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Özofagus kanserinin epidemiyolojisi

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 4S, 203 - 208, 07.05.2013

Ayşen Taslak Şengül

Öz

Toplumda kanser görülme sıklığının bilinmesi, etiyolojisinde rol alan faktörlerin tespiti ve hastalığın önlenmesinde önemlidir. Özofagus kanseri dünyadaki en sık 10 kanserden biridir. İnsidans kanser türüne, hastanın yaşına, ülkelere, hatta aynı ülkede farklı coğrafik yörelere göre değişiklik gösterir. Özofagus kanserinde batı ülkelerinde yıllık insidans yüzbinde 3 iken, Çin’in Linxian eyaletinde yüzbinde 140’ dır. Özofagus skuamöz hücreli kanser batı ülkeleri ve Asya’da dominant iken, adeno kanser batı ülkelerinde artmaktadır.

J. Exp. Clin. Med., 2012; 29:S203-S208

Epidemiology of esophagus cancer

Knowing the incidence of cancer in a society plays a significant role in detecting the factors involving its etiology and prevention of the disease. Esophageal cancer is among the most common 10 cancers. The incidence of esophageal cancer changes in terms of histological type of cancer, patient’s age, country, and even in different geographical regions of the same country. While the incidence in Western countries is 3 in 100.000, it is 140 in China. Although esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is dominant in Western countries and Asia, frequency of adenocarcinoma is increasing in Western countries.

J. Exp. Clin. Med., 2012; 29: S203-S208

Anahtar Kelimeler

Özofagus; kanser; epidemiyoloji; insidans; prevalans (Esophagus; cancer; epidemiology; incidence; prevalence)

Kaynakça

  • Alıcı, S., İzmirli, M., Doğan, E., 2006. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Tıbbi Onkoloji Bilim Dalı’na başvuran kanser hastalarının epi- demiyolojik değerlendirmesi. Türk Onkol. Derg. 21, 87-97.
  • Asaka, M., Kimura, T., Kudo, M., Takeda, H., Mitani, S., Miyazaki, T., Miki, K., Graham, D.Y., 1992. Relationship of Helicobacter pylori to serum pepsinogens in an asymptomatic Japanese population. Gastroenterology. 102, 760-766.
  • Basoglu, A., 2002. Özofagus kanseri ve cerrahi tedavisi. Özofagus hastalıklarının tıbbi ve cerrahi tedavisi. İstanbul: Bilmedya Grup. 229-253.
  • Başoğlu, A., Çapan, A., Karaoğlanoğlu, N., Başoğlu, M., Demirel, M., Eroğlu, A., Varoğlu, E., 1998. Özofajektomi yapılan total vagotomili hastalarda piloromiyotominin mide boşalımına etkisi. GKDC. 6, 64-70.
  • Bayram, İ., Recber, D., İbiloğlu, İ., Uğraş, S., 2005, Bir patoloji anabilim dalında kanser sıklığı ve dağılımı. Ege Tıp Dergisi. 44, 21-27.
  • Blot, W.J., 1994. Esophageal cancer trends and risk factors. Semin. Oncol. 21, 403-410.
  • Blot, W.J., Devesa, S.S., Kneller, R.W., Fraumeni, J.F.Jr., 1991. Rising incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia. JAMA. 265, 1287-1289.
  • Blot, W.J., McLaughlin, J.K., 1999. The changing epidemiology of esophageal cancer. Semin. Oncol. 26, 2-8.
  • Bollschweiler, E., Wolfgarten, E., Gutschow, C., Holscher, A.H., 2001. Demographic variations in the rising incidence of esophageal adenocar- cinoma in white males. Cancer. 92, 549-555.
  • Bosetti, C., Gallus, S., Garevello, W., Vecchia, C.L., 2006. Smoking cessation and the risk of oesophageal cancer; An overwiew of published studies. Oral Oncogoly. 10, 957-964.
  • Bozkurt, K., Bektaş, S.S., Doğru, N., 2011. Şırnak ilinin kanser istatistikleri. Türk Path. Derg. 27, 230-234.
  • Bytzer, P., Christensen, P.B., Damkier, P., Vinding, K., Seersholm, N., 1999. Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and Barrett’s esophagus: A popu- lation based study. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 94, 86-91.
  • Cameron, A.J., 1997. Epidemiology of columnar-lined esophagus and adenocarcinoma. Gastroenterol. Clin. N. 26, 487-494.
  • Cameron, A.J., Kamath, P.S., Carpenter, H.C., 1995. Barrett’s esophagus: The prevalence of short and long segments in reflux patients. Gastro- enterology. 108, 65.
  • Chen, B., Yin, H., Dhurandhar, N., 1994. Detection of human papillomavirus DNA inesophageal squamous cell carcinomas by the polimerase chain reaction using general consensus primers. Hum. Pathol. 25, 920-923.
  • Corley, D.A., Buffler, P.A., 2001. Oesophageal and gastric cardia adenocarcinomas: Analysis of regional variation using the cancer incidence in five continents database. Int. J. Epidemiol. 30, 1415-1425.
  • Daly, J.M., Karnell, L.H., Menck, H.R., 1996. National cancer data base report on esophageal carcinoma. Cancer. 78, 1820-1828.
  • Devesa, S.S., Blot, W.J., Fraumeni, J.F.Jr., 1998. Changing patterns in the incidence of esophageal and gastric carcinoma in the United States. Cancer. 83, 2049-2053.
  • Drewitz, D.J., Sampliner, R.E., Garewal, H.S., 1997. The incidence ofadenocarcinoma in Barrett’s esophagus: A prospective study of 170 pa- tients followed 4.8 years. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 92, 212-215.
  • Ellis, A., Field, J.K., Field, E.A., Friedman, P.S., Freyer, A., Howard, P., Leigh, I.M., Risk, J., Show, J.M., 1994, Tylosis associated with car- cinoma of the oesophagus and oral leukoplakia in a large Liverpool family a review of six generations. Eur. J. Cancer B. Oral Oncol. 30, 102-112.
  • Erkal, H.S., Mendenhall, W.M., Amdur, R.J., Villaret, D.B., Stringer, S.P., 2001. Synchronous and metachronous squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck mucosal sites. J. Clin. Oncol. 19, 1358-1362.
  • Eser, S., Olcayto, E., Karakilinç, H., Karaoğlanoğlu, O., Yakut, C., Ozalan, S., Uçuncu, N., Anbarcioğlu, Z., Ergün, A., Akin, Ü., Yazici, M., Ozdemir, R., Ozgul, N., Tuncer, M., Sağlık Bakanlığı Kanserle Savaş Dairesi Başkanlığı, Epidemiyoloji ve Koruma Şube Müdürlüğü, 2004- 2006 yılları Türkiye kanser insidansı.
  • Garidou, A., Tzonou, A., Lipworth, L., Signorello, L.B., Kalapothaki, V., Trichopoulos, D., 1996. Life-style factors and medical conditions in relation to esophageal cancer by histologic type in a low-risk population. Int. J. Cancer. 68, 295-299.
  • Ghavamzadeh, A., Moussavi, A., Jahani, M., Rastegarpanah, M., Iravani, M., 2001. Esophageal cancer in Iran. Semin. Oncol. 28, 153-157.
  • Fernandes, M.L., Seow, A., Chan, Y.H., Ho, K.Y., 2006. Opposing trends in incidence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarci- noma in a multi-ethnic Asian country. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 101, 1430-1436.
  • Fidaner, C., Eser, S.Y., Parkin, D.M., 2001. Incidence in İzmir in 1993-1994: First results from İzmir cancer registry. Eur. J. Cancer. 37, 83-92.
  • Hongo, M., Nagasaki, Y., Shoji, T., 2009. Epidemiology of esophageal cancer: Orient to Occident. Effects of chronology, geography and ethnic- ity. J. Gastroen. Hepatol. 24, 729-735.
  • Hongo, M., Shoji, T., 2003. Epidemiology of reflux disease and CLE in EastAsia. J. Gastroenterol. 38, 25-30.
  • Ikeda, G., İsaji, S., Bas, B.C., Watanabe, M., Kawarada, Y., 1999. Prognostic significance of biologic factors in squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Cancer. 86, 1396-1405.
  • Karaca, H., Berk, V., İnanç, M., Dikilitaş, M., Özkan, M., 2011. Erciyes Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Tıbbi Onkoloji Bilim Dalı’na 2006-2009 yılları arasında başvuran kanser hastalarının epidemiyolojik değerlendirmesi. Sağlık Bil. Derg. 20, 1-8.
  • Kosem, M., Uğraş, S., Ozen, S., Bayram, İ., Ceran, F., Oral, H., Polat, S., 2001. Van gölü havzasında kanser sıklığı ve dağılımı. Çukurova Üni- versitesi Tıp Fakultesi Dergisi. 26, 30-36.
  • Kubo, A., Corley, D.A., 2004. Marked multi-ethnic variation of esophageal and gastric cardia carcinomas within the United States. Am. J. Gas- troenterol. 99, 582-588.
  • Lam, K.Y., He, D., Ma, L., Zhang, D., Ngan, H.Y., Wan, T.S., Tsao, S., 1997. Presence of human papilloma virus in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas of Hong-Kong Chinese and its relationship with p53 gene mutation. Hum. Pathol. 28, 657-663.
  • Lewin, K.J., Riddell, R.H., Weinstein, V.W., 1992. Polyps and tumors.In: Gastrointestinal pathology and its clinical implications. Igaku-Shoin, NewYork. pp. 440-492.
  • Menke-Pluymers, M.B., Schoute, N.W., Mulder, A.H., Hop, W.C., van Blankenstein, M., Tilanus, H.W., 1992. Outcome of surgical treatment of adenocarcinoma in Barrett’s esophagus. Gut. 33, 1454-1458.
  • Moutesano, R., Holistein, M., Bainaut, P., 1996. Genetic alterations in esophageal cancers and their relevance to etiology and pathogenesis: A review. Int. J. Cancer. 69, 225-235.
  • Oze, I., Matsuo, K., Ito, H., Wakai, K., Nagata, C., Mizoue, T., Tanaka, K., Tsuji, I., Tamakoshi, A., Sasazuki, S., Inoue, M., Tsugane, S., research group for the development and evaluation of cancer prevention strategies in Japan, 2012. Cigarette smoking and esophageal cancer risk: An evaluation based on a systematic review of epidemiologic evidence among the Japanese population. Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol. 42, 63-73.
  • Ökten, I., Güngör, A., 2003. Gögüs Cerrahisi. Cilt-II. Türk Gögüs Cerrahisi Derneği. Ankara, 1247-1308.
  • Parkin D.M., Bray F., Ferlay J., Pisani P., 2005. Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin, 55, 74-108.
  • Pera, M., Cameron, A.J., Trastek, V.F., Carpenter, H.A., Zinsmeister, A.R., 1993. Increasing incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction. Gastroenterology. 104, 510-513.
  • Pera, M., Manterola, C., Vidal, O., Grande, L., 2005. Epidemiology of esophageal adenocarcinoma. J. Surg. Oncol. 92, 151-159.
  • Pickens, A., Orringer, M.B., 2003. Geographical distribution and racial disparity in esophageal cancer. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 76, 1367-1369.
  • Risk, J.M., Mills, H.S., Gadre, J., Dunn, J.R., Evans, K.E., Hollstein, M., Field, J.K., 1999. The tylosis esophageal cancer (TOC) locus: More than just a familial cancer gene. Dis. Esophagus. 12, 173-176.
  • Sandler, R.S., Nyren, O., Ekbom, A., Eisen, G.M., Yuen, J., Josefsson, S., 1995. The risk of esophageal cancer in patients with achalasia: A population-based study. JAMA. 274, 1359-1362.
  • Son J.I., Park H.J., Song K.S., Kim K.J., Lee C.Y., Lee S.I., Park I.S., 2001. A single center’s 30 years experience of esophageal adeno carcinoma. Korean J intern Med; 16; 250-3
  • Spechler, S.J., 2004. Intestinal metaplasia at the gastroesophageal junction. Gastroenterology. 126, 567-575.
  • Spechler, S.J., Goyal, R.K., 1996. The columnar-lined esophagus, intestinal metaplasia, and Norman Barrett. Gastroenterology. 110, 614-621.
  • Uğraş, S., Dilek, H., Akman, E., 1996. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Patoloji Anabilim Dalında tanı konan kanserlerin sıklığı ve dağılımı. Van Tıp Dergisi. 3, 148-154.
  • Wu, A.H., Wan, P., Bernstein, L., 2001. A multiethnic population-based study of smoking, alcohol and body size and risk of adenocarcinoma of the stomach and esophagus. Cancer Cause. Control. 12, 721-732.
  • Ye, W., Held, M., Lagergren, J., Nyren, O., McLaughlin, J.K., Blot, W.J., 2004. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric atrophy: Risk of adeno- carcinoma and squamous-cell carcinoma of the esophagus and adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia. J. Natl. Cancer I. 96, 388-396.
  • Yu, M.C., Garabrant, D.H., Peter, J.M., Mack, T.M., 1988. Tobacco, alcohol, diet, occupation, and carcinoma of the esophagus. Cancer Res. 48, 3843-3848.

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 4S, 203 - 208, 07.05.2013

Ayşen Taslak Şengül

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Alıcı, S., İzmirli, M., Doğan, E., 2006. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Tıbbi Onkoloji Bilim Dalı’na başvuran kanser hastalarının epi- demiyolojik değerlendirmesi. Türk Onkol. Derg. 21, 87-97.
  • Asaka, M., Kimura, T., Kudo, M., Takeda, H., Mitani, S., Miyazaki, T., Miki, K., Graham, D.Y., 1992. Relationship of Helicobacter pylori to serum pepsinogens in an asymptomatic Japanese population. Gastroenterology. 102, 760-766.
  • Basoglu, A., 2002. Özofagus kanseri ve cerrahi tedavisi. Özofagus hastalıklarının tıbbi ve cerrahi tedavisi. İstanbul: Bilmedya Grup. 229-253.
  • Başoğlu, A., Çapan, A., Karaoğlanoğlu, N., Başoğlu, M., Demirel, M., Eroğlu, A., Varoğlu, E., 1998. Özofajektomi yapılan total vagotomili hastalarda piloromiyotominin mide boşalımına etkisi. GKDC. 6, 64-70.
  • Bayram, İ., Recber, D., İbiloğlu, İ., Uğraş, S., 2005, Bir patoloji anabilim dalında kanser sıklığı ve dağılımı. Ege Tıp Dergisi. 44, 21-27.
  • Blot, W.J., 1994. Esophageal cancer trends and risk factors. Semin. Oncol. 21, 403-410.
  • Blot, W.J., Devesa, S.S., Kneller, R.W., Fraumeni, J.F.Jr., 1991. Rising incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia. JAMA. 265, 1287-1289.
  • Blot, W.J., McLaughlin, J.K., 1999. The changing epidemiology of esophageal cancer. Semin. Oncol. 26, 2-8.
  • Bollschweiler, E., Wolfgarten, E., Gutschow, C., Holscher, A.H., 2001. Demographic variations in the rising incidence of esophageal adenocar- cinoma in white males. Cancer. 92, 549-555.
  • Bosetti, C., Gallus, S., Garevello, W., Vecchia, C.L., 2006. Smoking cessation and the risk of oesophageal cancer; An overwiew of published studies. Oral Oncogoly. 10, 957-964.
  • Bozkurt, K., Bektaş, S.S., Doğru, N., 2011. Şırnak ilinin kanser istatistikleri. Türk Path. Derg. 27, 230-234.
  • Bytzer, P., Christensen, P.B., Damkier, P., Vinding, K., Seersholm, N., 1999. Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and Barrett’s esophagus: A popu- lation based study. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 94, 86-91.
  • Cameron, A.J., 1997. Epidemiology of columnar-lined esophagus and adenocarcinoma. Gastroenterol. Clin. N. 26, 487-494.
  • Cameron, A.J., Kamath, P.S., Carpenter, H.C., 1995. Barrett’s esophagus: The prevalence of short and long segments in reflux patients. Gastro- enterology. 108, 65.
  • Chen, B., Yin, H., Dhurandhar, N., 1994. Detection of human papillomavirus DNA inesophageal squamous cell carcinomas by the polimerase chain reaction using general consensus primers. Hum. Pathol. 25, 920-923.
  • Corley, D.A., Buffler, P.A., 2001. Oesophageal and gastric cardia adenocarcinomas: Analysis of regional variation using the cancer incidence in five continents database. Int. J. Epidemiol. 30, 1415-1425.
  • Daly, J.M., Karnell, L.H., Menck, H.R., 1996. National cancer data base report on esophageal carcinoma. Cancer. 78, 1820-1828.
  • Devesa, S.S., Blot, W.J., Fraumeni, J.F.Jr., 1998. Changing patterns in the incidence of esophageal and gastric carcinoma in the United States. Cancer. 83, 2049-2053.
  • Drewitz, D.J., Sampliner, R.E., Garewal, H.S., 1997. The incidence ofadenocarcinoma in Barrett’s esophagus: A prospective study of 170 pa- tients followed 4.8 years. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 92, 212-215.
  • Ellis, A., Field, J.K., Field, E.A., Friedman, P.S., Freyer, A., Howard, P., Leigh, I.M., Risk, J., Show, J.M., 1994, Tylosis associated with car- cinoma of the oesophagus and oral leukoplakia in a large Liverpool family a review of six generations. Eur. J. Cancer B. Oral Oncol. 30, 102-112.
  • Erkal, H.S., Mendenhall, W.M., Amdur, R.J., Villaret, D.B., Stringer, S.P., 2001. Synchronous and metachronous squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck mucosal sites. J. Clin. Oncol. 19, 1358-1362.
  • Eser, S., Olcayto, E., Karakilinç, H., Karaoğlanoğlu, O., Yakut, C., Ozalan, S., Uçuncu, N., Anbarcioğlu, Z., Ergün, A., Akin, Ü., Yazici, M., Ozdemir, R., Ozgul, N., Tuncer, M., Sağlık Bakanlığı Kanserle Savaş Dairesi Başkanlığı, Epidemiyoloji ve Koruma Şube Müdürlüğü, 2004- 2006 yılları Türkiye kanser insidansı.
  • Garidou, A., Tzonou, A., Lipworth, L., Signorello, L.B., Kalapothaki, V., Trichopoulos, D., 1996. Life-style factors and medical conditions in relation to esophageal cancer by histologic type in a low-risk population. Int. J. Cancer. 68, 295-299.
  • Ghavamzadeh, A., Moussavi, A., Jahani, M., Rastegarpanah, M., Iravani, M., 2001. Esophageal cancer in Iran. Semin. Oncol. 28, 153-157.
  • Fernandes, M.L., Seow, A., Chan, Y.H., Ho, K.Y., 2006. Opposing trends in incidence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarci- noma in a multi-ethnic Asian country. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 101, 1430-1436.
  • Fidaner, C., Eser, S.Y., Parkin, D.M., 2001. Incidence in İzmir in 1993-1994: First results from İzmir cancer registry. Eur. J. Cancer. 37, 83-92.
  • Hongo, M., Nagasaki, Y., Shoji, T., 2009. Epidemiology of esophageal cancer: Orient to Occident. Effects of chronology, geography and ethnic- ity. J. Gastroen. Hepatol. 24, 729-735.
  • Hongo, M., Shoji, T., 2003. Epidemiology of reflux disease and CLE in EastAsia. J. Gastroenterol. 38, 25-30.
  • Ikeda, G., İsaji, S., Bas, B.C., Watanabe, M., Kawarada, Y., 1999. Prognostic significance of biologic factors in squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Cancer. 86, 1396-1405.
  • Karaca, H., Berk, V., İnanç, M., Dikilitaş, M., Özkan, M., 2011. Erciyes Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Tıbbi Onkoloji Bilim Dalı’na 2006-2009 yılları arasında başvuran kanser hastalarının epidemiyolojik değerlendirmesi. Sağlık Bil. Derg. 20, 1-8.
  • Kosem, M., Uğraş, S., Ozen, S., Bayram, İ., Ceran, F., Oral, H., Polat, S., 2001. Van gölü havzasında kanser sıklığı ve dağılımı. Çukurova Üni- versitesi Tıp Fakultesi Dergisi. 26, 30-36.
  • Kubo, A., Corley, D.A., 2004. Marked multi-ethnic variation of esophageal and gastric cardia carcinomas within the United States. Am. J. Gas- troenterol. 99, 582-588.
  • Lam, K.Y., He, D., Ma, L., Zhang, D., Ngan, H.Y., Wan, T.S., Tsao, S., 1997. Presence of human papilloma virus in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas of Hong-Kong Chinese and its relationship with p53 gene mutation. Hum. Pathol. 28, 657-663.
  • Lewin, K.J., Riddell, R.H., Weinstein, V.W., 1992. Polyps and tumors.In: Gastrointestinal pathology and its clinical implications. Igaku-Shoin, NewYork. pp. 440-492.
  • Menke-Pluymers, M.B., Schoute, N.W., Mulder, A.H., Hop, W.C., van Blankenstein, M., Tilanus, H.W., 1992. Outcome of surgical treatment of adenocarcinoma in Barrett’s esophagus. Gut. 33, 1454-1458.
  • Moutesano, R., Holistein, M., Bainaut, P., 1996. Genetic alterations in esophageal cancers and their relevance to etiology and pathogenesis: A review. Int. J. Cancer. 69, 225-235.
  • Oze, I., Matsuo, K., Ito, H., Wakai, K., Nagata, C., Mizoue, T., Tanaka, K., Tsuji, I., Tamakoshi, A., Sasazuki, S., Inoue, M., Tsugane, S., research group for the development and evaluation of cancer prevention strategies in Japan, 2012. Cigarette smoking and esophageal cancer risk: An evaluation based on a systematic review of epidemiologic evidence among the Japanese population. Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol. 42, 63-73.
  • Ökten, I., Güngör, A., 2003. Gögüs Cerrahisi. Cilt-II. Türk Gögüs Cerrahisi Derneği. Ankara, 1247-1308.
  • Parkin D.M., Bray F., Ferlay J., Pisani P., 2005. Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin, 55, 74-108.
  • Pera, M., Cameron, A.J., Trastek, V.F., Carpenter, H.A., Zinsmeister, A.R., 1993. Increasing incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction. Gastroenterology. 104, 510-513.
  • Pera, M., Manterola, C., Vidal, O., Grande, L., 2005. Epidemiology of esophageal adenocarcinoma. J. Surg. Oncol. 92, 151-159.
  • Pickens, A., Orringer, M.B., 2003. Geographical distribution and racial disparity in esophageal cancer. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 76, 1367-1369.
  • Risk, J.M., Mills, H.S., Gadre, J., Dunn, J.R., Evans, K.E., Hollstein, M., Field, J.K., 1999. The tylosis esophageal cancer (TOC) locus: More than just a familial cancer gene. Dis. Esophagus. 12, 173-176.
  • Sandler, R.S., Nyren, O., Ekbom, A., Eisen, G.M., Yuen, J., Josefsson, S., 1995. The risk of esophageal cancer in patients with achalasia: A population-based study. JAMA. 274, 1359-1362.
  • Son J.I., Park H.J., Song K.S., Kim K.J., Lee C.Y., Lee S.I., Park I.S., 2001. A single center’s 30 years experience of esophageal adeno carcinoma. Korean J intern Med; 16; 250-3
  • Spechler, S.J., 2004. Intestinal metaplasia at the gastroesophageal junction. Gastroenterology. 126, 567-575.
  • Spechler, S.J., Goyal, R.K., 1996. The columnar-lined esophagus, intestinal metaplasia, and Norman Barrett. Gastroenterology. 110, 614-621.
  • Uğraş, S., Dilek, H., Akman, E., 1996. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Patoloji Anabilim Dalında tanı konan kanserlerin sıklığı ve dağılımı. Van Tıp Dergisi. 3, 148-154.
  • Wu, A.H., Wan, P., Bernstein, L., 2001. A multiethnic population-based study of smoking, alcohol and body size and risk of adenocarcinoma of the stomach and esophagus. Cancer Cause. Control. 12, 721-732.
  • Ye, W., Held, M., Lagergren, J., Nyren, O., McLaughlin, J.K., Blot, W.J., 2004. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric atrophy: Risk of adeno- carcinoma and squamous-cell carcinoma of the esophagus and adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia. J. Natl. Cancer I. 96, 388-396.
  • Yu, M.C., Garabrant, D.H., Peter, J.M., Mack, T.M., 1988. Tobacco, alcohol, diet, occupation, and carcinoma of the esophagus. Cancer Res. 48, 3843-3848.
Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Surgery Medical Sciences
Yazarlar

Ayşen Taslak Şengül

Yayımlanma Tarihi 7 Mayıs 2013
Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Eylül 2012
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2012 Cilt: 29 Sayı: 4S

Kaynak Göster

APA Taslak Şengül, A. (2013). Özofagus kanserinin epidemiyolojisi. Deneysel Ve Klinik Tıp Dergisi, 29(4S), 203-208. https://doi.org/10.5835/jecm.omu.29.s4.003
AMA Taslak Şengül A. Özofagus kanserinin epidemiyolojisi. J. Exp. Clin. Med. Mayıs 2013;29(4S):203-208. doi:10.5835/jecm.omu.29.s4.003
Chicago Taslak Şengül, Ayşen. “Özofagus Kanserinin Epidemiyolojisi”. Deneysel Ve Klinik Tıp Dergisi 29, sy. 4S (Mayıs 2013): 203-8. https://doi.org/10.5835/jecm.omu.29.s4.003.
EndNote Taslak Şengül A (01 Mayıs 2013) Özofagus kanserinin epidemiyolojisi. Deneysel ve Klinik Tıp Dergisi 29 4S 203–208.
IEEE A. Taslak Şengül, “Özofagus kanserinin epidemiyolojisi”, J. Exp. Clin. Med., c. 29, sy. 4S, ss. 203–208, 2013, doi: 10.5835/jecm.omu.29.s4.003.
ISNAD Taslak Şengül, Ayşen. “Özofagus Kanserinin Epidemiyolojisi”. Deneysel ve Klinik Tıp Dergisi 29/4S (Mayıs 2013), 203-208. https://doi.org/10.5835/jecm.omu.29.s4.003.
JAMA Taslak Şengül A. Özofagus kanserinin epidemiyolojisi. J. Exp. Clin. Med. 2013;29:203–208.
MLA Taslak Şengül, Ayşen. “Özofagus Kanserinin Epidemiyolojisi”. Deneysel Ve Klinik Tıp Dergisi, c. 29, sy. 4S, 2013, ss. 203-8, doi:10.5835/jecm.omu.29.s4.003.
Vancouver Taslak Şengül A. Özofagus kanserinin epidemiyolojisi. J. Exp. Clin. Med. 2013;29(4S):203-8.
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