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Yıl 2025, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 116 - 126, 29.06.2025

Ali Asım Işik , Zehra Kılınç

https://doi.org/10.51477/mejs.1703423

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Rad, S. M., Ray, A. K., & Barghi, S., “Water pollution and agriculture pesticide”, Clean Technologies, 4(4), 1088-1102, 2022.
  • Mostafalou, S., & Abdollahi, M.S., “Pesticides: an update of human exposure and toxicity”, Arch. Toxicol., 91(2), 549-599, 2017. Doi: 10.1007/s00204-016-1849-x
  • World Health Organization, “Pesticide residues in food and drinking water: Human health risks. Geneva: WHO Press”, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240035269
  • Issa, S. T., Takshe, A. A., Alwan, N. H., & ElBarazi, I., “Pesticides exposure and public health”, Front. Public Health, 11, 1211115, 2023.
  • Mostafalou, S., & Abdollahi, M., “Pesticides and human chronic diseases: Evidences, mechanisms, and perspectives”, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 268(2), 157–177, 2013. Doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.01.025
  • Sharma, A., Kumar, V., Shahzad, B., Tanveer, M., Sidhu, G. P. S., Handa, N., ... & Thukral, A. K., “Worldwide pesticide usage and its impacts on ecosystem”, SN Appl. Sci., 1, 1-16, 2019.
  • United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), “Pesticide registration manual: Chapter 1–Overview of requirements for pesticide registration”, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-registration/pesticide-registration-manual-chapter-1-overview-requirements-pesticide
  • Tudi, M., Li, H., Li, H., Wang, L., Lyu, J., Yang, L., ... & Connell, D., “Exposure routes and health risks associated with pesticide application”, Toxics, 10(6), 335, 2022.
  • Boedeker, W., Watts, M., Clausing, P., & Marquez, E., “The global distribution of acute unintentional pesticide poisoning: Estimations and trends”, BMC Public Health, 20, 1875, 2020. Doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-09939-0
  • Aytaç, N., Yüzügüllü, D. A., Demirhindi, H., & Gönültaş, T., “Pestisit Kullanımının Halk Sağlığı Etkileri”, Arşiv Kaynak Tarama Dergisi, 26(4), 540-551, 2017
  • European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), “The 2021 European Union report on pesticide residues in food”, EFSA J., 21(6), e08753, 2023. Doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7939
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), “FAOSTAT statistical database: Pesticide use”, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/RP
  • Kaur, R., Choudhary, D., Bali, S., Bandral, S. S., Singh, V., Ahmad, M. A., ... & Chandrasekaran, B., “Pesticides: An alarming detrimental to health and environment”, Sci. Total Environ., 915, 170113, 2024.
  • Aytaç, N., Hilal, A., Yapıcıoğlu, A. B., Dağlıoğlu, N., Gülmen, M. K., & Tanır, F., “Anne Sütünde Organoklorlu Pestisid (OKP) Düzeyi”, Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences, 30(1), 107-114, 2010
  • Grandjean, P., & Landrigan, P. J., “Neurobehavioural effects of developmental toxicity”, Lancet Neurol., 13(3), 330–338, 2014. Doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70278-3
  • Kim, K. H., Kabir, E., & Jahan, S. A., “Exposure to pesticides and the associated human health effects”, Sci. Total Environ., 575, 525–535, 2017. Doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.009
  • de-Assis, M. P., Barcella, R. C., Padilha, J. C., Pohl, H. H. ve Krug, S. B. F., “Health problems in agricultural workers occupationally exposed to pesticides”, Rev. Bras. Med. Trab., 18(3), 352, 2021.
  • Corsini, E., Sokooti, M., Galli, C. L., Moretto, A., & Colosio, C., “Pesticide induced immunotoxicity in humans: A comprehensive review”, Toxicology, 307, 123–135, 2013. Doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.10.009
  • Del Prado-Lu, J. L., “Pesticide exposure, risk factors and health problems among cutflower farmers: a cross sectional study”, J. Occup. Med. Toxicol., 2, 1-8, 2007.
  • Atabila, A., Sadler, R., Phung, D. T., Hogarh, J. N., Carswell, S., Turner, S., ... & Chu, C., “Biomonitoring of chlorpyrifos exposure and health risk assessment among applicators on rice farms in Ghana”, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 25, 20854-20867, 2018.
  • European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), “The 2020 European Union report on pesticide residues in food”, EFSA J., 20(6), e07215, 2022. Doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7215
  • Bondareva, L., & Fedorova, N., “Pesticides: Behavior in agricultural soil and plants”, Molecules, 26(17), 5370, 2021.
  • Syafrudin, M., Kristanti, R. A., Yuniarto, A., Hadibarata, T., Rhee, J., Al-Onazi, W. A., ... & Al-Mohaimeed, A. M., "Pesticides in drinking water—a review", Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18(2), 468, 2021.
  • Shelton, J. F., Geraghty, E. M., Tancredi, D. J., Delwiche, L. D., Schmidt, R. J., Ritz, B., & Hertz-Picciotto, I, "Neurodevelopmental disorders and prenatal residential proximity to agricultural pesticides: The CHARGE study", Environ. Health Perspect., 122(10), 1103–1109, 2014.
  • Alavanja, M. C. R., Ross, M. K., & Bonner, M. R., "Increased cancer burden among pesticide applicators and others due to pesticide exposure", CA Cancer J. Clin., 63(2), 120–142, 2013.
  • Eddleston, M., "Poisoning by pesticides," Medicine, 48(3), 214-217, 2020.
  • Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Health, Türkiye Poisoning Notification System: 2018–2022 Evaluation Report, Directorate General of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, 2022.
  • Zhang, L., Rana, I., Shaffer, R. M., Taioli, E., & Sheppard, L., "Exposure to pesticides and the risk of Parkinson’s disease: An updated meta-analysis", Int. J. Epidemiol., 48(3), 1025–1039, 2019.
  • Mesnage, R., & Antoniou, M. N., "Facts and fallacies in the debate on glyphosate toxicity", Front. Public Health, 5, 316, 2017.
  • Xie, P. P., Zong, Z. Q., Qiao, J. C., Li, Z. Y., & Hu, C. Y., "Exposure to pesticides and risk of colorectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis", Environ. Pollut., 345, 123530, 2024.
  • Sánchez-Santed, F., Colomina, M. T., & Hernández, E. H., "Organophosphate pesticide exposure and neurodegeneration", Cortex, 74, 417–426, 2016.
  • Amaral, L., Martins, M., Côrte-Real, M., Outeiro, T. F., Chaves, S. R., & Rego, A., "The neurotoxicity of pesticides: Implications for Parkinson's disease", Chemosphere, 377, 144348, 2025.
  • Mnif, W., Hassine, A. I. H., Bouaziz, A., Bartegi, A., Thomas, O., & Roig, B., "Effect of endocrine disruptor pesticides: A review", Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 8(6), 2265–2303, 2011.
  • Thongprakaisang, S., Thiantanawat, A., Rangkadilok, N., Suriyo, T., & Satayavivad, J., "Glyphosate induces human breast cancer cells growth via estrogen receptors", Food Chem. Toxicol., 59, 129–136, 2013.
  • Miranda, R. A., Silva, B. S., de Moura, E. G., & Lisboa, P. C., "Pesticides as endocrine disruptors: programming for obesity and diabetes", Endocrine, 79(3), 437–447, 2023.
  • Jain, D., Verma, R. K., Sharma, V., Kaur, A., Rai, A. R., Kumari, P., ... & Parihar, K., "Associations between high levels pesticide and adverse reproductive outcomes in females: A comprehensive review", Mater. Today Proc., 95, 50–60, 2023.
  • Fucic, A., Duca, R. C., Galea, K. S., Maric, T., Garcia, K., Bloom, M. S., ... & Vena, J. E., "Reproductive health risks associated with occupational and environmental exposure to pesticides", Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18(12), 6576, 2021.
  • Lee, G. H., & Choi, K. C., "Adverse effects of pesticides on the functions of immune system", Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Toxicol. Pharmacol., 235, 108789, 2020.
  • OECD/FAO, “OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2023–2032”, OECD Publishing, Paris, 2023. Doi: 10.1787/08801ab7-en
  • Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Pesticide Use and Residue Control in Türkiye: 2023 Evaluation Report, General Directorate of Food and Control, 2023.
  • Özercan, B., & Taşcı, R., “Türkiye’de pestisit kullanımının iller, bölgeler ve pestisit grupları açısından incelenmesi”, Ziraat Mühendisliği, (375), 75-88, 2022.
  • Yılmaz, H., Düzenli, A., & Dağ, M. M., “Dünya, Avrupa Birliği Ülkeleri ve Türkiye’de Pestisit Kullanımı ve Yasal Düzenlemeler”, Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 11(3), 315-330, 2024.
  • Tian, F., Zhou, Z., Lu, J., Qiao, C., Wang, C., Pang, T., Guo, L., Li, J., & Xie, H., “Development and validation of a combined QuEChERS and HPLC-MS/MS method for trace analysis of ten diamide insecticides in agricultural products. Analytical Methods”, 17(3), 456–465, 2025 https://doi.org/10.1039/D4AY02117G
  • Scorza, F. A., Beltramim, L., & Bombardi, L. M., "Pesticide exposure and human health: Toxic legacy", Clinics, 78, 100249, 2023.
  • Tsakiris, P., Damalas, C. A., & Koutroubas, S. D., "Risk perception and use of personal protective equipment (PPE) in pesticide use: does risk shape farmers’ safety behavior?", Int. J. Environ. Health Res., vol. 35(2), 453–463, 2025.
  • Lari, S., Yamagani, P., Pandiyan, A., Vanka, J., Naidu, M., Senthil Kumar, B., ... & Jonnalagadda, P. R., "The impact of the use of personal-protective-equipment on the minimization of effects of exposure to pesticides among farm-workers in India", Front. Public Health, 11, 1075448, 2023.
  • Nicolopoulou-Stamati, P., Maipas, S., Kotampasi, C., Stamatis, P., & Hens, L., "Chemical pesticides and human health: the urgent need for a new concept in agriculture", Front. Public Health, 4, 148, 2016.
  • Calliera, M., & L’Astorina, A., "The role of research, communication, and education for a sustainable use of pesticides", Advances in Chemical Pollution, Environmental Management and Protection, 2, 109-132 Elsevier, 2018. Doi: 10.1016/bs.apmp.2018.03.002
  • Ahmadipour, H., & Nakhei, Z., "The effect of education on safe use of pesticides based on the health belief model", BMC Res. Notes, 17(1), 134, 2024.
  • Gamage, A., Gangahagedara, R., Gamage, J., Jayasinghe, N., Kodikara, N., Suraweera, P., & Merah, O., "Role of organic farming for achieving sustainability in agriculture", Farming Syst., 1(1), 100005, 2023.
  • Jouzani, G. S., Valijanian, E., & Sharafi, R., “Bacillus thuringiensis: a successful insecticide with new environmental features and tidings”, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 101, 2691–2711, 2017.
  • Wang, Z., Qiao, X., Wang, Y., Yu, H., & Mu, C., “IoT-based system of prevention and control for crop diseases and insect pests”, Front. Plant Sci., 15, 1323074, 2024.
  • Arakawa, T., & Kamio, S., “Control efficacy of UAV-based ultra-low-volume application of pesticide in chestnut orchards”, Plants, 12(14), 2597, 2023.
  • Jintana, S., Sming, K., Krongtong, Y., & Thanyachai, S., “Cholinesterase activity, pesticide exposure and health impact in a population exposed to organophosphates”, Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 82, 833–842, 2009.
  • Aprea, C., Colosio, C., Mammone, T., Minoia, C., & Maroni, M., “Biological monitoring of pesticide exposure: a review of analytical methods”, J. Chromatogr. B, 769(2), 191–219, 2002.
  • London, L., & Bailie, R., “Challenges for improving surveillance for pesticide poisoning: policy implications for developing countries”, Int. J. Epidemiol., 30(3), 564–570, 2001.
  • Snipes, S. A., Thompson, B., O'Connor, K., Shell-Duncan, B., King, D., Herrera, A. P., & Navarro, B., “Pesticides protect the fruit, but not the people: using community-based ethnography to understand farmworker pesticide-exposure risks”, Am. J. Public Health, 99(S3), S616–S621, 2009.
  • Bradman, A. S. A., Salvatore, A. L., Boeniger, M., Castorina, R., Snyder, J., Barr, D. B., ... & Eskenazi, B., “Community-based intervention to reduce pesticide exposure to farmworkers and potential take-home exposure to their families”, J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol., 19(1), 79–89, 2009.
  • Eddleston, M., Buckley, N. A., Eyer, P., & Dawson, A. H., “Management of acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning”, Lancet, 371(9612), 597–607, 2008.
  • Akyıldız, H. Ç., & Okyay, P., "The Development and Scope of the Concept of Prevention in Health", Journal of Continuing Medical Education (Sürekli Tıp Eğitimi Dergisi), 33(2), 146–156, 2024.

PESTICIDES FROM PUBLIC HEALTH PERSPECTIVE: THREATS, RISKS AND PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 116 - 126, 29.06.2025

Ali Asım Işik , Zehra Kılınç

https://doi.org/10.51477/mejs.1703423

Öz

Pesticides are chemical substances widely used in modern agriculture to enhance crop productivity and combat pests. However, the uncontrolled and widespread use of pesticides poses significant threats to both the environment and human health. This study examines the public health impacts of pesticides, focusing on exposure pathways, health effects, and prevention strategies. The study highlights that exposure to pesticides primarily occurs through inhalation, dermal contact, and the consumption of contaminated food and drinking water, emphasizing that vulnerable groups such as children, pregnant women, and agricultural workers are particularly at risk of experiencing severe health issues. In addition to acute poisonings, long-term low-dose exposure has been scientifically linked to chronic diseases, including cancer, neurological disorders, and endocrine disruptions. The study also elaborates on primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention strategies within the framework of public health and offers recommendations regarding alternative agricultural practices and regulatory measures. In this context, effective monitoring, education, the promotion of alternative methods, and the enhancement of public awareness are necessary to reduce the harmful effects of pesticides.

Anahtar Kelimeler

pesticide public health food safety organic farm acute poisoning chronic poisoning

Kaynakça

  • Rad, S. M., Ray, A. K., & Barghi, S., “Water pollution and agriculture pesticide”, Clean Technologies, 4(4), 1088-1102, 2022.
  • Mostafalou, S., & Abdollahi, M.S., “Pesticides: an update of human exposure and toxicity”, Arch. Toxicol., 91(2), 549-599, 2017. Doi: 10.1007/s00204-016-1849-x
  • World Health Organization, “Pesticide residues in food and drinking water: Human health risks. Geneva: WHO Press”, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240035269
  • Issa, S. T., Takshe, A. A., Alwan, N. H., & ElBarazi, I., “Pesticides exposure and public health”, Front. Public Health, 11, 1211115, 2023.
  • Mostafalou, S., & Abdollahi, M., “Pesticides and human chronic diseases: Evidences, mechanisms, and perspectives”, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 268(2), 157–177, 2013. Doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.01.025
  • Sharma, A., Kumar, V., Shahzad, B., Tanveer, M., Sidhu, G. P. S., Handa, N., ... & Thukral, A. K., “Worldwide pesticide usage and its impacts on ecosystem”, SN Appl. Sci., 1, 1-16, 2019.
  • United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), “Pesticide registration manual: Chapter 1–Overview of requirements for pesticide registration”, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-registration/pesticide-registration-manual-chapter-1-overview-requirements-pesticide
  • Tudi, M., Li, H., Li, H., Wang, L., Lyu, J., Yang, L., ... & Connell, D., “Exposure routes and health risks associated with pesticide application”, Toxics, 10(6), 335, 2022.
  • Boedeker, W., Watts, M., Clausing, P., & Marquez, E., “The global distribution of acute unintentional pesticide poisoning: Estimations and trends”, BMC Public Health, 20, 1875, 2020. Doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-09939-0
  • Aytaç, N., Yüzügüllü, D. A., Demirhindi, H., & Gönültaş, T., “Pestisit Kullanımının Halk Sağlığı Etkileri”, Arşiv Kaynak Tarama Dergisi, 26(4), 540-551, 2017
  • European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), “The 2021 European Union report on pesticide residues in food”, EFSA J., 21(6), e08753, 2023. Doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7939
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), “FAOSTAT statistical database: Pesticide use”, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/RP
  • Kaur, R., Choudhary, D., Bali, S., Bandral, S. S., Singh, V., Ahmad, M. A., ... & Chandrasekaran, B., “Pesticides: An alarming detrimental to health and environment”, Sci. Total Environ., 915, 170113, 2024.
  • Aytaç, N., Hilal, A., Yapıcıoğlu, A. B., Dağlıoğlu, N., Gülmen, M. K., & Tanır, F., “Anne Sütünde Organoklorlu Pestisid (OKP) Düzeyi”, Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences, 30(1), 107-114, 2010
  • Grandjean, P., & Landrigan, P. J., “Neurobehavioural effects of developmental toxicity”, Lancet Neurol., 13(3), 330–338, 2014. Doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70278-3
  • Kim, K. H., Kabir, E., & Jahan, S. A., “Exposure to pesticides and the associated human health effects”, Sci. Total Environ., 575, 525–535, 2017. Doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.009
  • de-Assis, M. P., Barcella, R. C., Padilha, J. C., Pohl, H. H. ve Krug, S. B. F., “Health problems in agricultural workers occupationally exposed to pesticides”, Rev. Bras. Med. Trab., 18(3), 352, 2021.
  • Corsini, E., Sokooti, M., Galli, C. L., Moretto, A., & Colosio, C., “Pesticide induced immunotoxicity in humans: A comprehensive review”, Toxicology, 307, 123–135, 2013. Doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.10.009
  • Del Prado-Lu, J. L., “Pesticide exposure, risk factors and health problems among cutflower farmers: a cross sectional study”, J. Occup. Med. Toxicol., 2, 1-8, 2007.
  • Atabila, A., Sadler, R., Phung, D. T., Hogarh, J. N., Carswell, S., Turner, S., ... & Chu, C., “Biomonitoring of chlorpyrifos exposure and health risk assessment among applicators on rice farms in Ghana”, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 25, 20854-20867, 2018.
  • European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), “The 2020 European Union report on pesticide residues in food”, EFSA J., 20(6), e07215, 2022. Doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7215
  • Bondareva, L., & Fedorova, N., “Pesticides: Behavior in agricultural soil and plants”, Molecules, 26(17), 5370, 2021.
  • Syafrudin, M., Kristanti, R. A., Yuniarto, A., Hadibarata, T., Rhee, J., Al-Onazi, W. A., ... & Al-Mohaimeed, A. M., "Pesticides in drinking water—a review", Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18(2), 468, 2021.
  • Shelton, J. F., Geraghty, E. M., Tancredi, D. J., Delwiche, L. D., Schmidt, R. J., Ritz, B., & Hertz-Picciotto, I, "Neurodevelopmental disorders and prenatal residential proximity to agricultural pesticides: The CHARGE study", Environ. Health Perspect., 122(10), 1103–1109, 2014.
  • Alavanja, M. C. R., Ross, M. K., & Bonner, M. R., "Increased cancer burden among pesticide applicators and others due to pesticide exposure", CA Cancer J. Clin., 63(2), 120–142, 2013.
  • Eddleston, M., "Poisoning by pesticides," Medicine, 48(3), 214-217, 2020.
  • Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Health, Türkiye Poisoning Notification System: 2018–2022 Evaluation Report, Directorate General of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, 2022.
  • Zhang, L., Rana, I., Shaffer, R. M., Taioli, E., & Sheppard, L., "Exposure to pesticides and the risk of Parkinson’s disease: An updated meta-analysis", Int. J. Epidemiol., 48(3), 1025–1039, 2019.
  • Mesnage, R., & Antoniou, M. N., "Facts and fallacies in the debate on glyphosate toxicity", Front. Public Health, 5, 316, 2017.
  • Xie, P. P., Zong, Z. Q., Qiao, J. C., Li, Z. Y., & Hu, C. Y., "Exposure to pesticides and risk of colorectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis", Environ. Pollut., 345, 123530, 2024.
  • Sánchez-Santed, F., Colomina, M. T., & Hernández, E. H., "Organophosphate pesticide exposure and neurodegeneration", Cortex, 74, 417–426, 2016.
  • Amaral, L., Martins, M., Côrte-Real, M., Outeiro, T. F., Chaves, S. R., & Rego, A., "The neurotoxicity of pesticides: Implications for Parkinson's disease", Chemosphere, 377, 144348, 2025.
  • Mnif, W., Hassine, A. I. H., Bouaziz, A., Bartegi, A., Thomas, O., & Roig, B., "Effect of endocrine disruptor pesticides: A review", Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 8(6), 2265–2303, 2011.
  • Thongprakaisang, S., Thiantanawat, A., Rangkadilok, N., Suriyo, T., & Satayavivad, J., "Glyphosate induces human breast cancer cells growth via estrogen receptors", Food Chem. Toxicol., 59, 129–136, 2013.
  • Miranda, R. A., Silva, B. S., de Moura, E. G., & Lisboa, P. C., "Pesticides as endocrine disruptors: programming for obesity and diabetes", Endocrine, 79(3), 437–447, 2023.
  • Jain, D., Verma, R. K., Sharma, V., Kaur, A., Rai, A. R., Kumari, P., ... & Parihar, K., "Associations between high levels pesticide and adverse reproductive outcomes in females: A comprehensive review", Mater. Today Proc., 95, 50–60, 2023.
  • Fucic, A., Duca, R. C., Galea, K. S., Maric, T., Garcia, K., Bloom, M. S., ... & Vena, J. E., "Reproductive health risks associated with occupational and environmental exposure to pesticides", Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18(12), 6576, 2021.
  • Lee, G. H., & Choi, K. C., "Adverse effects of pesticides on the functions of immune system", Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Toxicol. Pharmacol., 235, 108789, 2020.
  • OECD/FAO, “OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2023–2032”, OECD Publishing, Paris, 2023. Doi: 10.1787/08801ab7-en
  • Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Pesticide Use and Residue Control in Türkiye: 2023 Evaluation Report, General Directorate of Food and Control, 2023.
  • Özercan, B., & Taşcı, R., “Türkiye’de pestisit kullanımının iller, bölgeler ve pestisit grupları açısından incelenmesi”, Ziraat Mühendisliği, (375), 75-88, 2022.
  • Yılmaz, H., Düzenli, A., & Dağ, M. M., “Dünya, Avrupa Birliği Ülkeleri ve Türkiye’de Pestisit Kullanımı ve Yasal Düzenlemeler”, Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 11(3), 315-330, 2024.
  • Tian, F., Zhou, Z., Lu, J., Qiao, C., Wang, C., Pang, T., Guo, L., Li, J., & Xie, H., “Development and validation of a combined QuEChERS and HPLC-MS/MS method for trace analysis of ten diamide insecticides in agricultural products. Analytical Methods”, 17(3), 456–465, 2025 https://doi.org/10.1039/D4AY02117G
  • Scorza, F. A., Beltramim, L., & Bombardi, L. M., "Pesticide exposure and human health: Toxic legacy", Clinics, 78, 100249, 2023.
  • Tsakiris, P., Damalas, C. A., & Koutroubas, S. D., "Risk perception and use of personal protective equipment (PPE) in pesticide use: does risk shape farmers’ safety behavior?", Int. J. Environ. Health Res., vol. 35(2), 453–463, 2025.
  • Lari, S., Yamagani, P., Pandiyan, A., Vanka, J., Naidu, M., Senthil Kumar, B., ... & Jonnalagadda, P. R., "The impact of the use of personal-protective-equipment on the minimization of effects of exposure to pesticides among farm-workers in India", Front. Public Health, 11, 1075448, 2023.
  • Nicolopoulou-Stamati, P., Maipas, S., Kotampasi, C., Stamatis, P., & Hens, L., "Chemical pesticides and human health: the urgent need for a new concept in agriculture", Front. Public Health, 4, 148, 2016.
  • Calliera, M., & L’Astorina, A., "The role of research, communication, and education for a sustainable use of pesticides", Advances in Chemical Pollution, Environmental Management and Protection, 2, 109-132 Elsevier, 2018. Doi: 10.1016/bs.apmp.2018.03.002
  • Ahmadipour, H., & Nakhei, Z., "The effect of education on safe use of pesticides based on the health belief model", BMC Res. Notes, 17(1), 134, 2024.
  • Gamage, A., Gangahagedara, R., Gamage, J., Jayasinghe, N., Kodikara, N., Suraweera, P., & Merah, O., "Role of organic farming for achieving sustainability in agriculture", Farming Syst., 1(1), 100005, 2023.
  • Jouzani, G. S., Valijanian, E., & Sharafi, R., “Bacillus thuringiensis: a successful insecticide with new environmental features and tidings”, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 101, 2691–2711, 2017.
  • Wang, Z., Qiao, X., Wang, Y., Yu, H., & Mu, C., “IoT-based system of prevention and control for crop diseases and insect pests”, Front. Plant Sci., 15, 1323074, 2024.
  • Arakawa, T., & Kamio, S., “Control efficacy of UAV-based ultra-low-volume application of pesticide in chestnut orchards”, Plants, 12(14), 2597, 2023.
  • Jintana, S., Sming, K., Krongtong, Y., & Thanyachai, S., “Cholinesterase activity, pesticide exposure and health impact in a population exposed to organophosphates”, Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 82, 833–842, 2009.
  • Aprea, C., Colosio, C., Mammone, T., Minoia, C., & Maroni, M., “Biological monitoring of pesticide exposure: a review of analytical methods”, J. Chromatogr. B, 769(2), 191–219, 2002.
  • London, L., & Bailie, R., “Challenges for improving surveillance for pesticide poisoning: policy implications for developing countries”, Int. J. Epidemiol., 30(3), 564–570, 2001.
  • Snipes, S. A., Thompson, B., O'Connor, K., Shell-Duncan, B., King, D., Herrera, A. P., & Navarro, B., “Pesticides protect the fruit, but not the people: using community-based ethnography to understand farmworker pesticide-exposure risks”, Am. J. Public Health, 99(S3), S616–S621, 2009.
  • Bradman, A. S. A., Salvatore, A. L., Boeniger, M., Castorina, R., Snyder, J., Barr, D. B., ... & Eskenazi, B., “Community-based intervention to reduce pesticide exposure to farmworkers and potential take-home exposure to their families”, J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol., 19(1), 79–89, 2009.
  • Eddleston, M., Buckley, N. A., Eyer, P., & Dawson, A. H., “Management of acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning”, Lancet, 371(9612), 597–607, 2008.
  • Akyıldız, H. Ç., & Okyay, P., "The Development and Scope of the Concept of Prevention in Health", Journal of Continuing Medical Education (Sürekli Tıp Eğitimi Dergisi), 33(2), 146–156, 2024.
Toplam 60 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Pestisititler ve Toksikoloji
Bölüm Review
Yazarlar

Ali Asım Işik 0009-0009-8550-7313

Zehra Kılınç

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 26 Haziran 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Haziran 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 21 Mayıs 2025
Kabul Tarihi 16 Haziran 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

IEEE A. A. Işik ve Z. Kılınç, “PESTICIDES FROM PUBLIC HEALTH PERSPECTIVE: THREATS, RISKS AND PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES”, MEJS, c. 11, sy. 1, ss. 116–126, 2025, doi: 10.51477/mejs.1703423.
 Kapak Resmi İndir

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