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Use of SPECT/CT in Scintigraphic Imaging Methods

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 1 - 16, 15.05.2025

Serap Nişli , Esra Arslan , Mustafa Demir

https://doi.org/10.71286/moi.1661510

Öz

This study aims to acquire images of a human body phantom in two separate gantries (SPECT and CT), perform fusion of these images in a computer environment, determine the necessary criteria for this process, and analyze the clinical validity of the fusion process.
To quantify potential fusion errors in imaging for patients with movement restrictions, a unique phantom imaging setup was planned for this study. The data from the six different CT images and the single SPECT image taken at 0 degrees were uploaded to the DICOM system within the PMOD software program. The fusion process was then performed. It was observed that the fusion images exhibited deviations depending on the orientation angles, and these deviations increased proportionally with the angle.
The post-processing fusion of SPECT and CT images from separate gantries using a computer-based fusion program has some disadvantages. Patients must move to another department for CT imaging after undergoing SPECT, which can result in misalignment due to body movement. To correct these errors, the use of external markers becomes necessary. Another disadvantage is radiation safety concerns during patient transfers between imaging units due to the presence of radioactive material in the patient’s body.

Anahtar Kelimeler

SPECT CT IMAGING SCINTIGRAPHY

Kaynakça

  • Römer W, Fiedler E, Pavel M et al. Attenuation correction of SPECT images based on separately performed. Nukleermedizin. 2005; 44: 20-8.
  • Preuss R, Weise R, Lindner O, Fricke H, Burchert W. Optimisation of protocol for low dose CT-derived attenuation correction in myocardial perfusion SPECT imaging. Eur J Nucl Mol Imaging. 2008; 35: 1133-41.
  • Goetze S, Brown TL, Lavely WC, Zhang Z, Bengel FM. Atteuation correction in myocardial SPECT/CT: effects of misregistration and value of reregistration. J Nucl Med. 2007; 48: 1090-5.
  • Coleman RE, Laymon CM, Turkington T. FDG imaging of lung Nodules: A phanton study comparing SPECT, camera-based PET, and dedicated PET. Radiology. 1999; 210: 823-8.
  • Mikolajczyk K, Szabatin M, Rudnicki P, Grodzki M, Burger C. A JAVA environment for medical image data analysis: initial application for brain PET quantitation. Med inform. 1998; 23: 207-14.
  • Czernin J, Allen-Auerbach M, Schelbert HR. Improvements in cancer staging with PET/CT: literature-based evidence as of September 2006. J Nucl Med. 2007; 48: 78-88.
  • von Schulthess GK, Steinert HC, Hany TF. Integrated PET/CT: current applications and future directions. Radiology. 2006; 238: 405-22.
  • Keidar Z, Israel O, Krausz Y. SPECT/CT in tumor imaging: technical aspects and clinical applications. Semin Nucl Med. 2003; 33: 205–18.
  • Even-Sapir E, Keidar Z, Sachs J et al. The new technology of combined transmission and emission tomography in evaluation of endocrine carcinomas. J Nucl Med. 2001; 42: 998–1004.
  • Pfanneberg AC, Eschmann SM, Horger M et al. Benefit of anatomical functional image fusion in the diagnostic work-up of neuroendocrine neoplasms. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2003; 30: 835–43.
  • Schillaci O. Functional–anatomical image fusion in neuroendocrine tumors. Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2004; 19: 129–34.
  • Even-Sapir E, Lerman H, Lievshitz G, et al. Lymphoscintigraphy for sentinel node mapping using a hybrid SPECT/CT system. J Nucl Med. 2003; 44: 1413-20.
  • Sherif A, Garske U, de la Torre M, Thorn M. Hybrid SPECT-CT: an additional technique for sentinel node detection of patients with invasive bladder cancer. Eur Urol. 2006; 50: 83-91.
  • Khafif A, Schneebaum S, Fliss DM, et al. Lymphoscintigraphy for sentinel node mapping using a hybrid single photon emission CT (SPECT)/CT system in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck. 2006; 28: 874-9.
  • Husarik DB, Steinert HC. Single-photon emission computed tomography/ computed tomography for sentinel node mapping in breast cancer. Semin Nucl Med. 2007; 37: 29-33.
  • Lerman H, Lievshitz G, Zak O, Metser U, Schneebaum S, Even-Sapir E. Improved sentinel node identification by SPECT/CT in overweight patients with breast cancer. J Nucl Med. 2007; 48: 201-6.
  • Hamaoka T, Madewell JE, Podoloff DA, Hortobagyi GN, Ueno NT. Bone imaging in metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2004; 22: 2942-53.
  • Minoves M. Bone and joint sports injuries: the role of bone scintigraphy. Nucl Med Commun. 2003; 24: 3-10.
  • Even-Sapir E. Imaging of malignant bone involvement by morphologic, scintigraphic, and hybrid modalities. J Nucl Med. 2005; 46: 1356-67.
  • Römer W, Nomayr A, Uder M, Bautz W, Kuwert T. SPECT-guided CT for evaluating foci of increased bone metabolism classified as indeterminate on SPECT in cancer patients. J Nucl Med. 2006; 47: 1102-6.
  • Horger M, Eschmann SM, Pfannenberg C, et al. Evaluation of combined transmission and emission tomography for classification of skeletal lesions. AJR. 2004; 183: 655-61.
  • Seo Y, Wong KH, Sun M, Franc BL, Hawkins RA, Hasegawa BH. Correction of photon attenuation and collimator response for a body-contouring SPECT/ CT imaging system. J Nucl Med. 2005; 46: 868-77.
  • Römer W, Reichel N, Vija HA, et al. Isotropic reconstruction of SPECT data using OSEM3D: correlation with CT. Acad Radiol. 2006; 13: 496-502.
  • Bar-Shalom R, Yefremov N, Guralnik L et al. SPECT/CT using 67Ga and 111In-labeled leukocyte scintigraphy for diagnosis of infection. J Nucl Med. 2006; 47: 587-94.
  • Kosuke Y, Noriaki M, Kazuki M, et al. Development of a new quantification method using partial volume effect correction for individual energy peaks in 111In-pentetreotide SPECT/CT. Asia Ocean J Nucl Med Biol. 2022 Spring;10(2):126-137.
  • Hope TA, Calais J, Zhang L, et al. 111In-pentetreotide scintigraphy versus 68Ga-DOTATATE PET: Impact on krenning scores and effect of tumor burden. J Nucl Med. 2019; 60(9):1266–9.
  • Finocchiaro D, Berenato S, Grassi E, et al. Partial volume effect of SPECT images in PRRT with 177Lu labelled somatostatin analogues: A practical solution. Phys Med. 2019; 57:153-9
  • Jönsson L, Stenvall A, Mattsson E, et al. Quantitative analysis of phantom studies of 111In and 68Ga imaging of neuroendocrine tumours. EJNMMI Phys. 2018; 20; 5(1):5.
  • Wickberg E, van Essen M, Rydén T, et al. EVALUATION OF THE SPATIAL RESOLUTION IN MONTE CARLO-BASED SPECT/CT RECONSTRUCTION OF 111IN-OCTREOTIDE IMAGES. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2021 Oct 12;195(3-4):319-326.
  • Mahsa Noori-Asl. Assessment of Four Scatter Correction Methods in In-111 SPECT Imaging: A Simulation Study. J Med Phys. 2020 Apr-Jun;45(2):107-115.
  • Ingui CJ, Shah NP, Oates ME. Infection scintigraphy: added value of singlephoton emission computed tomography/computed tomography fusion compared with traditional analysis. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2007; 31: 375-80.
  • Horger M, Eschmann SM, Pfannenberg C, et al. Added value of SPECT/CT in patients suspected of having bone infection: preliminary results. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2007; 127: 211-21.
  • Ingui CJ, Shah NP, Oates ME. Endocrine neoplasm scintigraphy: added value of fusing SPECT/CT images compared with traditional side-by-side analysis. Clin Nucl Med. 2006; 31: 665-72.
  • Tharp K, Israel O, Hausmann J, et al. Impact of 131I-SPECT/CT images obtained with an integrated system in the follow-up of patients with thyroid carcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2004; 31: 1435-42.
  • Yamamoto Y, Nishiyama Y, Monden T, Matsumura Y, Satoh K, Ohkawa M. Clinical usefulness of fusion of 131I SPECT and CT images in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Nucl Med. 2003; 44: 1905-10.
  • Lavely WC, Goetze S, Friedman KP, et al. Comparison of SPECT/CT, SPECT, and planar imaging with single- and dual-phase 99mTc-sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy. J Nucl Med. 2007; 48: 1084-9.
  • Harris L, Yoo J, Driedger A, et al. Accuracy of technetium-99m SPECT-CT hybrid images in predicting the precise intraoperative anatomical location of parathyroid adenomas. Head Neck. 2008; 30: 509-17.
  • Ruf J, Seehofer D, Denecke T, et al. Impact of image fusion and attenuation correction by SPECT-CT on the scintigraphic detection of parathyroid adenomas. Nuklearmedizin. 2007; 46: 15-21.
  • Krausz Y, Bettman L, Guralnik L, et al. Technetium-99m-MIBI SPECT/CT in primary hyperparathyroidism. World J Surg. 2006; 30:76–83.
  • Avram AM, Fig LM, Gross MD. Adrenal gland scintigraphy. Semin Nucl Med. 2006; 36: 212-27.
  • Even-Sapir E, Keidar Z, Sachs J, et al. The new technology of combined transmission and emission tomography in evaluation of endocrine neoplasms. J Nucl Med. 2001; 42: 998-1004.
  • Dondi M, Fagioli G, Salgarello M, Zoboli S, Nanni C, Cidda C. Myocardial SPECT: what do we gain from attenuation correction (and when)? Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2004; 48: 181-7.
  • Masood Y, Liu YH, Depuey G, et al. Clinical validation of SPECT attenuation correction using x-ray computed tomography-derived attenuation maps: multicenter clinical trial with angiographic correlation. J Nucl Cardiol. 2005; 12: 676-86.
  • Madsen MT. Recent advances in SPECT imaging. J Nucl Med. 2007; 48: 661-73.
  • Goetze S, Wahl RL. Prevalence of misregistration between SPECT and CT for attenuation-corrected myocardial perfusion SPECT. J Nucl Cardiol. 2007; 14: 200-6.
  • Krausz Y, Keidar Z, Kogan I, et al. SPECT/CT hybrid imaging with 111In-pentetreotide in assessment of neuroendocrine tumours. Clin Endocrinol. 2003; 59: 565-73.
  • Hillel PG, van Beek EJ, Taylor C, et al. The clinical impact of a combined gamma camera/CT imaging system on somatostatin receptor imaging of neuroendocrine tumours. Clin Radiol. 2006; 61: 579-87.
  • Kloppel G, Perren A, Heitz PU. The gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine cell system and its tumors: the WHO classification. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004; 1014: 13-27.
  • Veenhof CH, de Wit R, Taal BG et al. A dose-escalation study of recombinant interferon-alpha in patients with a metastatic carcinoid tumour. Eur J Cancer. 1992; 28: 75-8.
  • Solcia E, Klöppel G, Sobin LH, et al. Histological typing of endocrine tumours. 2nd Ed. WHO International Histological Classification of Tumours. Springer. Berlin. 2000.

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 1 - 16, 15.05.2025

Serap Nişli , Esra Arslan , Mustafa Demir

https://doi.org/10.71286/moi.1661510

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Römer W, Fiedler E, Pavel M et al. Attenuation correction of SPECT images based on separately performed. Nukleermedizin. 2005; 44: 20-8.
  • Preuss R, Weise R, Lindner O, Fricke H, Burchert W. Optimisation of protocol for low dose CT-derived attenuation correction in myocardial perfusion SPECT imaging. Eur J Nucl Mol Imaging. 2008; 35: 1133-41.
  • Goetze S, Brown TL, Lavely WC, Zhang Z, Bengel FM. Atteuation correction in myocardial SPECT/CT: effects of misregistration and value of reregistration. J Nucl Med. 2007; 48: 1090-5.
  • Coleman RE, Laymon CM, Turkington T. FDG imaging of lung Nodules: A phanton study comparing SPECT, camera-based PET, and dedicated PET. Radiology. 1999; 210: 823-8.
  • Mikolajczyk K, Szabatin M, Rudnicki P, Grodzki M, Burger C. A JAVA environment for medical image data analysis: initial application for brain PET quantitation. Med inform. 1998; 23: 207-14.
  • Czernin J, Allen-Auerbach M, Schelbert HR. Improvements in cancer staging with PET/CT: literature-based evidence as of September 2006. J Nucl Med. 2007; 48: 78-88.
  • von Schulthess GK, Steinert HC, Hany TF. Integrated PET/CT: current applications and future directions. Radiology. 2006; 238: 405-22.
  • Keidar Z, Israel O, Krausz Y. SPECT/CT in tumor imaging: technical aspects and clinical applications. Semin Nucl Med. 2003; 33: 205–18.
  • Even-Sapir E, Keidar Z, Sachs J et al. The new technology of combined transmission and emission tomography in evaluation of endocrine carcinomas. J Nucl Med. 2001; 42: 998–1004.
  • Pfanneberg AC, Eschmann SM, Horger M et al. Benefit of anatomical functional image fusion in the diagnostic work-up of neuroendocrine neoplasms. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2003; 30: 835–43.
  • Schillaci O. Functional–anatomical image fusion in neuroendocrine tumors. Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2004; 19: 129–34.
  • Even-Sapir E, Lerman H, Lievshitz G, et al. Lymphoscintigraphy for sentinel node mapping using a hybrid SPECT/CT system. J Nucl Med. 2003; 44: 1413-20.
  • Sherif A, Garske U, de la Torre M, Thorn M. Hybrid SPECT-CT: an additional technique for sentinel node detection of patients with invasive bladder cancer. Eur Urol. 2006; 50: 83-91.
  • Khafif A, Schneebaum S, Fliss DM, et al. Lymphoscintigraphy for sentinel node mapping using a hybrid single photon emission CT (SPECT)/CT system in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck. 2006; 28: 874-9.
  • Husarik DB, Steinert HC. Single-photon emission computed tomography/ computed tomography for sentinel node mapping in breast cancer. Semin Nucl Med. 2007; 37: 29-33.
  • Lerman H, Lievshitz G, Zak O, Metser U, Schneebaum S, Even-Sapir E. Improved sentinel node identification by SPECT/CT in overweight patients with breast cancer. J Nucl Med. 2007; 48: 201-6.
  • Hamaoka T, Madewell JE, Podoloff DA, Hortobagyi GN, Ueno NT. Bone imaging in metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2004; 22: 2942-53.
  • Minoves M. Bone and joint sports injuries: the role of bone scintigraphy. Nucl Med Commun. 2003; 24: 3-10.
  • Even-Sapir E. Imaging of malignant bone involvement by morphologic, scintigraphic, and hybrid modalities. J Nucl Med. 2005; 46: 1356-67.
  • Römer W, Nomayr A, Uder M, Bautz W, Kuwert T. SPECT-guided CT for evaluating foci of increased bone metabolism classified as indeterminate on SPECT in cancer patients. J Nucl Med. 2006; 47: 1102-6.
  • Horger M, Eschmann SM, Pfannenberg C, et al. Evaluation of combined transmission and emission tomography for classification of skeletal lesions. AJR. 2004; 183: 655-61.
  • Seo Y, Wong KH, Sun M, Franc BL, Hawkins RA, Hasegawa BH. Correction of photon attenuation and collimator response for a body-contouring SPECT/ CT imaging system. J Nucl Med. 2005; 46: 868-77.
  • Römer W, Reichel N, Vija HA, et al. Isotropic reconstruction of SPECT data using OSEM3D: correlation with CT. Acad Radiol. 2006; 13: 496-502.
  • Bar-Shalom R, Yefremov N, Guralnik L et al. SPECT/CT using 67Ga and 111In-labeled leukocyte scintigraphy for diagnosis of infection. J Nucl Med. 2006; 47: 587-94.
  • Kosuke Y, Noriaki M, Kazuki M, et al. Development of a new quantification method using partial volume effect correction for individual energy peaks in 111In-pentetreotide SPECT/CT. Asia Ocean J Nucl Med Biol. 2022 Spring;10(2):126-137.
  • Hope TA, Calais J, Zhang L, et al. 111In-pentetreotide scintigraphy versus 68Ga-DOTATATE PET: Impact on krenning scores and effect of tumor burden. J Nucl Med. 2019; 60(9):1266–9.
  • Finocchiaro D, Berenato S, Grassi E, et al. Partial volume effect of SPECT images in PRRT with 177Lu labelled somatostatin analogues: A practical solution. Phys Med. 2019; 57:153-9
  • Jönsson L, Stenvall A, Mattsson E, et al. Quantitative analysis of phantom studies of 111In and 68Ga imaging of neuroendocrine tumours. EJNMMI Phys. 2018; 20; 5(1):5.
  • Wickberg E, van Essen M, Rydén T, et al. EVALUATION OF THE SPATIAL RESOLUTION IN MONTE CARLO-BASED SPECT/CT RECONSTRUCTION OF 111IN-OCTREOTIDE IMAGES. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2021 Oct 12;195(3-4):319-326.
  • Mahsa Noori-Asl. Assessment of Four Scatter Correction Methods in In-111 SPECT Imaging: A Simulation Study. J Med Phys. 2020 Apr-Jun;45(2):107-115.
  • Ingui CJ, Shah NP, Oates ME. Infection scintigraphy: added value of singlephoton emission computed tomography/computed tomography fusion compared with traditional analysis. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2007; 31: 375-80.
  • Horger M, Eschmann SM, Pfannenberg C, et al. Added value of SPECT/CT in patients suspected of having bone infection: preliminary results. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2007; 127: 211-21.
  • Ingui CJ, Shah NP, Oates ME. Endocrine neoplasm scintigraphy: added value of fusing SPECT/CT images compared with traditional side-by-side analysis. Clin Nucl Med. 2006; 31: 665-72.
  • Tharp K, Israel O, Hausmann J, et al. Impact of 131I-SPECT/CT images obtained with an integrated system in the follow-up of patients with thyroid carcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2004; 31: 1435-42.
  • Yamamoto Y, Nishiyama Y, Monden T, Matsumura Y, Satoh K, Ohkawa M. Clinical usefulness of fusion of 131I SPECT and CT images in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Nucl Med. 2003; 44: 1905-10.
  • Lavely WC, Goetze S, Friedman KP, et al. Comparison of SPECT/CT, SPECT, and planar imaging with single- and dual-phase 99mTc-sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy. J Nucl Med. 2007; 48: 1084-9.
  • Harris L, Yoo J, Driedger A, et al. Accuracy of technetium-99m SPECT-CT hybrid images in predicting the precise intraoperative anatomical location of parathyroid adenomas. Head Neck. 2008; 30: 509-17.
  • Ruf J, Seehofer D, Denecke T, et al. Impact of image fusion and attenuation correction by SPECT-CT on the scintigraphic detection of parathyroid adenomas. Nuklearmedizin. 2007; 46: 15-21.
  • Krausz Y, Bettman L, Guralnik L, et al. Technetium-99m-MIBI SPECT/CT in primary hyperparathyroidism. World J Surg. 2006; 30:76–83.
  • Avram AM, Fig LM, Gross MD. Adrenal gland scintigraphy. Semin Nucl Med. 2006; 36: 212-27.
  • Even-Sapir E, Keidar Z, Sachs J, et al. The new technology of combined transmission and emission tomography in evaluation of endocrine neoplasms. J Nucl Med. 2001; 42: 998-1004.
  • Dondi M, Fagioli G, Salgarello M, Zoboli S, Nanni C, Cidda C. Myocardial SPECT: what do we gain from attenuation correction (and when)? Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2004; 48: 181-7.
  • Masood Y, Liu YH, Depuey G, et al. Clinical validation of SPECT attenuation correction using x-ray computed tomography-derived attenuation maps: multicenter clinical trial with angiographic correlation. J Nucl Cardiol. 2005; 12: 676-86.
  • Madsen MT. Recent advances in SPECT imaging. J Nucl Med. 2007; 48: 661-73.
  • Goetze S, Wahl RL. Prevalence of misregistration between SPECT and CT for attenuation-corrected myocardial perfusion SPECT. J Nucl Cardiol. 2007; 14: 200-6.
  • Krausz Y, Keidar Z, Kogan I, et al. SPECT/CT hybrid imaging with 111In-pentetreotide in assessment of neuroendocrine tumours. Clin Endocrinol. 2003; 59: 565-73.
  • Hillel PG, van Beek EJ, Taylor C, et al. The clinical impact of a combined gamma camera/CT imaging system on somatostatin receptor imaging of neuroendocrine tumours. Clin Radiol. 2006; 61: 579-87.
  • Kloppel G, Perren A, Heitz PU. The gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine cell system and its tumors: the WHO classification. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004; 1014: 13-27.
  • Veenhof CH, de Wit R, Taal BG et al. A dose-escalation study of recombinant interferon-alpha in patients with a metastatic carcinoid tumour. Eur J Cancer. 1992; 28: 75-8.
  • Solcia E, Klöppel G, Sobin LH, et al. Histological typing of endocrine tumours. 2nd Ed. WHO International Histological Classification of Tumours. Springer. Berlin. 2000.
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Nükleer Tıp
Bölüm Research Articles
Yazarlar

Serap Nişli 0009-0002-9463-8867

Esra Arslan 0000-0002-9222-8883

Mustafa Demir 0000-0002-9813-1628

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 14 Mayıs 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Mayıs 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 19 Mart 2025
Kabul Tarihi 5 Mayıs 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Nişli, S., Arslan, E., & Demir, M. (2025). Use of SPECT/CT in Scintigraphic Imaging Methods. Molecular Oncologic Imaging, 5(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.71286/moi.1661510
AMA Nişli S, Arslan E, Demir M. Use of SPECT/CT in Scintigraphic Imaging Methods. Molecular Oncologic Imaging. Mayıs 2025;5(1):1-16. doi:10.71286/moi.1661510
Chicago Nişli, Serap, Esra Arslan, ve Mustafa Demir. “Use of SPECT/CT in Scintigraphic Imaging Methods”. Molecular Oncologic Imaging 5, sy. 1 (Mayıs 2025): 1-16. https://doi.org/10.71286/moi.1661510.
EndNote Nişli S, Arslan E, Demir M (01 Mayıs 2025) Use of SPECT/CT in Scintigraphic Imaging Methods. Molecular Oncologic Imaging 5 1 1–16.
IEEE S. Nişli, E. Arslan, ve M. Demir, “Use of SPECT/CT in Scintigraphic Imaging Methods”, Molecular Oncologic Imaging, c. 5, sy. 1, ss. 1–16, 2025, doi: 10.71286/moi.1661510.
ISNAD Nişli, Serap vd. “Use of SPECT/CT in Scintigraphic Imaging Methods”. Molecular Oncologic Imaging 5/1 (Mayıs 2025), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.71286/moi.1661510.
JAMA Nişli S, Arslan E, Demir M. Use of SPECT/CT in Scintigraphic Imaging Methods. Molecular Oncologic Imaging. 2025;5:1–16.
MLA Nişli, Serap vd. “Use of SPECT/CT in Scintigraphic Imaging Methods”. Molecular Oncologic Imaging, c. 5, sy. 1, 2025, ss. 1-16, doi:10.71286/moi.1661510.
Vancouver Nişli S, Arslan E, Demir M. Use of SPECT/CT in Scintigraphic Imaging Methods. Molecular Oncologic Imaging. 2025;5(1):1-16.