Öz
The fact that the political parties associated with Christian democracy as an ideology or doctrine today are contemporary manifestations of the Catholic parties founded in Western Europe in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century gives this political movement a religious-cultural dimension. In other words, it is not possible to evaluate the theoretical foundations of Christian democracy apart from the political and social dimensions of Catholicism in general and Catholicism in particular. Indeed, the Catholic Church has always been a central institution that makes binding statements not only on matters of faith but also on how believers should think about political and social issues. In this study, which examines the nature of Christian democracy in relation to its theoretical and theological foundations, the basic principles or main themes of Christian democracy are analyzed under five main headings. These are anti-materialism, personalism, subsidiarity, social market economy and democracy. However, some other important concepts related to these main themes are also included, albeit in a summarized form due to the constraints imposed by the article format. These include state and society, (distributive) justice and human rights, pluralism, authority and hierarchy, solidarism and the welfare state.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Christian democracy Catholicism Personalism Anti-materialism Social capitalism
Kaynakça
- Accetti, I. C. (2019). What is christian democracy: politics, religion and ideology, Cambridge University Press.
- Adenauer, K. (1946). Speech at the university of Cologne, www.konrad-adenauer.de/dokumente.
- Almond, A. G. (1948). The political ideal of christian democracy, The Journal of Politics, 10(4), 734-763.
- Aristoteles (2014). Politika, (M. Tunçay Çev.), Remzi Kitabevi: İstanbul Avrupa Yerel Yönetimler Özerklik Şartı (1985). https://inhak.adalet.gov.tr/Resimler/Dokuman/2712020143139122_tur.pdf.
- Bouscaren, A. T. (1949). The european christian democrats, The Western Political Quarterly, 2(1), 59-73.
- Carlson, A. (2007). Europe and the Christian democracy movement: A once and future hope?, The Linacre Quarterly, 74 (2), 94-110.
- Carozza, G. P. (2003). Subsidiarity as a structural principle of international human rights law, The American Journal of International Law, 97(1), 38-79.
- Colish, M. L. (1975). St. Aquinas in historical perspective: The modern period. Church History, 44 (4), 433-449.
- Conway M. (1997). Catholic politics in Europe 1918-1945, London: Routledge.
- Conway M. (2020). Western Europe’s democratic age 1945-1968, Princeton University Press.
- Dierickx, G. (1994). Christian democracy and its ideological rivals: An empirical comparison in the low countries, In D. Hanley (Ed.), Christian democracy in Europe (pp.15-31). A Comperative Perspective, London: Pinter.
- Dumoulin, M. (1997). The Socio-economic impact of christian democracy in western Europe, In E. Lamberts (Ed.), Christian Democracy in the European Union:1945-95 (pp.369-375). Leuven University Press.
- Erhard, L. (1958). Prosperity through competition, New York: Frederick A. Praeger.
- Fogarty, M. P. (1957). Christian democracy in western europe: 1820-1957, University of Notre Dame Press.
- Gerald, M. (1994). Neo-thomists. Milwaukee: Marquette University Press.
- Gutting, G. (2001). French philosophy in the twentieth century. Cambridge University Press.
- Halberstam, D. (2009). Federal powers and the principle of subsidiarity, In V. Amar & M. Tushnet (Ed.) Global Perspectives on Constitutional Law, (pp.34-47). New York: Oxford University Press.
- Hanley, D. (1994). Introduction: christian democracy as a political phenomenon, In D. Hanley (Ed.), Christian Democracy in Europe: A Comparative Perspective, (pp.1-15) London: Pinter.
- Hittenger, R. (2007). Introduction to modern Catholicism, In J. Witte & F. S. Alexander (Ed.), The Teaching Of Modern Catholicism: On Law, Politics and Human Nature, (pp. 1-39). Colombia University Press.
- Höffner, C. J. (1997). Christian social teaching, Second Edition, Bratislava: Ordo Socialis.
- Huntington, P. S. (2010). Üçüncü dalga: Geç 20. yüzyılda demokratikleşme, (E. Özbudun, Çev.). Kilit Yayınları: Ankara.
- Irving, R. (1973). Christian democracy in France, New York: Routledge.
- Kaiser, W. (2004). Christian democracy in twentieth-century Europe, Journal of Contemporary History, 39(1), 127-135.
- Kaiser, W. (2007). Christian democracy and the origins of European Union, Cambridge University Press.
- Kalyvas, N. S. & van Kersberger K. (2010). Christian democracy, The Annual Review of Political Science, 13, 183-209.
- Kalyvas, N. S. (1996). The rise of Christian democracy in Europe, Cornell University Press: New York.
- Lamberts, E. (1997). Introduction, In E. Lamberts (Ed.) ,Christian Democracy in the European Union: 1945-1995, (pp. 9-13). Leuven University Press.
- Lyon, M. (1967). Christian-democratic parties and politics, Journal of Contemporary History, 2 (4), 69-87.
- Maritain, J. (1943). Christianity and democracy and the rights of man and natural law, San Francisco: Ignatius Press .
- Maritain, J. (1944). The rights of man and natural law, London: The Centenary Press.
- Maritain, J. (1951). Man and the state, Chicago University Press.
- Maritain, J. (1960). Scholasticisim and politics, Chicago University Press.
- Misner, P. (2003). Christian Democratic Social Policy: Precedents for Third-Way Thinking, In T. Kselman ve J. Buttigieg (Ed.), European Christian Democracy. Historical Legacies and Comperative Perspectives, (pp. 68-93). Notre Dame University Press.
- Mitchell, D. M. (2012). The origins of Christian democracy: politics and confessions in modern Germany, The University of Michigan Press.
- Moyn, S. (2015). Christian human rights, Philedalphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Moyn, S. (2017). Son ütopya: tarihte insan hakları, (F. Ev, Çev), İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları.
- Müller, J. W. (2011). Contesting democracy. political ideas in 20th century Europe, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
- Pesch, H. (2004). Ethics and the national economy, Norfolk: IHS Press.
- Platon (1992). Devlet, (S. Eyüboğlu & M.A. Cimcoz Çev.), İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
- Pombeni, P. (2000). The ideology of christian democracy, Journal of Political Ideologies, (5) 3, 289-300.
- Rommen, H. A. (1945). The state in Catholic thought: A treatise in political philosophy, R. Herder Book Co. Shadle, A. M. (2018). Interrupting capitalism: Catholic social thought and the economy, Oxford University Press.
- Sturzo, L. (1947). The philosopical background of christian democracy, The Review of Politics, 9(1), 3-15. Urbinati, N. (2018). Subsidiarity and the challenge to the sovereign state, In J. Cohen, A. Arato, A. von Busekit (Ed.), Forms of Pluralism and Democratic State, (pp. 188-209). Columbia University Press.
- Van Kersbergen, K. (1994). The distinctiveness of Christian democracy, In D. Hanley (Ed.), Christian Democracy in Europe: A Comparative Perspective, (pp. 31-71). Pinter: London.
- Van Kersbergen, K. (1995). Social capitalism: A study of Christian democracy and the welfare state, Routledge: London.
- IX. Pius (1864). The syllabus of errors, https://www.papalencyclicals.net/pius09/p9syll.htm.
- VI. Paulus (1965). Gaudium et spes, https://inters.org/Gaudium-et-Spes.
- VI. Pius (1791). Charitas (In the civil oath in France), https://www.papalencyclicals.net/pius06/p6charit.htm.
- XI. Pius (1931). Quadragesimo anno, https://www.papalencyclicals.net/pius11/p11quadr.htm.
- XI. Pius (1937). Mit brennender Sorge, https://www.papalencyclicals.net/pius11/p11brenn.htm.
- XII. Pius (1942). The rights of man, The feast of Christmas and suffering humanity, Broadcast of Pope Pius XII, https://www.catholictradition.org/Encyclicals/1942.htm
- XIII. Leo (1879). Aeterni patris, https://www.papalencyclicals.net/leo13/l13cph.htm.
- XIII. Leo (1891). Rerum novarum, https://www.papalencyclicals.net/leo13/l13rerum.htm.
- XXIII. John (1963). Pacem et Terris, https://www.papalencyclicals.net/john23/j23pacem.htm.
Öz
Günümüzde bir ideoloji ya da öğreti olarak Hıristiyan demokrasiyle ilişkilendirilen siyasal partilerin Batı Avrupa’da on dokuzuncu yüzyılın son çeyreği ve yirminci yüzyılın ilk yarısında kurulan Katolik partilerin çağdaş tezahürleri olması, bu siyasal harekete dinsel-kültürel bir boyut kazandırmaktadır. Diğer bir ifadeyle Hıristiyan demokrasinin teorik dayanaklarını genel olarak Katolisizmden özelde de Katolisizmin siyasal ve toplumsal boyutlarından ayrı değerlendirebilmek olanaklı değildir. Nitekim Katolik Kilisesi daima sadece inanç konularında değil, inançlıların siyasal ve toplumsal meseleler hakkında nasıl düşünmeleri gerektiği konusunda da bağlayıcı açıklamalar yapan merkezi bir kurum olmuştur. Hıristiyan demokrasinin mahiyetini onun teorik ve teolojik dayanaklarıyla ilgisinde ele alan bu çalışmada Hıristiyan demokrasinin temel ilkeleri ya da ana temaları beş ana başlık altında incelenmiştir. Bunlar sırasıyla anti-materyalizm, personalizm, yetki ikamesi (subsidiarity) ilkesi, sosyal piyasa ekonomisi ve demokrasidir. Bununla birlikte bu ana temalarla bağlantılı olarak başka bazı önemli kavramlara -makale formatının gerekli kıldığı kısıtlar nedeniyle- özet şeklinde de olsa yer verilmiştir. Bu kavramlar arasında ise, devlet ve toplum, (dağıtıcı) adalet ve insan hakları, çoğulculuk, otorite ve hiyerarşi, dayanışmacılık ve refah devleti sayılabilir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Katolisizm Personalizm Anti-Materyalizm Sosyal Kapitalizm Hristiyan Demokrasi
Kaynakça
- Accetti, I. C. (2019). What is christian democracy: politics, religion and ideology, Cambridge University Press.
- Adenauer, K. (1946). Speech at the university of Cologne, www.konrad-adenauer.de/dokumente.
- Almond, A. G. (1948). The political ideal of christian democracy, The Journal of Politics, 10(4), 734-763.
- Aristoteles (2014). Politika, (M. Tunçay Çev.), Remzi Kitabevi: İstanbul Avrupa Yerel Yönetimler Özerklik Şartı (1985). https://inhak.adalet.gov.tr/Resimler/Dokuman/2712020143139122_tur.pdf.
- Bouscaren, A. T. (1949). The european christian democrats, The Western Political Quarterly, 2(1), 59-73.
- Carlson, A. (2007). Europe and the Christian democracy movement: A once and future hope?, The Linacre Quarterly, 74 (2), 94-110.
- Carozza, G. P. (2003). Subsidiarity as a structural principle of international human rights law, The American Journal of International Law, 97(1), 38-79.
- Colish, M. L. (1975). St. Aquinas in historical perspective: The modern period. Church History, 44 (4), 433-449.
- Conway M. (1997). Catholic politics in Europe 1918-1945, London: Routledge.
- Conway M. (2020). Western Europe’s democratic age 1945-1968, Princeton University Press.
- Dierickx, G. (1994). Christian democracy and its ideological rivals: An empirical comparison in the low countries, In D. Hanley (Ed.), Christian democracy in Europe (pp.15-31). A Comperative Perspective, London: Pinter.
- Dumoulin, M. (1997). The Socio-economic impact of christian democracy in western Europe, In E. Lamberts (Ed.), Christian Democracy in the European Union:1945-95 (pp.369-375). Leuven University Press.
- Erhard, L. (1958). Prosperity through competition, New York: Frederick A. Praeger.
- Fogarty, M. P. (1957). Christian democracy in western europe: 1820-1957, University of Notre Dame Press.
- Gerald, M. (1994). Neo-thomists. Milwaukee: Marquette University Press.
- Gutting, G. (2001). French philosophy in the twentieth century. Cambridge University Press.
- Halberstam, D. (2009). Federal powers and the principle of subsidiarity, In V. Amar & M. Tushnet (Ed.) Global Perspectives on Constitutional Law, (pp.34-47). New York: Oxford University Press.
- Hanley, D. (1994). Introduction: christian democracy as a political phenomenon, In D. Hanley (Ed.), Christian Democracy in Europe: A Comparative Perspective, (pp.1-15) London: Pinter.
- Hittenger, R. (2007). Introduction to modern Catholicism, In J. Witte & F. S. Alexander (Ed.), The Teaching Of Modern Catholicism: On Law, Politics and Human Nature, (pp. 1-39). Colombia University Press.
- Höffner, C. J. (1997). Christian social teaching, Second Edition, Bratislava: Ordo Socialis.
- Huntington, P. S. (2010). Üçüncü dalga: Geç 20. yüzyılda demokratikleşme, (E. Özbudun, Çev.). Kilit Yayınları: Ankara.
- Irving, R. (1973). Christian democracy in France, New York: Routledge.
- Kaiser, W. (2004). Christian democracy in twentieth-century Europe, Journal of Contemporary History, 39(1), 127-135.
- Kaiser, W. (2007). Christian democracy and the origins of European Union, Cambridge University Press.
- Kalyvas, N. S. & van Kersberger K. (2010). Christian democracy, The Annual Review of Political Science, 13, 183-209.
- Kalyvas, N. S. (1996). The rise of Christian democracy in Europe, Cornell University Press: New York.
- Lamberts, E. (1997). Introduction, In E. Lamberts (Ed.) ,Christian Democracy in the European Union: 1945-1995, (pp. 9-13). Leuven University Press.
- Lyon, M. (1967). Christian-democratic parties and politics, Journal of Contemporary History, 2 (4), 69-87.
- Maritain, J. (1943). Christianity and democracy and the rights of man and natural law, San Francisco: Ignatius Press .
- Maritain, J. (1944). The rights of man and natural law, London: The Centenary Press.
- Maritain, J. (1951). Man and the state, Chicago University Press.
- Maritain, J. (1960). Scholasticisim and politics, Chicago University Press.
- Misner, P. (2003). Christian Democratic Social Policy: Precedents for Third-Way Thinking, In T. Kselman ve J. Buttigieg (Ed.), European Christian Democracy. Historical Legacies and Comperative Perspectives, (pp. 68-93). Notre Dame University Press.
- Mitchell, D. M. (2012). The origins of Christian democracy: politics and confessions in modern Germany, The University of Michigan Press.
- Moyn, S. (2015). Christian human rights, Philedalphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Moyn, S. (2017). Son ütopya: tarihte insan hakları, (F. Ev, Çev), İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları.
- Müller, J. W. (2011). Contesting democracy. political ideas in 20th century Europe, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
- Pesch, H. (2004). Ethics and the national economy, Norfolk: IHS Press.
- Platon (1992). Devlet, (S. Eyüboğlu & M.A. Cimcoz Çev.), İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
- Pombeni, P. (2000). The ideology of christian democracy, Journal of Political Ideologies, (5) 3, 289-300.
- Rommen, H. A. (1945). The state in Catholic thought: A treatise in political philosophy, R. Herder Book Co. Shadle, A. M. (2018). Interrupting capitalism: Catholic social thought and the economy, Oxford University Press.
- Sturzo, L. (1947). The philosopical background of christian democracy, The Review of Politics, 9(1), 3-15. Urbinati, N. (2018). Subsidiarity and the challenge to the sovereign state, In J. Cohen, A. Arato, A. von Busekit (Ed.), Forms of Pluralism and Democratic State, (pp. 188-209). Columbia University Press.
- Van Kersbergen, K. (1994). The distinctiveness of Christian democracy, In D. Hanley (Ed.), Christian Democracy in Europe: A Comparative Perspective, (pp. 31-71). Pinter: London.
- Van Kersbergen, K. (1995). Social capitalism: A study of Christian democracy and the welfare state, Routledge: London.
- IX. Pius (1864). The syllabus of errors, https://www.papalencyclicals.net/pius09/p9syll.htm.
- VI. Paulus (1965). Gaudium et spes, https://inters.org/Gaudium-et-Spes.
- VI. Pius (1791). Charitas (In the civil oath in France), https://www.papalencyclicals.net/pius06/p6charit.htm.
- XI. Pius (1931). Quadragesimo anno, https://www.papalencyclicals.net/pius11/p11quadr.htm.
- XI. Pius (1937). Mit brennender Sorge, https://www.papalencyclicals.net/pius11/p11brenn.htm.
- XII. Pius (1942). The rights of man, The feast of Christmas and suffering humanity, Broadcast of Pope Pius XII, https://www.catholictradition.org/Encyclicals/1942.htm
- XIII. Leo (1879). Aeterni patris, https://www.papalencyclicals.net/leo13/l13cph.htm.
- XIII. Leo (1891). Rerum novarum, https://www.papalencyclicals.net/leo13/l13rerum.htm.
- XXIII. John (1963). Pacem et Terris, https://www.papalencyclicals.net/john23/j23pacem.htm.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Siyasal Akımlar |
| Bölüm | KAMU YÖNETİMİ |
| Yazarlar | |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 25 Haziran 2025 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 27 Haziran 2025 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 18 Ocak 2025 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 26 Mayıs 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2 |
