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Women's Position in Digital Inequality: An Evaluation of Policies and Practices in Turkey

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 1 - 22, 01.07.2025

Nuriye Çelik

Öz

In the age of rapid technological advancements, digitalisation has become a tool of modern life and has significantly transformed the socio-economic landscape. Digital tools are essential in economic and social domains to achieve social equality and improve policies.
This study aims to reveal the disadvantaged position of women in digital inequality. In doing so, the concept of digital inequality is first explained, and the causes of digital inequality are identified. Along with the elements that constitute the source of digital inequality, such as education, age, disability, socio-economic conditions, and geography, the relationship between gender and digital inequality is elucidated. Gender, like other unequal hierarchical structures, is an effective source of digital inequality. The ways to address gender-based issues in digital inequality should be investigated. Therefore, the situation in Turkey is presented, followed by examples of social policy practices worldwide, and the implemented policies are discussed.
This study proposes concrete social policies as a significant way for women to overcome digital inequality. The results of the study indicate that social policies planned for women not only enhance the welfare of women but also improve the overall well-being of society and elevate societal development. Additionally, it is understood that while developed countries generally focus on integrating women into high-tech sectors and advanced digital skills training, developing countries prioritize basic digital literacy and mobile internet access. Therefore, the policies to be implemented must consider local sociological factors. Similarly, it is evident from the policies implemented in developed countries that solving this issue is impossible without producing complex policies in collaboration with public and civil society organizations and universities and without determining long-term strategies. The study concludes with proposed concrete policies.
Keywords: Digitalization, gender, social policy, digital literacy, exemplary policies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Digitalization gender social policy digital literacy exemplary policies

Kaynakça

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  • Avilés, J., M., Mayne, G., Aneja, U., Sorgner, A. (2019). Bridging the Gender Digital Gap. Economics: The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal, 13 (2019-9): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5018/economics-ejournal.ja.2019-9
  • Ayuso, J. F. R., (2023). Tools at the Service of Public Administrations to Fight Digital Gender Inequalities. Journal of feminist, gender and women studies, doi: 10.15366/jfgws2023.14.004
  • Basu, M., Gajjala, R., Guha, P., Kumar, V., Sharma, R., Subramanian, S., & Verma, T. (2022). Reflections: Sexual Violence in India and the Possibilities and Limits of Digital Activism. Women’s Studies in Communication, 45(4), 513–524. https://doi.org/10.1080/07491409.2022.2136908
  • Beregovskaya, T., Grishaeva, S., & Smbatyan, S. (2022). Gender and Career: Trends in Digital Society. Wisdom, 1S (2), 21–29.
  • Berger, T., & Frey, B. (2016). Digitalisation, jobs and convergence in Europe: Strategies for closing the skills gap (Vol. 50). Oxford: Oxford Martin School.
  • Bhatt, D. B., (2023). Digital literacy training for women entrepreneurs in the direction of atmanirbharta- a case of karolia village. International Journal of Management Public Policy and Research, doi: 10.55829/ijmpr.v2ispecialissue.130
  • Bimonte, K., Eastwood, R., Fromme, T., Pardue, J., & Selkow, S. (2018). Developing Digital Literacy Modules for Women in Cuenca, Ecuador. Doctoral Dissertation, Worcester Polytechnıc Instıtute.
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Dijital Eşitsizlikte Kadının Konumu: Türkiye'deki Politika ve Uygulamaların Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 1 - 22, 01.07.2025

Nuriye Çelik

Öz

Hızlı teknolojik gelişmeler çağında, dijitalleşme modern yaşamın bir aracı haline gelmiş ve sosyo-ekonomik manzarayı önemli ölçüde dönüştürmüştür. Dijital araçlar, ekonomik ve sosyal alanlarda sosyal eşitliği sağlamak ve politikaları iyileştirmek için gereklidir.
Bu çalışma, dijital eşitsizlikte kadınların dezavantajlı konumunu ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Bunu yaparken, öncelikle dijital eşitsizlik kavramı açıklanmakta ve dijital eşitsizliğin nedenleri belirlenmektedir. Eğitim, yaş, engellilik, sosyo-ekonomik koşullar ve coğrafya gibi dijital eşitsizliğin kaynağını oluşturan unsurların yanı sıra, toplumsal cinsiyet ile dijital eşitsizlik arasındaki ilişki de açıklanmaktadır. Toplumsal cinsiyet, diğer eşitsiz hiyerarşik yapılar gibi, dijital eşitsizlik için de etkili bir kaynaktır. Dijital eşitsizlikte toplumsal cinsiyete dayalı sorunların ele alınma yolları araştırılmalıdır. Bu nedenle önce Türkiye'deki durum sonra da dünya çapındaki sosyal politika uygulama örnekleriyle birlikte çözüm yolları sunulmakta ve uygulanan politikalar tartışılmaktadır.
Bu çalışma, kadınların dijital eşitsizliği aşmaları için somut sosyal politikalar önermektedir. Çalışmanın sonuçları, kadınlar için planlanan sosyal politikaların sadece kadınların refahını artırmakla kalmayıp, aynı zamanda toplumun genel refahını iyileştirdiğini ve toplumsal gelişim seviyesini yükselttiğini göstermektedir. Ayrıca, gelişmiş ülkelerin genellikle kadınları yüksek teknoloji sektörlerine entegre etmeye ve ileri dijital beceri eğitimine odaklandığı, gelişmekte olan ülkelerin ise temel dijital okuryazarlık ve mobil internet erişimini önceliklendirdiği anlaşılmaktadır. Bu nedenle, uygulanacak politikaların yerel sosyolojik faktörleri dikkate alması gerekmektedir. Benzer şekilde, gelişmiş ülkelerde uygulanan politikalardan, bu sorunun kamu ve sivil toplum kuruluşları ve üniversitelerle iş birliği içinde karmaşık politikalar üretilmeden ve uzun vadeli stratejiler belirlenmeden çözülmesinin imkânsız olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Çalışma, somut politika önerileriyle sona ermektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Dijitalleşme, toplumsal cinsiyet, sosyal politika, dijital okuryazarlık, örnek politikalar.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Dijitalleşme toplumsal cinsiyet sosyal politika dijital okuryazarlık örnek politikalar

Kaynakça

  • Abdulina, N., Abisheva, A., Movchun, V., Lobuteva, A., & Lobuteva, L. (2021). Overcoming Gender Stereotypes in the Process of Social Development and Getting Higher Education in Digital Environment. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (Online), 16(12), 36.
  • Adnan, M., Özbek, Ç. (2023). Digital competences of older women in Turkey: gender and ageing as double danger. Educational Gerontology, 1-18. doi: 10.1080/03601277.2023.2209452
  • Alcock, C. (2014). Introducing social policy. Routledge.
  • Avilés, J., M., Mayne, G., Aneja, U., Sorgner, A. (2019). Bridging the Gender Digital Gap. Economics: The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal, 13 (2019-9): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5018/economics-ejournal.ja.2019-9
  • Ayuso, J. F. R., (2023). Tools at the Service of Public Administrations to Fight Digital Gender Inequalities. Journal of feminist, gender and women studies, doi: 10.15366/jfgws2023.14.004
  • Basu, M., Gajjala, R., Guha, P., Kumar, V., Sharma, R., Subramanian, S., & Verma, T. (2022). Reflections: Sexual Violence in India and the Possibilities and Limits of Digital Activism. Women’s Studies in Communication, 45(4), 513–524. https://doi.org/10.1080/07491409.2022.2136908
  • Beregovskaya, T., Grishaeva, S., & Smbatyan, S. (2022). Gender and Career: Trends in Digital Society. Wisdom, 1S (2), 21–29.
  • Berger, T., & Frey, B. (2016). Digitalisation, jobs and convergence in Europe: Strategies for closing the skills gap (Vol. 50). Oxford: Oxford Martin School.
  • Bhatt, D. B., (2023). Digital literacy training for women entrepreneurs in the direction of atmanirbharta- a case of karolia village. International Journal of Management Public Policy and Research, doi: 10.55829/ijmpr.v2ispecialissue.130
  • Bimonte, K., Eastwood, R., Fromme, T., Pardue, J., & Selkow, S. (2018). Developing Digital Literacy Modules for Women in Cuenca, Ecuador. Doctoral Dissertation, Worcester Polytechnıc Instıtute.
  • Blakemore, K., & Warwick-Booth, L. (2013). Social Policy: An Introduction: An Introduction. Mcgraw-Hill Education (UK).
  • Bonney, N., Komolafe, O., & Tait, E. (2008). Challenging digital inequalities: Barriers and prospects. (I. Lee, Ed.; pp. 2014–2024). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-056-1
  • Bozan, V., & Treré, E. (2023). When digital inequalities meet digital disconnection: Studying the material conditions of disconnection in rural Turkey. Convergence, 13548565231174596.
  • Çelik, N. (2023). The Digital Inequalities in The Digital Society. In Current Debates on Social Sciences 13, Edit: Zeynel Karacagil, ISBN: 978-625-6925-27-4 1st Edition, 75-81.
  • Comeforo, K., & Görgülü, B. (2022). Democratic Possibilities of Digital Feminism: The Case of# Istanbul
  • ConventionSavesLives and# IstanbulSozlesmesi. In Democratic Frontiers (pp. 63-82). Routledge.
  • Dalgic-Tetikol, D. E., Guloglu, B., & Köksal, E. (2022). Determinants of internet adoption in Turkey and the need for a more coherent vision on information and communication technologies policy. Competition and Regulation in Network Industries, 23(4), 311-336.
  • David, R. (2022). Advancing gender equality and closing the gender digital gap: Three principles to support behavioural change policy and intervention. doi: 10.35489/bsg-dp-wp_2022/02
  • Dickens, J. (2016). Social work and social policy: An introduction. Routledge. Dijital Devlet Stratejisi (2023). OECD Dijital Devlet İncelemesi Türkiye Raporu, Access Address: https://cbddo.gov.tr/dijital-devlet-stratejisi/ Access Date: 16.06.2024
  • DiMaggio, P., & Hargittai, E. (2001). The Role of Age and Geographic Location in Digital Inequality: A Comparative Study. Social Science Quarterly, 82(1), 1-18. doi:10.1111/0038-4941.00001
  • Dinçer, P. (2023). Türkiye’de Dijital Feminist Aktivizm: Uzun Süredir Beklenen Dördüncü Dalga Feminizm Geldi mi? Mediterranean Journal of Women's Studies and Gender, 6 / 282-303. doi: 10.33708/ktc.1175381
  • Ekoh, P. C., Okolie, T. J., Nnadi, F. B., Oyinlola, O., & Walsh, C. A. (2023). Understanding the impact of digital technology on the well-being of older immigrants and refugees: A scoping review. Digital Health. https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076231194947
  • Enríquez, C., R. (2021). Global social policy. doi: 10.4324/9780429020612-52
  • Europe 2030: A Digital Powerhouse. (2024). Executive Summary 20 Solutions to Boost European Tech
  • Leadership and Resilience, Access Address: https://manifesto2030.digitaleurope.org/ Access Date: 16.06.2024
  • European Commision. (2021). Women in Digital Scoreboard 2021, Access Address: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/women-digital-scoreboard-2021 Access Date: 08.06.2024
  • Faugoo, D., & Onaga, A. I. (2022). Establishing a Resilient, Economically Prosperous and Inclusive World by Overcoming the Gender Digital Divide in the New Normal. In Responsible Management of Shifts in Work Modes–Values for a Post Pandemic Future, Volume 1 (pp. 115-129). Emerald Publishing Limited.
  • Genç, G., & Dülger, R. (2023). Bridging the Digital Divide Using the TPACK Model in the Context of Turkey. In Undividing Digital Divide: Digital Literacy (pp. 23-36). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.
  • Germain, M. S. (2023). Palladium - DigitALL: Bridging the Digital Gender Divide. https://thepalladiumgroup.com/news/DigitALL-Bridging-the-Digital-Gender-Divide
  • Germain, M. S. (2023). Palladium - DigitALL: Bridging the Digital Gender Divide. https://thepalladiumgroup.com/news/DigitALL-Bridging-the-Digital-Gender-Divide
  • Gillwald, A., & Partridge, A. (2022). Gendered Nature of Digital Inequality: evidence for policy considerations, UN Women Report, Research ICT Africa.
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  • Gün, S. (2023). Digital Divide in the Digital Era and the Digitalization in Turkey and Around the World. In: Köksal, D., Ulum, Ö.G., Genç, G. (eds) Undividing Digital Divide. SpringerBriefs in Education. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25006-4_8
  • Hargittai, E. (2010). Digital Inequality: Differences in Young Adults' Use of the Internet. Communication Research, 37(4), 602-621. doi:10.1177/0093650210362533
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  • Holotă, A. and Drăgoi, M.C., (2023). Is Digitalization Gender-Neutral? Study of Gender Digital Divide Status in EU. In: R. Pamfilie, V. Dinu, C. Vasiliu, D. Pleșea, L. Tăchiciu eds. 2023. 9th BASIQ International Conference on New Trends in Sustainable Business and Consumption. Constanța, Romania, 8-10 June 2023. Bucharest: ASE, pp. 392-399
  • Hsieh, J. P.-A., Rai, A., & Keil, M. (2008). Understanding digital inequality: Comparing continued use behavioral models of the socio-economically advantaged and disadvantaged. MIS Quarterly, 97–126.
  • J.A. Van Dijk, (2005). The Deepening Divide: Inequality in the Information Society. SAGE Publications.
  • J.A. Van Dijk, (2006). Digital divide research, achievements and shortcomings, Poetics 34 (4–5), 221–235.
  • J.A. Van Dijk, (2013). A Theory of the Digital Divide. In The Digital Divide (pp. 29-52). Routledge.
  • Judith, Mariscal., Gloria, Mayne., Urvashi, Aneja., Alina, Sorgner. (2019). Bridging the gender digital gap. Economics : the Open-Access, Open-Assessment e-Journal, doi: 10.5018/ECONOMICS-EJOURNAL.JA.2019-9
  • Kadının Güçlenmesi Strateji Belgesi ve Eylem Planı 2018-2023 (2024). Access Address: https://www.aile.gov.tr/ksgm/ulusal-eylem-planlari/kadinin-guclenmesi-strateji-belgesi-ve-eylem-plani-2018-2023/ Access Date: 16.06.2024
  • Khanna, M. (2023). Social Empowerment of Women Through ICT Tools With Special Reference to Use Post Pandemic. In ICT as a Driver of Women’s Social and Economic Empowerment (pp. 102–122). IGI Global. https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/social-empowerment-of-women-through-ict-tools-with-special-reference-to-use-post-pandemic/321573
  • Kryklii, O. (2021). The Role of Education in Bridging the Digital Divide and Ensuring Digital Inclusion. Scientific Opinion: Economics and Management. https://doi.org/10.32836/2521-666X/2021-75-5
  • Marini, S., Hanum, F., Sulistiyo, A. (2020). Digital Literacy: Empowering Indonesian Women In Overcoming Digital Divide. 137-141. doi: 10.2991/ASSEHR.K.200130.029
  • Mariniello, M. (2022). Digital Inequality. In M. Mariniello (Ed.), Digital Economic Policy: The Economics of Digital Markets from a European Union Perspective (p. 0). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198831471.003.0013
  • Mossberger, K., Tolbert, C. J., & Stansbury, M. (2003). Geographic and Age-Related Variations in Internet Use: Implications for Digital Inequality. Information Society, 19(4), 273-283. doi:10.1080/01972240309479
  • Nagpal, N., & Bamezai, G. (2022). Digital dispossession and gendered discrimination in use of smartphone by women in marginal settings in india. Ijpmonline, 1(1), 35–44.
  • Özsoy, D., Akbulut, E., Atılgan, S. S., & Muschert, G. W. (2020). Determinants of digital skills in Northeast Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of multicultural discourses, 15(2), 148-164.
  • Pierce P, Whitten M and Hillman S (2023) The impact of digital healthcare on vulnerable pregnant women: A review of the use of the MyCare app in the maternity department at a central London tertiary unit. Front. Digit.
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  • Ragnedda, M. (2017). The third digital divide: A Weberian approach to digital inequalities. Routledge.
  • Ragnedda, M., & Ruiu, M. L. (2020). Digital capital: A Bourdieusian perspective on the digital divide. Emerald Publishing Limited.
  • Reinartz, A. (2016). Digital Inequality and the Use of Information Communication Technology (Doctoral dissertation, University of Passau). Retrieved from University of Passau repository.
  • Robinson, J. P., Kestnbaum, M., Neustadtl, A., & Alvarez, A. (2002). Digital Inequality in Rural America: The Impact of Socioeconomic Status and Age on Internet Access and Use. Sociological Inquiry, 72(3), 410-434. doi:10.1111/1475-682X.00030
  • Robinson, L., Cotten, S. R., Ono, H., Quan-Haase, A., Mesch, G. S., Chen, W., Schulz, J., Hale, T. M., & Stern, M. J. (2015). Digital inequalities and why they matter. Information, Communication & Society, 18(5), 569-582. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2015.1012532
  • Rustandi, R. (2022). Digital Literacy Assistance for Women at Madrasah Technology Al-Khwarizmi Pangalengan, Bandung Regency. Prosperity Journal of Society and Empowerment, 2(2):122-135. doi: 10.21580/prosperity.2022.2.2.10906
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  • Shuangshuang, Y., Zhu, W., Mughal, N., Aparcana, S. I., & Muda, I. (2023). The impact of education and digitalization on female labour force participation in BRICS: An advanced panel data analysis. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 10(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-02020-2
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  • Tyers-Chowdhury, A., & Binder, G. (2021).What we know about the gender digital divide for girls: A literature review, UNICEF Gender and Innovation Evidence briefs - Insights into the gender digital divide for girls.
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  • Williams, S. (2016). #SayHerName: Using digital activism to document violence against black women. Feminist Media Studies, 16(5), 922–925. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2016.121357
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  • Yang, J. (2023). Beyond structural inequality: A socio-technical approach to the digital divide in the platform environment. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 10, 813. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-02326-1
Toplam 76 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Toplumsal Cinsiyet ve Siyaset
Bölüm Makale
Yazarlar

Nuriye Çelik 0000-0001-6368-1956

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Temmuz 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 9 Ekim 2024
Kabul Tarihi 27 Mart 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Çelik, N. (2025). Women’s Position in Digital Inequality: An Evaluation of Policies and Practices in Turkey. Marmara Üniversitesi Kadın Ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(1), 1-22.
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