Araştırma Makalesi
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 42 Sayı: 2, 146 - 151, 30.06.2025
Öz
Endokardit, kalp kapakçıklarının ve kalbin endokardının iltihabı veya mikrobiyal enfeksiyonudur. Çeşitli nedenlerle kana giren bakteriler kalbin endokardiyal tabakasında çoğalabilir ve enfeksiyona neden olabilir. Ayrıca bu enfeksiyonlar kan dolaşımı yoluyla vücudun farklı bölgelerine taşınabilir. Bu çalışmada endokardit tanısı konulan hastalardan alınan kan kültürlerinde üreyen mikroorganizmaların dağılımının değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. 2018-2021 yılları arasında Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Tıbbi Mikrobiyoloji Laboratuvarımıza endokardit tanısı konulan hastalardan gönderilen kan kültürü örneklerinde üreyen mikroorganizmaların dağılımı retrospektif olarak incelenmiştir. Kan örneklerinden elde edilen 63 suştan en sık izole edilen bakterilerin dağılımları şu şekildedir; %61.90 Staphylococcus spp., %11.11 Streptococcus spp., %9.52 Enterococcus spp., %3.17 Escherichia coli, %1.58 Enterobacter cloacae, %6.34 Klebsiella pneumoniae, %1.58 Acinetobacter baumannii, %1.58 Stenotrophonomonas maltophilia, %1.58 Corynebacterium stratum, 1 %1.58 Micrococcus spp. S. aureus izolatlarında %44.44 oranında oksasilin direnci saptanmıştır. Enterobactarales bakterilerinde karbapenem direnci saptanmamıştır. Enterokok izolatlarında vankomisin direnci saptanmamıştır. Enfektif endokarditin tanı ve tedavisinde önemli gelişmeler olmasına rağmen insidansında ve mortalitesinde azalma olmamıştır. Literatürdeki birçok makaleye benzer şekilde, en sık izole edilen patojenin S. aureus olduğu belirlenmiştir. Enfektif endokardit etkenlerinin dağılımını bilmek, klinisyenlere hem profilaktik hem de ampirik tedavi seçiminde rehberlik etmede önemlidir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Etik Beyan
Karar No: OMÜ KAEK 2024/462
Kaynakça
- Pericàs JM, Llopis J, Athan E, Hernández-Meneses M, Hannan MM, Murdoch DR, Kanafani Z, Freiberger T, Strahilevitz J, Fernández-Hidalgo N, Lamas C, Durante-Mangoni E, Tattevin P, Nacinovich F, Chu VH, Miró JM. International Collaboration on Endocarditis (ICE) Investigators. Prospective Cohort Study of Infective Endocarditis in People Who Inject Drugs. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;Feb;9:77(5):544-555.
- Østergaard L, Voldstedlund M, Bruun NE, Bundgaard H, Iversen K, Køber N, Christensen JJ, Rosenvinge FS, Jarløv JO, Moser C, Andersen CØ, Coia J, Marmolin ES, Søgaard KK, Lemming L, Køber L, Fosbøl EL. Temporal Changes, Patient Characteristics, and Mortality, According to Microbiological Cause of Infective Endocarditis: A Nationwide Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2022;Aug;16:11(16):e025801.
- Fowler VG Jr, Miro JM, Hoen B, Cabell CH, Abrutyn E, Rubinstein E, Corey GR, Spelman D, Bradley SF, Barsic B, Pappas PA, Anstrom KJ, Wray D, Fortes CQ, Anguera I, Athan E, Jones P, van der Meer JT, Elliott TS, Levine DP, Bayer AS. ICE Investigators. Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis: a consequence of medical progress. JAMA. 2005;Jun 22;293(24):3012-21.
- Selton-Suty C, Célard M, Le Moing V, Doco-Lecompte T, Chirouze C, Iung B, Strady C, Revest M, Vandenesch F, Bouvet A, Delahaye F, Alla F, Duval X, Hoen B. AEPEI Study Group. Preeminence of Staphylococcus aureus in infective endocarditis: a 1-year population-based survey. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;May;54(9):1230-9.
- Murdoch DR, Corey GR, Hoen B, Miró JM, Fowler VG Jr, Bayer AS, Karchmer AW, Olaison L, Pappas PA, Moreillon P, Chambers ST, Chu VH, Falcó V, Holland DJ, Jones P, Klein JL, Raymond NJ, Read KM, Tripodi MF, Utili R, Wang A, Woods CW, Cabell CH. International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study (ICE-PCS) Investigators. Clinical presentation, etiology, and outcome of infective endocarditis in the 21st century: the International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study. Arch Intern Med. 2009;Mar 9:169(5):463-73.
- Téllez A, Ambrosioni J, Llopis J, Pericàs JM, Falces C, Almela M, Garcia de la Mària C, Hernandez-Meneses M, Vidal B, Sandoval E, Quintana E, Fuster D, Tolosana JM, Marco F, Moreno A, Miro JM. Hospital Clínic Infective Endocarditis Investigators. Epidemiology, Clinical Features, and Outcome of Infective Endocarditis due to Abiotrophia Species and Granulicatella Species: Report of 76 Cases, 2000-2015. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;Jan: 6;66(1):104-111.
- Gould K, Ramirez-Ronda CH, Holmes RK, Sanford JP. Adherence of bacteria to heart valves in vitro. J Clin Invest. 1975;Dec:56(6):1364-70.
- Erbay AR, Erbay A, Canga A, Keskin G, Sen N, Atak R, Demir AD, Balbay Y, Duru E. Risk factors for in-hospital mortality in infective endocarditis: five years' experience at a tertiary care hospital in Turkey. J Heart Valve Dis. 2010;Mar:19(2):216-24.
- Klein RS, Recco RA, Catalano MT, Edberg SC, Casey JI, Steigbigel NH. Association of Streptococcus bovis with carcinoma of the colon. N Engl J Med. 1977;Oct: 13;297(15):800-2.
- Kreuzpaintner G, Horstkotte D, Heyll A, Lösse B, Strohmeyer G. Increased risk of bacterial endocarditis in inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Med. 1992;Apr:92(4):391-5.
- Arnold CJ, Johnson M, Bayer AS, Bradley S, Giannitsioti E, Miró JM, Tornos P, Tattevin P, Strahilevitz J, Spelman D, Athan E, Nacinovich F, Fortes CQ, Lamas C, Barsic B, Fernández-Hidalgo N, Muñoz P, Chu VH. Candida infective endocarditis: an observational cohort study with a focus on therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;Apr:59(4):2365-73.
- Rivoisy C, Vena A, Schaeffer L, Charlier C, Fontanet A, Delahaye F, Bouza E, Lortholary O, Munoz P, Lefort A; French Mycoses Study Group and Grupo de Apoyo al Manejo de las Endocarditis en España (GAMES). Prosthetic Valve Candida spp. Endocarditis: New Insights Into Long-term Prognosis-The ESCAPE Study. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;Mar:5;66(6):825-832.
- Kalokhe AS, Rouphael N, El Chami MF, Workowski KA, Ganesh G, Jacob JT. Aspergillus endocarditis: a review of the literature. Int J Infect Dis. 2010;Dec:14(12):e1040-7.
- Meshaal MS, Labib D, Said K, Hosny M, Hassan M, Abd Al Aziz S, Elkholy A, Anani M, Rizk H. Aspergillus endocarditis: Diagnostic criteria and predictors of outcome, A retrospective cohort study. PLoS One. 2018;Aug:9;13(8):e0201459.
- Prendergast BD. Diagnostic criteria and problems in infective endocarditis. Heart. 2004;Jun:90(6):611-3.
- Li JS, Sexton DJ, Mick N, Nettles R, Fowler VG Jr, Ryan T, Bashore T, Corey GR. Proposed modifications to the Duke criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;Apr:30(4):633-8.
- Durack DT, Lukes AS, Bright DK. New criteria for diagnosis of infective endocarditis: utilization of specific echocardiographic findings. Duke Endocarditis Service. Am J Med. 1994;Mar:96(3):200-9.
- Nettles RE, McCarty DE, Corey GR, Li J, Sexton DJ. An evaluation of the Duke criteria in 25 pathologically confirmed cases of prosthetic valve endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis. 1997;Dec:25(6):1401-3.
- Habib G, Hoen B, Tornos P, et al. Guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infective endocarditis (new version 2009): the Task Force on the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) and the International Society of Chemotherapy (ISC) for Infection and Cancer. Eur Heart J 2009;30:2369-413.
- Delgad, V, Ajmone Marsan N, de Waha S, Bonaros N, Brida M, Burri H, ... & Borger MA. 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of endocarditis: developed by the task force on the management of endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) endorsed by the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS) and the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM). European heart journal. 2023;44(39):3948-4042.
- Irdem A, Baspinar O, Kervancioglu M, Sahin DA, & Kilinc MA. Retrospective evaluation of patients with infective endocarditis/Infektif endokarditli olguların retrospektif olarak değerlendirilmesi. Journal of Pediatric Infection. 2012;6(4):127-133.
- Murdoch DR, Corey GR, Hoen B, et al. Clinical presentation, etiology, and outcome of infective endocarditis in the 21st century: the International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:463-73.
- Robert OB, Douglas L. Mann, Douglas P. Zipes, and Peter Libby. Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. In Adolf WK. Infective Endocarditis. International Edition, 9th Edition. 2018;1540-56.
- Shah ASV, McAllister DA, Gallacher P, Astengo F, Rodriguez Perez JA, Hall J, Lee KK, Bing R, Anand A, Nathwani D, et al. Incidence, Microbiology, and Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized with Infective Endocarditis. Circulation. 2020;141:2067–2077.
- Noubiap JJ, Nkeck JR, Kwondom BS, Nyaga UF. Epidemiology of infective endocarditis in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Global Health. 2022;10:e77–e86.
- Cabell CH, Jollis JG, Peterson GE, et al. Changing patient characteristics and the effect on mortality in endocarditis. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:90-4.
- Nappi F. Native infective endocarditis: a state-of-the-art-review. Microorganisms. 2024;12(7):1481.
- Pehlivan M, Tarhan MO, Seyithanoğlu Y, Kozan Ö, & Biberoğlu K. Nedeni Bilinmeyen Ateş Tablosu ile Seyreden İnfektif Endokardit: 7 Olgu Sunumu. Flora 1998;3(1):35-41.
- Çaylan R, Aydın K, Kaygusuz S, Köksal İ, & Örem C. Otuziki infektif endokardit atağının değerlendirilmesi. Flora, 2001;6(4):267-73.
- Şırlak M, Elalmış AÖ, Eryılmaz S, Yazıcıoğlu L, Kızıltepe U, Eyileten ZB, & Akalın, H. İnfektif Endokardit'te Cerrahi Tedavi. 2003.
- Lindberg H, Löfström E, & Rasmussen M. Risk stratification score screening for infective endocarditis in patients with Gram-positive bacteraemia. Infectious Diseases 2022;54(7):488-496.
- Li HL, Tromp J, Teramoto K, Tse YK, Yu SY, Lam LY, Li KY, Wu MZ, Ren QW, Wong PF, et al. Temporal trends and patterns of infective endocarditis in a Chinese population: A territory-wide study in Hong Kong (2002–2019). Lancet Reg. Health-West. Pac. 2022;22: 100417.
- Acet O, Seyhan DA, Özcem SB, Guliyeva G, Kayıkçıoğlu M, Yamazhan T, ... & Sipahi OR. Infective endocarditis in a developing country: evaluation of 230 cases. Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance. 2024;39:44.
- Milazzo AS Jr, Li JS. Bacterial endocarditis in infants and children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2001;20:799-801.
- Burban A, Słupik D, Reda A, Szczerba E, Grabowski M, & Kołodzińska A. Novel diagnostic methods for infective endocarditis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024;25(2):1245.
- Bayer AS, Scheld WM. Endocarditis and intravascular infections. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R (eds). Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone 2000;857-902.
- Quenzer RW, Edwards D, Levin S. A comperative study of 48 host valve and 24 prosthetic valve endocarditis cases. Am Heart J 1976;92:15-22.
- Adams JW, Savinkina A, Hudspeth JC, Gai MJ, Jawa R, Marks LR, Linas BP, Hill A, Flood J, Kimmel S, et al. Simulated Cost-effectiveness and Long-term Clinical Outcomes of Addiction Care and Antibiotic Therapy Strategies for Patients with Injection Drug Use-Associated Infective Endocarditis. JAMA Netw. Open. 2022;5:e220541. Şimşek Yavuz S. İnfektif endokardit: güncel bilgiler. Klimik Derg 2015;28:46-67.
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 42 Sayı: 2, 146 - 151, 30.06.2025
Öz
Endocarditis is an inflammation or microbial infection of the heart valves and the endocardium of the heart. Bacteria that enter the blood due to various reasons can multiply in the endocardial layer of the heart and cause infection. In addition, these infections can be carried to different parts of the body through the bloodstream. This study aims to evaluate the distribution of microorganisms grown in blood cultures taken from patients diagnosed with endocarditis. The distribution of microorganisms grown in blood culture samples sent from patients diagnosed with endocarditis to our Ondokuz Mayıs University Medical Microbiology Laboratory between 2018-2021 was retrospectively examined. The distributions of the most frequently isolated bacteria from 63 strains obtained from blood samples are as follows; 61.90% Staphylococcus spp., 11.11% Streptococcus spp., 9.52% Enterococcus spp., 3.17% Escherichia coli, 1.58% Enterobacter cloacae, 6.34% Klebsiella pneumoniae, 1.58% Acinetobacter baumannii, 1.58% Stenotrophonomonas maltophilia, 1.58% Corynebacterium stratum, 1 1.58% Micrococcus spp. Oxacillin resistance was detected as 44.44% in S. aureus isolates. Carbapenem resistance was not detected in Enterobactarales bacteria. Vancomycin resistance was not detected in enterococcus isolates. Despite significant developments in the diagnosis and treatment of infective endocarditis, there has been no decrease in its incidence and mortality. Similar to many articles in the literature, it has been determined that the most frequently isolated pathogen is S. aureus. Knowing the distribution of infective endocarditis agents is important in guiding clinicians in both prophylactic and empirical treatment selection.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Infective endocarditis diagnosis therapy prevention and control
Etik Beyan
Decision No: OMU KAEK 2024/462
Kaynakça
- Pericàs JM, Llopis J, Athan E, Hernández-Meneses M, Hannan MM, Murdoch DR, Kanafani Z, Freiberger T, Strahilevitz J, Fernández-Hidalgo N, Lamas C, Durante-Mangoni E, Tattevin P, Nacinovich F, Chu VH, Miró JM. International Collaboration on Endocarditis (ICE) Investigators. Prospective Cohort Study of Infective Endocarditis in People Who Inject Drugs. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;Feb;9:77(5):544-555.
- Østergaard L, Voldstedlund M, Bruun NE, Bundgaard H, Iversen K, Køber N, Christensen JJ, Rosenvinge FS, Jarløv JO, Moser C, Andersen CØ, Coia J, Marmolin ES, Søgaard KK, Lemming L, Køber L, Fosbøl EL. Temporal Changes, Patient Characteristics, and Mortality, According to Microbiological Cause of Infective Endocarditis: A Nationwide Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2022;Aug;16:11(16):e025801.
- Fowler VG Jr, Miro JM, Hoen B, Cabell CH, Abrutyn E, Rubinstein E, Corey GR, Spelman D, Bradley SF, Barsic B, Pappas PA, Anstrom KJ, Wray D, Fortes CQ, Anguera I, Athan E, Jones P, van der Meer JT, Elliott TS, Levine DP, Bayer AS. ICE Investigators. Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis: a consequence of medical progress. JAMA. 2005;Jun 22;293(24):3012-21.
- Selton-Suty C, Célard M, Le Moing V, Doco-Lecompte T, Chirouze C, Iung B, Strady C, Revest M, Vandenesch F, Bouvet A, Delahaye F, Alla F, Duval X, Hoen B. AEPEI Study Group. Preeminence of Staphylococcus aureus in infective endocarditis: a 1-year population-based survey. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;May;54(9):1230-9.
- Murdoch DR, Corey GR, Hoen B, Miró JM, Fowler VG Jr, Bayer AS, Karchmer AW, Olaison L, Pappas PA, Moreillon P, Chambers ST, Chu VH, Falcó V, Holland DJ, Jones P, Klein JL, Raymond NJ, Read KM, Tripodi MF, Utili R, Wang A, Woods CW, Cabell CH. International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study (ICE-PCS) Investigators. Clinical presentation, etiology, and outcome of infective endocarditis in the 21st century: the International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study. Arch Intern Med. 2009;Mar 9:169(5):463-73.
- Téllez A, Ambrosioni J, Llopis J, Pericàs JM, Falces C, Almela M, Garcia de la Mària C, Hernandez-Meneses M, Vidal B, Sandoval E, Quintana E, Fuster D, Tolosana JM, Marco F, Moreno A, Miro JM. Hospital Clínic Infective Endocarditis Investigators. Epidemiology, Clinical Features, and Outcome of Infective Endocarditis due to Abiotrophia Species and Granulicatella Species: Report of 76 Cases, 2000-2015. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;Jan: 6;66(1):104-111.
- Gould K, Ramirez-Ronda CH, Holmes RK, Sanford JP. Adherence of bacteria to heart valves in vitro. J Clin Invest. 1975;Dec:56(6):1364-70.
- Erbay AR, Erbay A, Canga A, Keskin G, Sen N, Atak R, Demir AD, Balbay Y, Duru E. Risk factors for in-hospital mortality in infective endocarditis: five years' experience at a tertiary care hospital in Turkey. J Heart Valve Dis. 2010;Mar:19(2):216-24.
- Klein RS, Recco RA, Catalano MT, Edberg SC, Casey JI, Steigbigel NH. Association of Streptococcus bovis with carcinoma of the colon. N Engl J Med. 1977;Oct: 13;297(15):800-2.
- Kreuzpaintner G, Horstkotte D, Heyll A, Lösse B, Strohmeyer G. Increased risk of bacterial endocarditis in inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Med. 1992;Apr:92(4):391-5.
- Arnold CJ, Johnson M, Bayer AS, Bradley S, Giannitsioti E, Miró JM, Tornos P, Tattevin P, Strahilevitz J, Spelman D, Athan E, Nacinovich F, Fortes CQ, Lamas C, Barsic B, Fernández-Hidalgo N, Muñoz P, Chu VH. Candida infective endocarditis: an observational cohort study with a focus on therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;Apr:59(4):2365-73.
- Rivoisy C, Vena A, Schaeffer L, Charlier C, Fontanet A, Delahaye F, Bouza E, Lortholary O, Munoz P, Lefort A; French Mycoses Study Group and Grupo de Apoyo al Manejo de las Endocarditis en España (GAMES). Prosthetic Valve Candida spp. Endocarditis: New Insights Into Long-term Prognosis-The ESCAPE Study. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;Mar:5;66(6):825-832.
- Kalokhe AS, Rouphael N, El Chami MF, Workowski KA, Ganesh G, Jacob JT. Aspergillus endocarditis: a review of the literature. Int J Infect Dis. 2010;Dec:14(12):e1040-7.
- Meshaal MS, Labib D, Said K, Hosny M, Hassan M, Abd Al Aziz S, Elkholy A, Anani M, Rizk H. Aspergillus endocarditis: Diagnostic criteria and predictors of outcome, A retrospective cohort study. PLoS One. 2018;Aug:9;13(8):e0201459.
- Prendergast BD. Diagnostic criteria and problems in infective endocarditis. Heart. 2004;Jun:90(6):611-3.
- Li JS, Sexton DJ, Mick N, Nettles R, Fowler VG Jr, Ryan T, Bashore T, Corey GR. Proposed modifications to the Duke criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;Apr:30(4):633-8.
- Durack DT, Lukes AS, Bright DK. New criteria for diagnosis of infective endocarditis: utilization of specific echocardiographic findings. Duke Endocarditis Service. Am J Med. 1994;Mar:96(3):200-9.
- Nettles RE, McCarty DE, Corey GR, Li J, Sexton DJ. An evaluation of the Duke criteria in 25 pathologically confirmed cases of prosthetic valve endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis. 1997;Dec:25(6):1401-3.
- Habib G, Hoen B, Tornos P, et al. Guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infective endocarditis (new version 2009): the Task Force on the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) and the International Society of Chemotherapy (ISC) for Infection and Cancer. Eur Heart J 2009;30:2369-413.
- Delgad, V, Ajmone Marsan N, de Waha S, Bonaros N, Brida M, Burri H, ... & Borger MA. 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of endocarditis: developed by the task force on the management of endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) endorsed by the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS) and the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM). European heart journal. 2023;44(39):3948-4042.
- Irdem A, Baspinar O, Kervancioglu M, Sahin DA, & Kilinc MA. Retrospective evaluation of patients with infective endocarditis/Infektif endokarditli olguların retrospektif olarak değerlendirilmesi. Journal of Pediatric Infection. 2012;6(4):127-133.
- Murdoch DR, Corey GR, Hoen B, et al. Clinical presentation, etiology, and outcome of infective endocarditis in the 21st century: the International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:463-73.
- Robert OB, Douglas L. Mann, Douglas P. Zipes, and Peter Libby. Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. In Adolf WK. Infective Endocarditis. International Edition, 9th Edition. 2018;1540-56.
- Shah ASV, McAllister DA, Gallacher P, Astengo F, Rodriguez Perez JA, Hall J, Lee KK, Bing R, Anand A, Nathwani D, et al. Incidence, Microbiology, and Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized with Infective Endocarditis. Circulation. 2020;141:2067–2077.
- Noubiap JJ, Nkeck JR, Kwondom BS, Nyaga UF. Epidemiology of infective endocarditis in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Global Health. 2022;10:e77–e86.
- Cabell CH, Jollis JG, Peterson GE, et al. Changing patient characteristics and the effect on mortality in endocarditis. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:90-4.
- Nappi F. Native infective endocarditis: a state-of-the-art-review. Microorganisms. 2024;12(7):1481.
- Pehlivan M, Tarhan MO, Seyithanoğlu Y, Kozan Ö, & Biberoğlu K. Nedeni Bilinmeyen Ateş Tablosu ile Seyreden İnfektif Endokardit: 7 Olgu Sunumu. Flora 1998;3(1):35-41.
- Çaylan R, Aydın K, Kaygusuz S, Köksal İ, & Örem C. Otuziki infektif endokardit atağının değerlendirilmesi. Flora, 2001;6(4):267-73.
- Şırlak M, Elalmış AÖ, Eryılmaz S, Yazıcıoğlu L, Kızıltepe U, Eyileten ZB, & Akalın, H. İnfektif Endokardit'te Cerrahi Tedavi. 2003.
- Lindberg H, Löfström E, & Rasmussen M. Risk stratification score screening for infective endocarditis in patients with Gram-positive bacteraemia. Infectious Diseases 2022;54(7):488-496.
- Li HL, Tromp J, Teramoto K, Tse YK, Yu SY, Lam LY, Li KY, Wu MZ, Ren QW, Wong PF, et al. Temporal trends and patterns of infective endocarditis in a Chinese population: A territory-wide study in Hong Kong (2002–2019). Lancet Reg. Health-West. Pac. 2022;22: 100417.
- Acet O, Seyhan DA, Özcem SB, Guliyeva G, Kayıkçıoğlu M, Yamazhan T, ... & Sipahi OR. Infective endocarditis in a developing country: evaluation of 230 cases. Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance. 2024;39:44.
- Milazzo AS Jr, Li JS. Bacterial endocarditis in infants and children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2001;20:799-801.
- Burban A, Słupik D, Reda A, Szczerba E, Grabowski M, & Kołodzińska A. Novel diagnostic methods for infective endocarditis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024;25(2):1245.
- Bayer AS, Scheld WM. Endocarditis and intravascular infections. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R (eds). Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone 2000;857-902.
- Quenzer RW, Edwards D, Levin S. A comperative study of 48 host valve and 24 prosthetic valve endocarditis cases. Am Heart J 1976;92:15-22.
- Adams JW, Savinkina A, Hudspeth JC, Gai MJ, Jawa R, Marks LR, Linas BP, Hill A, Flood J, Kimmel S, et al. Simulated Cost-effectiveness and Long-term Clinical Outcomes of Addiction Care and Antibiotic Therapy Strategies for Patients with Injection Drug Use-Associated Infective Endocarditis. JAMA Netw. Open. 2022;5:e220541. Şimşek Yavuz S. İnfektif endokardit: güncel bilgiler. Klimik Derg 2015;28:46-67.
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Tıbbi Mikrobiyoloji (Diğer) |
| Bölüm | Research Article |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Haziran 2025 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 21 Aralık 2024 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 5 Mayıs 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 42 Sayı: 2 |
Kaynak Göster
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