Araştırma Makalesi
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 46 - 60, 28.04.2025
Öz
The focus of the Frankfurt School is the culture industry. The main starting points of this theory are the rapid development of fascism, the decline of the socialist movement, the Nazis' coming to power and the disintegration of the Austrian workers' movement in the 1930s, and the rapid changes in Europe. While these developments forced the school's theorists to think, they fled to the The United States of America to study consumer society, mass society, and the culture industry to escape the ongoing political unrest in Europe. Concepts such as popular culture, culture industry, mass society are the focus of the Frankfurt School because they are based on the criticism of social life, everyday life, and the tension between individuals and mainstream culture.
With the release of the movie in July 2023, the Barbie effect has moved beyond a certain age range and started to become a consumption tool for almost all individuals, both men and women. The Barbie effect, which we can say dominated a certain age range and certain areas before the movie, quickly affects our lives even more with the portrayal of the movie by famous actors.
In this study, it will be examined through the Frankfurt School's theory on how Barbie culture transformed its impact on consumer culture before and after the movie. It will be focused on how and on what basis the consumption culture, which affects the direction of the approach of mass society, is shaped.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Adorno, T. W. (1991). Kültür endüstrisi: Kitle aldatmacası olarak aydınlanma. The culture industry: Selected essays on mass culture, (çev.: J. M. Bernsteinss). London: Routledge.
- Adorno, T. W. (2005). Minima moralia: Sakatlanmış yaşamdan yansımalar, (çev.: O. Koçak & A. Doğukan). Metis Yayınları.
- Adorno, T. W. (2016). Negatif diyalektik, (çev.: Ş. Öztürk). İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
- Adorno, T. W. & Horkheimer, M. (2010). Aydınlanmanın diyalektiği, (çev.: N. Ülner & E. Ö. Karadoğan). İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi.
- Aydemir, E. (2024). Soft power in the concept of transculturation: Identity and universal identity legitimization and non-ethnocentric image. Trames Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences, 28 (2): 157.
- Bilić, P. (2023). Frankfurt school legacy and the critical sociology of media: Lifeworld in digital capitalism. Critical Sociology, 50 (4-5): 615-628.
- Bottomore, T. (2002). The Frankfurt School and its critics. London: Routledge.
- Boucher, G. (2021). The Frankfurt school and the authoritarian personality: Balance sheet of an insight. Thesis Eleven, 163 (1): 89-102.
- Boytchev, H. (2023). Neuroscience or stealth marketing? Experts alarmed at free barbies for primary schools to teach social skills. BMJ, 20 (382):1672.
- Bronner, S. E. (2011). Critical theory: A very short introduction. London: Oxford University Press.
- Fedina, O., Ivanova, V. & Malenko, S. (2021). The phenomenon of mass culture as area of transmitting cultural codes.
- Gunderson, R. (2014). A defense of the ‘grand hotel abyss’. Acta Sociologica, 58 (1): 25-38.
- Günek, A. (2022). Network approach in public diplomacy: A critical analysis in the context of mass society practices. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 9 (2): 729-746.
- Habermas, J. (1987). Bilgi ve insan çıkarları, (çev.: C. A. Kanat). Küyerel Yayınları.
- Habermas, J. (2001). İletişimsel eylem teorisi, (çev.: M. Tüzel). İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi.
- Harris, N., García, J., & Ford, L. (2023). André gorz and contemporary Frankfurt school critical theory: Alienation, eco-socialism and post-productivism. Journal of Classical Sociology, 23 (2): 229-241.
- Held, D. (1980). Introduction to critical theory: Horkheimer to Habermas. USA: University of California Press.
- Horkheimer, M. (2002). Geleneksel ve eleştirel teori. Eleştirel, (çev.: O. Koçak) İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
- Jay, M. (1973). The dialectical imagination: A history of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research, 1923-1950. Little, Brown and Company.
- Kandemir, M. (2025). Macaristan Kaloçsa nakışlarının hediyelik eşya pazarındaki yeri. Korkut Ata Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, (20): 375–397.
- Kandemir, M. & Nas, E. (2022). Macaristan halk işlemelerinde görülen karakteristik özellikler. International Social Sciences Studies Journal, 8 (104): 3747–3767.
- Kellner, D. (1984). Herbert Marcuse and the crisis of Marxism. USA: University of California Press.
- Kellner, D. (2005). Frankfurt school. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412952552.n111
- Klamer, K. (2023). Analysis of barbie medical and science career dolls: Descriptive quantitative study. BMJ, (383): e077276.
- Li, Y. (2024). The 2023 Barbie and post-feminism: Narrative in hollywood movie industry. Communications in Humanities Research, 29 (1): 35-40.
- Lipowska, K. & Łada-Maśko, A. (2021). When parents go shopping: Perspectives on gender-typed toys among polish mothers and fathers from big cities. Children, 8 (9): 744.
- Macchia, A., Biribicchi, C., Zaratti, C., Chiari, K., D'Ambrosio, M., Toscano, D., & Russa, M. (2022). Mattel's barbie: Investigation of a symbol—analysis of polymeric matrices and degradation phenomena for sixteen dolls from 1959 to 1976. Polymers, 14 (20): 4287.
- Marcuse, H. (1998). Eros ve uygarlık (çev.: A. Yardımlı). Ankara: İdea Yayınevi.
- Marcuse, H. (2010). Tek boyutlu insan (çev.: A. Yardımlı). Ankara: İdea Yayınevi.
- McCarthy, T. (1978). The critical theory of Jürgen Habermas. MIT Press.
- Mishra, S. ve Bakry, A. (2021). Social identities in consumer‐brand relationship: The case of the hijab‐wearing barbie doll in the united states. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 20 (6): 1534-1546.
- Moir, C. (2017). Speculation, dialectic and critique: Hegel and critical theory in Germany after 1945. Hegel Bulletin, 38 (2): 199-220.
- Murtola, A. (2014). Experience, commodification, biopolitics. Critical Sociology, 40 (6): 835-854.
- Nesbitt, A., Sabiston, C., deJonge, M., Solomon-Krakus, S., & Welsh, T. (2019). Barbie's new look: Exploring cognitive body representation among female children and adolescents. Plos One, 14(6): e0218315.
- Regier, W., Wiggershaus, R. & Robertson, M. (1994). The Frankfurt school: Its history, theories, and political significance. MLN, 109 (5):
- Rome, E. (2024). Perspective: Barbie: Food for the soul or fanciful nostalgia?. Advances in Nutrition, 15 (3): 100182
- Roth, B. (2023). The welfare state between juridification and commodification: How the Frankfurt school gave up on://doi.org/10.1017/elo.2023.39
- Shah, S. (2020). ‘Doll #135 with vitiligo’: Are alopecia and vitiligo barbie worth the hype?. Pediatric Dermatology, 37 (5): 996-999.
- Stahl, T. (2017). Immanent critique and particular moral experience. Critical Horizons, 23 (1): 1-21.
- Susen, S. (2010). Remarks on the concept of critique in habermasian thought. Journal of Global Ethics, 6 (2): 103-126.
- Tang, K. (2023). Read the female values from the movie barbie. Advances in Education Humanities and Social Science Research, 7 (1): 569.
- Wang, Y. (2024). Contemporary media's impact on society and culture. Communications in Humanities Research, 29 (1): 13-17.
- Wiggershaus, R. (1995). The Frankfurt School: Its history, theories, and political significance (çev.: M. Robertson). MIT Press.
- Xie, H. (2023). The research on the social media analytica model apply on barbie culture influences in society. Communications in Humanities Research, 20 (1): 228-237.
- Yakalı, D. (2023). Barbie'nin toplumsal cinsiyet rollerinin dönüşümü: Barbie filmi üzerine bir inceleme. Selçuk İletişim, 16 (2): 198-222.
- Zheng, Y. (2024). Barbie's influence on children's gender identity. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 7 (1): 226. https://doi.org/10.56028/assehr.7.1.226.2023
- Zi, Y. (2023). The Frankfurt school's critique of mass culture. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 7 (1): 1. https://doi.org/10.56028/assehr.7.1.1.2023
- Zou, Y. (2021). The Frankfurt school's critique of mass culture. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 7 (1): 1. https://doi.org/10.56028/assehr.7.1.1.2023
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 46 - 60, 28.04.2025
Öz
Frankfurt Okulu'nun odağında kültür endüstrisi vardır. Bu teorinin temel çıkış noktası, Faşizmin hızla gelişmesi, sosyalist hareketin gerilemesi, Nazilerin iktidara gelmesi ve Avusturya işçi hareketinin 1930'larda dağılması, Avrupa'daki hızlı değişimlerdir. Bu gelişmeler okulun teorisyenlerini düşünmeye zorlarken, Avrupa'da süregelen siyasi huzursuzluktan kaçmak için tüketim toplumu, kitle toplumu ve kültür endüstrisini incelemek üzere Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ne kaçarlar. Popüler kültür, kültür endüstrisi, kitle toplumu gibi kavramlar Frankfurt Okulu'nun odak noktasıdır çünkü toplumsal hayatın, gündelik hayatın, bireylerle ana akım kültür arasındaki gerilimin eleştirisini temel alır.
2023 Temmuz ayında vizyona giren filminin gelmesiyle Barbie, etkisi bilinen belirli yaş aralığından çıkıp kadın erkek demeden neredeyse tüm bireylerin tüketim aracına dönüşmeye başlamıştır. Film öncesi belirli bir yaş aralığına, belirli sayıda denebilecek şekilde ve belirli alanlara hükmettiğini söyleyebileceğimiz Barbie etkisi, filmini ünlü oyuncuların canlandırmasıyla hızlı bir şekilde hayatımıza daha da etki eder.
Bu çalışma ile Barbie kültürünün filmi öncesinden sonrasına, tüketim kültürüne olan etkisini nasıl dönüştürdüğü Frankfurt Okulu’nun teorisi üzerinden incelenecektir. Kitle toplumunun yaklaşımının yönlendirilmesine etki eden tüketim kültürünün nasıl ve neye göre şekillendiği üzerinde durulacaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Adorno, T. W. (1991). Kültür endüstrisi: Kitle aldatmacası olarak aydınlanma. The culture industry: Selected essays on mass culture, (çev.: J. M. Bernsteinss). London: Routledge.
- Adorno, T. W. (2005). Minima moralia: Sakatlanmış yaşamdan yansımalar, (çev.: O. Koçak & A. Doğukan). Metis Yayınları.
- Adorno, T. W. (2016). Negatif diyalektik, (çev.: Ş. Öztürk). İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
- Adorno, T. W. & Horkheimer, M. (2010). Aydınlanmanın diyalektiği, (çev.: N. Ülner & E. Ö. Karadoğan). İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi.
- Aydemir, E. (2024). Soft power in the concept of transculturation: Identity and universal identity legitimization and non-ethnocentric image. Trames Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences, 28 (2): 157.
- Bilić, P. (2023). Frankfurt school legacy and the critical sociology of media: Lifeworld in digital capitalism. Critical Sociology, 50 (4-5): 615-628.
- Bottomore, T. (2002). The Frankfurt School and its critics. London: Routledge.
- Boucher, G. (2021). The Frankfurt school and the authoritarian personality: Balance sheet of an insight. Thesis Eleven, 163 (1): 89-102.
- Boytchev, H. (2023). Neuroscience or stealth marketing? Experts alarmed at free barbies for primary schools to teach social skills. BMJ, 20 (382):1672.
- Bronner, S. E. (2011). Critical theory: A very short introduction. London: Oxford University Press.
- Fedina, O., Ivanova, V. & Malenko, S. (2021). The phenomenon of mass culture as area of transmitting cultural codes.
- Gunderson, R. (2014). A defense of the ‘grand hotel abyss’. Acta Sociologica, 58 (1): 25-38.
- Günek, A. (2022). Network approach in public diplomacy: A critical analysis in the context of mass society practices. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 9 (2): 729-746.
- Habermas, J. (1987). Bilgi ve insan çıkarları, (çev.: C. A. Kanat). Küyerel Yayınları.
- Habermas, J. (2001). İletişimsel eylem teorisi, (çev.: M. Tüzel). İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi.
- Harris, N., García, J., & Ford, L. (2023). André gorz and contemporary Frankfurt school critical theory: Alienation, eco-socialism and post-productivism. Journal of Classical Sociology, 23 (2): 229-241.
- Held, D. (1980). Introduction to critical theory: Horkheimer to Habermas. USA: University of California Press.
- Horkheimer, M. (2002). Geleneksel ve eleştirel teori. Eleştirel, (çev.: O. Koçak) İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
- Jay, M. (1973). The dialectical imagination: A history of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research, 1923-1950. Little, Brown and Company.
- Kandemir, M. (2025). Macaristan Kaloçsa nakışlarının hediyelik eşya pazarındaki yeri. Korkut Ata Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, (20): 375–397.
- Kandemir, M. & Nas, E. (2022). Macaristan halk işlemelerinde görülen karakteristik özellikler. International Social Sciences Studies Journal, 8 (104): 3747–3767.
- Kellner, D. (1984). Herbert Marcuse and the crisis of Marxism. USA: University of California Press.
- Kellner, D. (2005). Frankfurt school. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412952552.n111
- Klamer, K. (2023). Analysis of barbie medical and science career dolls: Descriptive quantitative study. BMJ, (383): e077276.
- Li, Y. (2024). The 2023 Barbie and post-feminism: Narrative in hollywood movie industry. Communications in Humanities Research, 29 (1): 35-40.
- Lipowska, K. & Łada-Maśko, A. (2021). When parents go shopping: Perspectives on gender-typed toys among polish mothers and fathers from big cities. Children, 8 (9): 744.
- Macchia, A., Biribicchi, C., Zaratti, C., Chiari, K., D'Ambrosio, M., Toscano, D., & Russa, M. (2022). Mattel's barbie: Investigation of a symbol—analysis of polymeric matrices and degradation phenomena for sixteen dolls from 1959 to 1976. Polymers, 14 (20): 4287.
- Marcuse, H. (1998). Eros ve uygarlık (çev.: A. Yardımlı). Ankara: İdea Yayınevi.
- Marcuse, H. (2010). Tek boyutlu insan (çev.: A. Yardımlı). Ankara: İdea Yayınevi.
- McCarthy, T. (1978). The critical theory of Jürgen Habermas. MIT Press.
- Mishra, S. ve Bakry, A. (2021). Social identities in consumer‐brand relationship: The case of the hijab‐wearing barbie doll in the united states. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 20 (6): 1534-1546.
- Moir, C. (2017). Speculation, dialectic and critique: Hegel and critical theory in Germany after 1945. Hegel Bulletin, 38 (2): 199-220.
- Murtola, A. (2014). Experience, commodification, biopolitics. Critical Sociology, 40 (6): 835-854.
- Nesbitt, A., Sabiston, C., deJonge, M., Solomon-Krakus, S., & Welsh, T. (2019). Barbie's new look: Exploring cognitive body representation among female children and adolescents. Plos One, 14(6): e0218315.
- Regier, W., Wiggershaus, R. & Robertson, M. (1994). The Frankfurt school: Its history, theories, and political significance. MLN, 109 (5):
- Rome, E. (2024). Perspective: Barbie: Food for the soul or fanciful nostalgia?. Advances in Nutrition, 15 (3): 100182
- Roth, B. (2023). The welfare state between juridification and commodification: How the Frankfurt school gave up on://doi.org/10.1017/elo.2023.39
- Shah, S. (2020). ‘Doll #135 with vitiligo’: Are alopecia and vitiligo barbie worth the hype?. Pediatric Dermatology, 37 (5): 996-999.
- Stahl, T. (2017). Immanent critique and particular moral experience. Critical Horizons, 23 (1): 1-21.
- Susen, S. (2010). Remarks on the concept of critique in habermasian thought. Journal of Global Ethics, 6 (2): 103-126.
- Tang, K. (2023). Read the female values from the movie barbie. Advances in Education Humanities and Social Science Research, 7 (1): 569.
- Wang, Y. (2024). Contemporary media's impact on society and culture. Communications in Humanities Research, 29 (1): 13-17.
- Wiggershaus, R. (1995). The Frankfurt School: Its history, theories, and political significance (çev.: M. Robertson). MIT Press.
- Xie, H. (2023). The research on the social media analytica model apply on barbie culture influences in society. Communications in Humanities Research, 20 (1): 228-237.
- Yakalı, D. (2023). Barbie'nin toplumsal cinsiyet rollerinin dönüşümü: Barbie filmi üzerine bir inceleme. Selçuk İletişim, 16 (2): 198-222.
- Zheng, Y. (2024). Barbie's influence on children's gender identity. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 7 (1): 226. https://doi.org/10.56028/assehr.7.1.226.2023
- Zi, Y. (2023). The Frankfurt school's critique of mass culture. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 7 (1): 1. https://doi.org/10.56028/assehr.7.1.1.2023
- Zou, Y. (2021). The Frankfurt school's critique of mass culture. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 7 (1): 1. https://doi.org/10.56028/assehr.7.1.1.2023
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Günlük Yaşam ve Tüketim, Kültür, Temsil ve Kimlik |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 28 Nisan 2025 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 28 Mart 2025 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 15 Nisan 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1 |
