conclude that increasing the nutritional knowledge levels of pregnant women and ensuring that an adequate amount of eggs are included in their dietary plans during pregnancy is important for maternal health.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Egg consumption Nutritional knowledge level Nutrition during pregnancy Food groups Body mass index

Kaynakça

  • Aktac, S., Sabuncular, G., Kargin, D., & Gunes, F. E. (2018). Evaluation of nutrition knowledge of pregnant women before and after nutrition education according to sociodemographic characteristics. Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 57 (6), 441-455. https://doi.org/10.1080/03670244.2018.1544561
  • Askari, F., Mirzaiinajmabadi, K., Rezvani, M. S., & Asgharinekah, S. M. (2020). Sexual health education issues (challenges) for adolescent boys in Iran: A qualitative study. Journal of education and health promotion, 9 (33), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_462_19
  • Bieńkowski, C., Aniszewska, M., Kowalczyk, M., Popielska, J., Zawadka, K., Ołdakowska, A., & Pokorska-Śpiewak, M. (2022). Analysis of preventable risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women: case-control study. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11 (4), 1105, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11041105
  • Blondin, J. H., & LoGiudice, J. A. (2018). Pregnant women’s knowledge and awareness of nutrition. Applied Nursing Research, 39, 167-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2017.11.020
  • Bryant, M. K., Roy, S., Purcell, L. N., Porras, K. L., Spencer, A., & Udekwu, P. (2019). Trauma in pregnancy: the relationship of trauma activation level and obstetric outcomes. The American Surgeon, 85 (7), 772-777. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003134819085007
  • Candel, R. V., Soriano-Vidal, F. J., Cucarella, E. H., Castro-Sánchez, E., & Martin-Moreno, J. M. (2015). Tobacco use in the third trimester of pregnancy and its relationship to birth weight. A prospective study in Spain. Women and Birth, 28 (4), 134-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2015.06.003
  • Cavalcante, M. B., Sarno, M., Peixoto, A. B., Araujo Junior, E., & Barini, R. (2019). Obesity and recurrent miscarriage: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research, 45 (1), 30-38. https://doi.org/10.1111/jog.13799
  • Christian, P., Srihari, S.B., & Thorne-Lyman, A. L. (2006). Eating down in pregnancy: exploring food-related beliefs and practices in rural Nepal. Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 45 (4), 253-278. https://doi.org/10.1080/03670240600846336
  • Coronel-Reyes, J., Ramirez-Morales, I., Fernandez-Blanco, E., Rivero, D., & Pazos, A. (2018). Determination of egg storage time at room temperature using a low-cost NIR spectrometer and machine learning techniques. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 145, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2017.12.030
  • Derebasi, S. (2019). Determination of consciousness of egg consumption and consumer behaviours in Ordu province. Ordu University Science Institute, Master Thesis, Ordu, Turkey.
  • Dibek, G. (2007). Investigation of pregnant women’s knowledge about pregnant and child nutrition and nutrition behaviors. Ankara University Graduate School of National and Applied Sciences, Master Thesis, Ankara, Turkey.
  • Dogruer, Y., Telli, N., Telli, A. E., Kahraman, H. A., & Guner, A. (2015). Comparison of pasteurized liquid egg with shell eggs in terms of some quality characteristics. Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 31 (3), 177-183. https://doi.org/10.15312/EurasianJVetSci.2015310976
  • du Fossé, N. A., Van der Hoorn, M. L. P., van Lith, J. M., le Cessie, S., & Lashley, E. E. (2020). Advanced paternal age is associated with an increased risk of spontaneous miscarriage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Human Reproduction Update, 26 (5), 650-669. https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmaa010
  • Frederiksen, L. E., Ernst, A., Brix, N., Lauridsen, L. L. B., Roos, L., Ramlau-Hansen, C. H., & Ekelund, C. K. (2018). Risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes at advanced maternal age. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 131 (3), 457-463. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000002504
  • Goksin Cihan, F., Durmaz Gokgoz, F., & Karsavuran, N. (2012). The level of knowledge of pregnant women in Konya on healthy pregnancy and nutrition. Journal of Continuing Medical Education, 21 (5), 271-276. Gray, J. (2019). Egg consumption in pregnancy and infancy: Advice has changed. Journal of Health Visiting, 7 (2), 68-77. https://doi.org/10.12968/johv.2019.7.2.68
  • Gumus, I. I., Karakurt, F., Kargili, A., Turhan, N. O., & Uyar, M. E. (2010). Association between prepregnancy body mass index, gestational weight gain, and perinatal outcomes. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 40 (3), 365-370. https://doi.org/10.3906/sag-0808-35 Haider, B. A., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2017). Multiple-micronutrient supplementation for women during pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 13 (4), 4. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004905.pub5
  • Hillier, S. E., & Olander, E. K. (2017). Women’s dietary changes before and during pregnancy: A systematic review. Midwifery, 49, 19-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2017.01.014
  • Hong, J. J., Martey, E. B., & Dumas, S. E. (2016). Physical, economic and social limitations to egg consumption in the Luangwa Valley, Zambia. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 30 (1), 670-672. https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.30.1_supplement.670.2
  • Iannotti, L. L., Lutter, C. K., Stewart, C. P., Riofrio, C. A. G., Malo, C., Reinhart, G., Palacios, A., Karp, C., Chapnick, M., Cox, K., & Waters, W.F. (2017). Eggs in early complementary feeding and child growth: A randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics, 140 (1), 20163459. https://doi.org/ 10.1542/peds.2016-3459
  • Jardi, C., Aparicio, E., Bedmar, C., Aranda, N., Abajo, S., March, G., Arija, V., & ECLIPSES Study Group. (2019). Food consumption during pregnancy and post-partum. Nutrients, 11 (10), 2447. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102447
  • Kosa, K. M., Cates, S. C., Bradley, S., Godwin, S., & Chambers, D. (2015). Consumer shell egg consumption and handling practices: results from a national survey. Journal of Food Protection, 78 (7), 1312-1319. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-14-574
  • Ku, C. W., Allen Jr, J. C., Malhotra, R., Chong, H. C., Tan, N. S., Ostbye, T., & Tan, T. C. (2015). How can we better predict the risk of spontaneous miscarriage among women experiencing threatened miscarriage? Gynecological Endocrinology, 31(8), 647-651. https://doi.org/10.3109/09513590.2015.1031103
  • Lanting, C. I., van Dommelen, P., van der Pal-de, K. M., Gravenhorst, J. B., & van Wouwe, J. P. (2015). Prevalence and pattern of alcohol consumption during pregnancy in the Netherlands. BMC Public Health, 15 (1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2070-1
  • Lean, S. C., Derricott, H., Jones, R. L., & Heazell, A. E. (2017). Advanced maternal age and adverse pregnancy outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS One, 12 (10), 0186287. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186287
  • Lutter, C. K., Iannotti, L. L., & Stewart, C. P. (2021). Cracking the egg potential during pregnancy and lactation. Sight and Life, 35 (1), 75-81. https://doi.org/10.52439/IQGT9889
  • Mardby, A. C., Lupattelli, A., Hensing, G., & Nordeng, H. (2017). Consumption of alcohol during pregnancy-A multinational European study. Women and Birth, 30 (4), 207-213. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.wombi.2017.01.003
  • Mendez, M. A., & Kogevinas, M. (2011). A comparative analysis of dietary intakes during pregnancy in europe: a planned pooled analysis of birth cohort studies. American Journal Clinical Nutrition, 94 (6), 1993-1999. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.001164
  • Miguez, M. C., Pereira, B., & Figueiredo, B. (2017). Tobacco consumption and spontaneous quitting at the first trimester of pregnancy. Addictive Behaviors, 64, 111-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.08.034
  • Mizrak, C., Durmus, I., Kamanli, S., Demirtas, SE., Kalebasi, S., Karademir, E., & Dogu, M. (2012). Determination of egg consumption and consumer habits in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 36 (6), 592-601. https://doi.org/10.3906/vet-1102-778
  • Nogay, N. H. (2011). Evaluation of Nutritional Status of Pregnant Women. Electronic Journal of Vocational Colleges, 1 (1), 51-57.
  • Ozkoc, I. (2013). Evaluation of the Nutritional Status of Pregnant Women Between Trimesters. Haliç University Institute of Health Sciences, Master Thesis, Istanbul, Turkey.
  • Rosenson, R.S., & Wen-Liang, Song. (2019). Egg yolk, source of bad cholesterol and good lipids? The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 110 (3), 548-549. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqz105
  • Sarı, O., Babayıgıt, M. A., Turker, T., Kocak, N., Aydogan, U., Akpak, Y. K., & Kılıc, S. (2015). The knowledge about “nutrition during pregnancy”, the eating habits and the affecting factors in the pregnant women. Journal of Clinical and Analytical Medicine, 6 (4), 467-472. https://doi.org/10.4328/JCAM.3580
  • Schnefke, C. H., Lutter, C. K., Thuita, F., Webale, A., Flax, V. L., & Bentley, M. E. (2019). Is it possible to promote egg consumption during pregnancy? Findings from a study on knowledge, perceptions, and practices in Kenya. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 40 (2), 151-170. https://doi.org/10.1177/0379572119839516
  • Sen, S., & Kavlak, O. (2011). Child Brides: Approach to Early Marriage and Adolescent Pregnancies. Journal of Social Policy Studies, 7 (25), 35-44.
  • Shin, J. Y., Xun, P., Nakamura, Y., & He, K. (2013). Egg consumption in relation to risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 98, 146-159. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.112.051318
  • Soma-Pillay, P., Catherine, N. P., Tolppanen, H., Mebazaa, A., & Tolppanen, H. (2016). Physiological changes in pregnancy. Cardiovascular Journal of Africa, 27 (2), 89-94. https://doi.org/ 10.5830/CVJA-2016-021
  • Wallace, T. C., & Fulgoni, V. L. (2017). Usual choline intakes are associated with egg and protein food consumption in the United States. Nutrients, 9 (8), 839. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9080839

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 421 - 431, 30.04.2025

Sümeyra Kula , Nihat Telli

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Aktac, S., Sabuncular, G., Kargin, D., & Gunes, F. E. (2018). Evaluation of nutrition knowledge of pregnant women before and after nutrition education according to sociodemographic characteristics. Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 57 (6), 441-455. https://doi.org/10.1080/03670244.2018.1544561
  • Askari, F., Mirzaiinajmabadi, K., Rezvani, M. S., & Asgharinekah, S. M. (2020). Sexual health education issues (challenges) for adolescent boys in Iran: A qualitative study. Journal of education and health promotion, 9 (33), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_462_19
  • Bieńkowski, C., Aniszewska, M., Kowalczyk, M., Popielska, J., Zawadka, K., Ołdakowska, A., & Pokorska-Śpiewak, M. (2022). Analysis of preventable risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women: case-control study. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11 (4), 1105, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11041105
  • Blondin, J. H., & LoGiudice, J. A. (2018). Pregnant women’s knowledge and awareness of nutrition. Applied Nursing Research, 39, 167-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2017.11.020
  • Bryant, M. K., Roy, S., Purcell, L. N., Porras, K. L., Spencer, A., & Udekwu, P. (2019). Trauma in pregnancy: the relationship of trauma activation level and obstetric outcomes. The American Surgeon, 85 (7), 772-777. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003134819085007
  • Candel, R. V., Soriano-Vidal, F. J., Cucarella, E. H., Castro-Sánchez, E., & Martin-Moreno, J. M. (2015). Tobacco use in the third trimester of pregnancy and its relationship to birth weight. A prospective study in Spain. Women and Birth, 28 (4), 134-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2015.06.003
  • Cavalcante, M. B., Sarno, M., Peixoto, A. B., Araujo Junior, E., & Barini, R. (2019). Obesity and recurrent miscarriage: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research, 45 (1), 30-38. https://doi.org/10.1111/jog.13799
  • Christian, P., Srihari, S.B., & Thorne-Lyman, A. L. (2006). Eating down in pregnancy: exploring food-related beliefs and practices in rural Nepal. Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 45 (4), 253-278. https://doi.org/10.1080/03670240600846336
  • Coronel-Reyes, J., Ramirez-Morales, I., Fernandez-Blanco, E., Rivero, D., & Pazos, A. (2018). Determination of egg storage time at room temperature using a low-cost NIR spectrometer and machine learning techniques. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 145, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2017.12.030
  • Derebasi, S. (2019). Determination of consciousness of egg consumption and consumer behaviours in Ordu province. Ordu University Science Institute, Master Thesis, Ordu, Turkey.
  • Dibek, G. (2007). Investigation of pregnant women’s knowledge about pregnant and child nutrition and nutrition behaviors. Ankara University Graduate School of National and Applied Sciences, Master Thesis, Ankara, Turkey.
  • Dogruer, Y., Telli, N., Telli, A. E., Kahraman, H. A., & Guner, A. (2015). Comparison of pasteurized liquid egg with shell eggs in terms of some quality characteristics. Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 31 (3), 177-183. https://doi.org/10.15312/EurasianJVetSci.2015310976
  • du Fossé, N. A., Van der Hoorn, M. L. P., van Lith, J. M., le Cessie, S., & Lashley, E. E. (2020). Advanced paternal age is associated with an increased risk of spontaneous miscarriage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Human Reproduction Update, 26 (5), 650-669. https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmaa010
  • Frederiksen, L. E., Ernst, A., Brix, N., Lauridsen, L. L. B., Roos, L., Ramlau-Hansen, C. H., & Ekelund, C. K. (2018). Risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes at advanced maternal age. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 131 (3), 457-463. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000002504
  • Goksin Cihan, F., Durmaz Gokgoz, F., & Karsavuran, N. (2012). The level of knowledge of pregnant women in Konya on healthy pregnancy and nutrition. Journal of Continuing Medical Education, 21 (5), 271-276. Gray, J. (2019). Egg consumption in pregnancy and infancy: Advice has changed. Journal of Health Visiting, 7 (2), 68-77. https://doi.org/10.12968/johv.2019.7.2.68
  • Gumus, I. I., Karakurt, F., Kargili, A., Turhan, N. O., & Uyar, M. E. (2010). Association between prepregnancy body mass index, gestational weight gain, and perinatal outcomes. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 40 (3), 365-370. https://doi.org/10.3906/sag-0808-35 Haider, B. A., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2017). Multiple-micronutrient supplementation for women during pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 13 (4), 4. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004905.pub5
  • Hillier, S. E., & Olander, E. K. (2017). Women’s dietary changes before and during pregnancy: A systematic review. Midwifery, 49, 19-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2017.01.014
  • Hong, J. J., Martey, E. B., & Dumas, S. E. (2016). Physical, economic and social limitations to egg consumption in the Luangwa Valley, Zambia. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 30 (1), 670-672. https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.30.1_supplement.670.2
  • Iannotti, L. L., Lutter, C. K., Stewart, C. P., Riofrio, C. A. G., Malo, C., Reinhart, G., Palacios, A., Karp, C., Chapnick, M., Cox, K., & Waters, W.F. (2017). Eggs in early complementary feeding and child growth: A randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics, 140 (1), 20163459. https://doi.org/ 10.1542/peds.2016-3459
  • Jardi, C., Aparicio, E., Bedmar, C., Aranda, N., Abajo, S., March, G., Arija, V., & ECLIPSES Study Group. (2019). Food consumption during pregnancy and post-partum. Nutrients, 11 (10), 2447. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102447
  • Kosa, K. M., Cates, S. C., Bradley, S., Godwin, S., & Chambers, D. (2015). Consumer shell egg consumption and handling practices: results from a national survey. Journal of Food Protection, 78 (7), 1312-1319. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-14-574
  • Ku, C. W., Allen Jr, J. C., Malhotra, R., Chong, H. C., Tan, N. S., Ostbye, T., & Tan, T. C. (2015). How can we better predict the risk of spontaneous miscarriage among women experiencing threatened miscarriage? Gynecological Endocrinology, 31(8), 647-651. https://doi.org/10.3109/09513590.2015.1031103
  • Lanting, C. I., van Dommelen, P., van der Pal-de, K. M., Gravenhorst, J. B., & van Wouwe, J. P. (2015). Prevalence and pattern of alcohol consumption during pregnancy in the Netherlands. BMC Public Health, 15 (1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2070-1
  • Lean, S. C., Derricott, H., Jones, R. L., & Heazell, A. E. (2017). Advanced maternal age and adverse pregnancy outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS One, 12 (10), 0186287. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186287
  • Lutter, C. K., Iannotti, L. L., & Stewart, C. P. (2021). Cracking the egg potential during pregnancy and lactation. Sight and Life, 35 (1), 75-81. https://doi.org/10.52439/IQGT9889
  • Mardby, A. C., Lupattelli, A., Hensing, G., & Nordeng, H. (2017). Consumption of alcohol during pregnancy-A multinational European study. Women and Birth, 30 (4), 207-213. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.wombi.2017.01.003
  • Mendez, M. A., & Kogevinas, M. (2011). A comparative analysis of dietary intakes during pregnancy in europe: a planned pooled analysis of birth cohort studies. American Journal Clinical Nutrition, 94 (6), 1993-1999. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.001164
  • Miguez, M. C., Pereira, B., & Figueiredo, B. (2017). Tobacco consumption and spontaneous quitting at the first trimester of pregnancy. Addictive Behaviors, 64, 111-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.08.034
  • Mizrak, C., Durmus, I., Kamanli, S., Demirtas, SE., Kalebasi, S., Karademir, E., & Dogu, M. (2012). Determination of egg consumption and consumer habits in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 36 (6), 592-601. https://doi.org/10.3906/vet-1102-778
  • Nogay, N. H. (2011). Evaluation of Nutritional Status of Pregnant Women. Electronic Journal of Vocational Colleges, 1 (1), 51-57.
  • Ozkoc, I. (2013). Evaluation of the Nutritional Status of Pregnant Women Between Trimesters. Haliç University Institute of Health Sciences, Master Thesis, Istanbul, Turkey.
  • Rosenson, R.S., & Wen-Liang, Song. (2019). Egg yolk, source of bad cholesterol and good lipids? The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 110 (3), 548-549. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqz105
  • Sarı, O., Babayıgıt, M. A., Turker, T., Kocak, N., Aydogan, U., Akpak, Y. K., & Kılıc, S. (2015). The knowledge about “nutrition during pregnancy”, the eating habits and the affecting factors in the pregnant women. Journal of Clinical and Analytical Medicine, 6 (4), 467-472. https://doi.org/10.4328/JCAM.3580
  • Schnefke, C. H., Lutter, C. K., Thuita, F., Webale, A., Flax, V. L., & Bentley, M. E. (2019). Is it possible to promote egg consumption during pregnancy? Findings from a study on knowledge, perceptions, and practices in Kenya. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 40 (2), 151-170. https://doi.org/10.1177/0379572119839516
  • Sen, S., & Kavlak, O. (2011). Child Brides: Approach to Early Marriage and Adolescent Pregnancies. Journal of Social Policy Studies, 7 (25), 35-44.
  • Shin, J. Y., Xun, P., Nakamura, Y., & He, K. (2013). Egg consumption in relation to risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 98, 146-159. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.112.051318
  • Soma-Pillay, P., Catherine, N. P., Tolppanen, H., Mebazaa, A., & Tolppanen, H. (2016). Physiological changes in pregnancy. Cardiovascular Journal of Africa, 27 (2), 89-94. https://doi.org/ 10.5830/CVJA-2016-021
  • Wallace, T. C., & Fulgoni, V. L. (2017). Usual choline intakes are associated with egg and protein food consumption in the United States. Nutrients, 9 (8), 839. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9080839
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Veteriner Gıda Hijyeni ve Teknolojisi
Bölüm Research Articles
Yazarlar

Sümeyra Kula 0000-0002-9611-7638

Nihat Telli

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 9 Eylül 2024
Kabul Tarihi 19 Aralık 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Kula, S., & Telli, N. (2025). Evaluation of egg consumption and nutritional knowledge levels among pregnant women in Konya city centre. Mediterranean Veterinary Journal, 10(1), 421-431.
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