The Effects of Vertıcal and Horızontal Statıc Core Strength Exercıses on Athletıc Performance ın Young Female Handball Players
Öz
Core exercises are typically performed in the horizontal plane, whereas athletic activities such as running, jumping, and change of direction (COD) occur in both vertical and horizontal planes. This study aimed to investigate the effects of static core exercises performed in the vertical and horizontal planes on physical performance. Twenty-four female handball players voluntarily participated in the study and were randomly assigned to either a vertical static core (VSC) exercise group (n=12; age: 17,75±0,99 years, height: 171,00±8,66 cm, weight: 66,08±5,97 kg) or a horizontal static core (HSC) exercise group (n=12; age: 17,75±0,75 years, height: 166,75±13,71 cm, weight: 63,33±6,74 kg). A two-group experimental design with a pretest-posttest model was employed. The core exercise protocol consisted of prone plank, side plank (right and left), supine bridge, and bird dog exercises, performed three times per week for eight weeks. Before and after the intervention, participants were evaluated for isometric core strength, 5-20 meter linear sprint performance, vertical jump height, and three different COD performance tests. Data were analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk test to assess the normality of the distribution. Paired samples t-tests were used to analyze differences between the groups’ pretest and posttest results based on normality assumptions. For between-group comparisons, independent samples t-test was used. The results revealed no statistically significant differences between the VSC and HSC groups in terms of post-exercise performance improvements (p>0.05). However, significant improvements in physical performance parameters were observed within both groups from pre- to post-intervention (p<0.05). In conclusion, while the exercise plane (vertical or horizontal) does not appear to be a determinant factor in enhancing physical performance, static core exercises can be considered an effective method for improving athletic performance.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Athletic Performance Core Strength Handball Plantar Training
Etik Beyan
For the research, ethics committee permission was obtained from Trabzon University Social and Human Sciences Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Committee with the decision number 2023-3/2.4 dated 27/03/2023.
Destekleyen Kurum
For the research, ethics committee permission was obtained from Trabzon University Social and Human Sciences Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Committee with the decision number 2023-3/2.4 dated 27/03/2023.
Kaynakça
- Arokoski, J. P., Valta, T., Airaksinen, O., & Kankaanpää, M. (2001). Back and abdominal muscle function during stabilization exercises. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 82(8), 1089-1098. https://doi: 10.1053/apmr.2001.23819.
- Atlı, A. (2021). The effect of a core training program applied on football players on some performance parameters. Journal of Educational Issues, 7(1), 337-350. doi:10.5296/jei.v7i1.18493.
- Baechle, T. R., & Earle, R. W. (2008). Essentials of strength training and conditioning. Human kinetics.
- Bayrakdar, A., Boz, H. K., & Işıldar, Ö. (2020). The investigation of the effect of static and dynamic core training on performance on football players. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 22(1), 87-95. doi: 10.15314/tsed.689994.
- Bora, H., & Dağlıoğlu, Ö. (2022). Effect of core strength training program on anaerobic power, speed and static balance in volleyball players. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science, 8(5) 72-80. https://doi:10.46827/ejpe.v8i5.4355.
- Boyacı, A., Tutar, M., & Bıyıklı, T. (2018). The Effect of Dynamic and static core exercises on physical performance in children. Online Submission, 4(7), 50-61. https://doi:10.5281/zenodo.1283743.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, E. K., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2017). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
- Escamilla, R. F., Lewis, C., Bell, D., Bramblet, G., Daffron, J., Lambert, S., ... et al. (2010). Core muscle activation during Swiss ball and traditional abdominal exercises. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 40(5), 265-276. https://doi:10.2519/jospt.2010.3073.
- Faigenbaum, A. D., McFarland, J. E., Schwerdtman, J. A., Ratamess, N. A., Kang, J., & Hoffman, J. R. (2006). Dynamic warm-up protocols, with and without a weighted vest, and fitness performance in high school female athletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 41(4), 357.
- Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G* Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175-191.
- Genc, H., Cigerci, A. E., & Sever, O. (2019). Effect of 8-week core training exercises on physical and physiological parameters of female handball players. Physical Education of Students, 23(6), 297-305. https://doi: 10.15561/20755279.2019.0604.
- Gorostiaga, E. M., Granados, C., Ibanez, J., & Izquierdo, M. (2005). Differences in physical fitness and throwing velocity among elite and amateur male handball players. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 26(03), 225-232. https://doi:10.1055/s-2004-820974.
- Hibbs, A. E., Thompson, K. G., French, D., Wrigley, A., & Spears, I. (2008). Optimizing performance by improving core stability and core strength. Sports Medicine, 38(12), 995-1008. https://doi: 10.2165/00007256-200838120-00004.
- Johnson, P. (2002). Training the trunk in the athlete. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 24(1), 52-59. https://doi: 10.1519/00126548-200202000-00016.
- Kibler, W. B., Press, J., & Sciascia, A. (2006). The role of core stability in athletic function. Sports Medicine, 36(3), 189-198. https://doi: 10.2165/00007256-200636030-00001.
- Kraemer, W. J., Adams, K., Cafarelli, E., Dudley, G. A., Dooly, C., Feigenbaum, M. S., ... et al. (2002). American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Medicine aAnd Science iİn Sports aAnd Exercise, 34(2), 364-380. https://doi: 10.1097/00005768-200202000-00027.
- Kuhn, L., Weberruß, H., & Horstmann, T. (2019). Effects of core stability training on throwing velocity and core strength in female handball players. The Journal of Sports The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 59(9), 1479-1486. https://doi:10.23736/S0022-4707.18.09295-2.
- Lee, B., & McGill, S. (2017). The effect of core training on distal limb performance during ballistic strike manoeuvres. Journal of Sports Sciences, 35(18), 1768-1780. https://doi: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1236207.
- Leetun, D. T., Ireland, M. L., Willson, J. D., Ballantyne, B. T., & Davis, I. M. (2004). Core stability measures as risk factors for lower extremity injury in athletes. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 36(6), 926-934. https://doi: 10.1249/01.mss.0000128145.75199.c3.
- Manchado, C., García-Ruiz, J., Cortell-Tormo, J. M., & Tortosa-Martínez, J. (2017). Effect of core training on male handball players’ throwing velocity. Journal of Human Kinetics, 56, 177-185. https://doi:10.1515/hukin-2017-0035.
- McCurdy, K. W., Langford, G. A., Doscher, M. W., Wiley, L. P., & Mallard, K. G. (2005). The effects of short-term unilateral and bilateral lower-body resistance training on measures of strength and power. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 19(1), 9-15. https://doi: 10.1519/14173.1.
- McGill, S. (2015). Low back disorders: evidence-based prevention and rehabilitation. Human Kinetics.
- Pauole, K., Madole, K., Garhammer, J., Lacourse, M., & Rozenek, R. (2000). Reliability and validity of the T-test as a measure of agility, leg power, and leg speed in college-aged men and women. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 14(4), 443-450. https://doi: 10.1519/00124278-200011000-00012.
- Saeterbakken, A. H., Van den Tillaar, R., & Seiler, S. (2011). Effect of core stability training on throwing velocity in female handball players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(3), 712-718. https://doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181cc227e.
- Sever, O. (2017). Comparison of static and dynamic core exercises’ effects on stork balance test in soccer players futbolcularda statik ve dinamik core egzersizlerin stork denge testine etkisi. Journal of Human Sciences, 14(2), 1781-1791. https://doi: 10.14687/jhs.v14i2.4440.
- Sharma, A., & Geovinson, S. G. (2012). Effects of a nine-week core strengthening exercise program on vertical jump performances and static balance in volleyball players with trunk instability. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 52(6), 606-615.
- Silfies, S. P., Ebaugh, D., Pontillo, M., & Butowicz, C. M. (2015). Critical review of the impact of core stability on upper extremity athletic injury and performance. Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy, 19(5), 360-368. https://doi: 10.1590/bjpt-rbf.2014.0108.
- Tınkır, D. A., & Uzun, A. (2022). The effect of vertical and horizontal core trainings on core strength, agility and speed. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 24(3), 238-245. https://doi: 10.15314/tsed.1199209.
- Wagner, H., Finkenzeller, T., Würth, S., & Von Duvillard, S. P. (2014). Individual and team performance in team-handball: A review. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 13(4), 808.
- Willardson, J. M. (2007). Core stability training: applications to sports conditioning programs. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 21(3), 979-985. https://doi: 10.1519/R-20255.1.
- Willson, J. D., Dougherty, C. P., Ireland, M. L., & Davis, I. M. (2005). Core stability and its relationship to lower extremity function and injury. JAAOS-Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 13(5), 316-325. https://doi: 10.5435/00124635-200509000-00005.
Genç Kadın Hentbol Sporcularında Dikey ve Yatay Statik Core Kuvvet Egzersizlerinin Sportif Performans Üzerindeki Etkileri
Öz
Core egzersizleri genellikle yatay düzlemde gerçekleştirilmekle birlikte, koşu, sıçrama ve yön değiştirmeli koşu (YDK) gibi spor aktiviteleri hem dikey hem de yatay düzlemde meydana gelmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, dikey ve yatay düzlemde uygulanan statik core egzersizlerinin fiziksel performans üzerindeki etkilerini incelemektir. Çalışmaya gönüllü olarak katılan 24 kadın hentbol oyuncusu, dikey statik core (DSC) (n=12; yaş: 17,75±0,99 yıl, boy: 171,00±8,66 cm, ağırlık: 66,08±5,97 kg) ve yatay statik core (YSC) (n=12; yaş: 17,75±0,75 yıl, boy: 166,75±13,71 cm, ağırlık: 63,33±6,74 kg) egzersiz gruplarına rastgele atanmıştır. Çalışmada ön test-son test tasarımına dayalı iki gruplu deneysel model kullanılmıştır. Core egzersizleri, prone plank, side plank (sağ ve sol), supine bridge ve bird dog egzersizlerinden oluşmuş ve 8 hafta boyunca haftada 3 gün uygulanmıştır. Egzersiz öncesinde ve sonrasında katılımcıların izometrik core kuvveti, 5-20 metre doğrusal sprint, dikey sıçrama ve üç farklı yön değiştirmeli koşu performansları değerlendirilmiştir. Veriler, dağılımın normalliğini belirlemek için Shapiro-Wilk testi kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Normal dağılım varsayımlarına dayanarak grupların ön test ve son test sonuçları arasındaki farklar, eşleştirilmiş örneklem t-testi (paired sample t-test) ile değerlendirilmiştir. Gruplar arasındaki karşılaştırmalar için bağımsız örneklem t-testi (independent samples t-test). Çalışma sonucunda, DSC ve YSC grupları arasında egzersiz sonrası performans değişiminde istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı bir fark tespit edilmemiştir (p>0,05). Ancak her iki grupta da egzersiz öncesi ve sonrası fiziksel performans parametrelerinde anlamlı iyileşmeler gözlenmiştir (p<0,05). Sonuç olarak, core egzersizlerinin yapıldığı düzlem, fiziksel performans artışı açısından belirleyici bir faktör olmamakla birlikte, statik core egzersizleri sporcuların performansını geliştirmek için etkili bir yöntem olarak değerlendirilebilir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Etik Beyan
Araştırma için Trabzon Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Beşerî Bilimler Bilimsel Araştırma ve Yayın Etiği Kurulu’ndan 27/03/2023 tarihli ve 2023-3/2.4 karar sayısı ile etik kurul izni alınmıştır.
Destekleyen Kurum
Araştırma için Trabzon Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Bilimsel Araştırma ve Yayın Etiği Kurulu’nun 27/03/2023 tarih ve 2023-3/2.4 sayılı kararı ile etik kurul izni alındı.
Kaynakça
- Arokoski, J. P., Valta, T., Airaksinen, O., & Kankaanpää, M. (2001). Back and abdominal muscle function during stabilization exercises. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 82(8), 1089-1098. https://doi: 10.1053/apmr.2001.23819.
- Atlı, A. (2021). The effect of a core training program applied on football players on some performance parameters. Journal of Educational Issues, 7(1), 337-350. doi:10.5296/jei.v7i1.18493.
- Baechle, T. R., & Earle, R. W. (2008). Essentials of strength training and conditioning. Human kinetics.
- Bayrakdar, A., Boz, H. K., & Işıldar, Ö. (2020). The investigation of the effect of static and dynamic core training on performance on football players. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 22(1), 87-95. doi: 10.15314/tsed.689994.
- Bora, H., & Dağlıoğlu, Ö. (2022). Effect of core strength training program on anaerobic power, speed and static balance in volleyball players. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science, 8(5) 72-80. https://doi:10.46827/ejpe.v8i5.4355.
- Boyacı, A., Tutar, M., & Bıyıklı, T. (2018). The Effect of Dynamic and static core exercises on physical performance in children. Online Submission, 4(7), 50-61. https://doi:10.5281/zenodo.1283743.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, E. K., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2017). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
- Escamilla, R. F., Lewis, C., Bell, D., Bramblet, G., Daffron, J., Lambert, S., ... et al. (2010). Core muscle activation during Swiss ball and traditional abdominal exercises. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 40(5), 265-276. https://doi:10.2519/jospt.2010.3073.
- Faigenbaum, A. D., McFarland, J. E., Schwerdtman, J. A., Ratamess, N. A., Kang, J., & Hoffman, J. R. (2006). Dynamic warm-up protocols, with and without a weighted vest, and fitness performance in high school female athletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 41(4), 357.
- Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G* Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175-191.
- Genc, H., Cigerci, A. E., & Sever, O. (2019). Effect of 8-week core training exercises on physical and physiological parameters of female handball players. Physical Education of Students, 23(6), 297-305. https://doi: 10.15561/20755279.2019.0604.
- Gorostiaga, E. M., Granados, C., Ibanez, J., & Izquierdo, M. (2005). Differences in physical fitness and throwing velocity among elite and amateur male handball players. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 26(03), 225-232. https://doi:10.1055/s-2004-820974.
- Hibbs, A. E., Thompson, K. G., French, D., Wrigley, A., & Spears, I. (2008). Optimizing performance by improving core stability and core strength. Sports Medicine, 38(12), 995-1008. https://doi: 10.2165/00007256-200838120-00004.
- Johnson, P. (2002). Training the trunk in the athlete. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 24(1), 52-59. https://doi: 10.1519/00126548-200202000-00016.
- Kibler, W. B., Press, J., & Sciascia, A. (2006). The role of core stability in athletic function. Sports Medicine, 36(3), 189-198. https://doi: 10.2165/00007256-200636030-00001.
- Kraemer, W. J., Adams, K., Cafarelli, E., Dudley, G. A., Dooly, C., Feigenbaum, M. S., ... et al. (2002). American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Medicine aAnd Science iİn Sports aAnd Exercise, 34(2), 364-380. https://doi: 10.1097/00005768-200202000-00027.
- Kuhn, L., Weberruß, H., & Horstmann, T. (2019). Effects of core stability training on throwing velocity and core strength in female handball players. The Journal of Sports The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 59(9), 1479-1486. https://doi:10.23736/S0022-4707.18.09295-2.
- Lee, B., & McGill, S. (2017). The effect of core training on distal limb performance during ballistic strike manoeuvres. Journal of Sports Sciences, 35(18), 1768-1780. https://doi: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1236207.
- Leetun, D. T., Ireland, M. L., Willson, J. D., Ballantyne, B. T., & Davis, I. M. (2004). Core stability measures as risk factors for lower extremity injury in athletes. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 36(6), 926-934. https://doi: 10.1249/01.mss.0000128145.75199.c3.
- Manchado, C., García-Ruiz, J., Cortell-Tormo, J. M., & Tortosa-Martínez, J. (2017). Effect of core training on male handball players’ throwing velocity. Journal of Human Kinetics, 56, 177-185. https://doi:10.1515/hukin-2017-0035.
- McCurdy, K. W., Langford, G. A., Doscher, M. W., Wiley, L. P., & Mallard, K. G. (2005). The effects of short-term unilateral and bilateral lower-body resistance training on measures of strength and power. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 19(1), 9-15. https://doi: 10.1519/14173.1.
- McGill, S. (2015). Low back disorders: evidence-based prevention and rehabilitation. Human Kinetics.
- Pauole, K., Madole, K., Garhammer, J., Lacourse, M., & Rozenek, R. (2000). Reliability and validity of the T-test as a measure of agility, leg power, and leg speed in college-aged men and women. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 14(4), 443-450. https://doi: 10.1519/00124278-200011000-00012.
- Saeterbakken, A. H., Van den Tillaar, R., & Seiler, S. (2011). Effect of core stability training on throwing velocity in female handball players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(3), 712-718. https://doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181cc227e.
- Sever, O. (2017). Comparison of static and dynamic core exercises’ effects on stork balance test in soccer players futbolcularda statik ve dinamik core egzersizlerin stork denge testine etkisi. Journal of Human Sciences, 14(2), 1781-1791. https://doi: 10.14687/jhs.v14i2.4440.
- Sharma, A., & Geovinson, S. G. (2012). Effects of a nine-week core strengthening exercise program on vertical jump performances and static balance in volleyball players with trunk instability. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 52(6), 606-615.
- Silfies, S. P., Ebaugh, D., Pontillo, M., & Butowicz, C. M. (2015). Critical review of the impact of core stability on upper extremity athletic injury and performance. Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy, 19(5), 360-368. https://doi: 10.1590/bjpt-rbf.2014.0108.
- Tınkır, D. A., & Uzun, A. (2022). The effect of vertical and horizontal core trainings on core strength, agility and speed. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 24(3), 238-245. https://doi: 10.15314/tsed.1199209.
- Wagner, H., Finkenzeller, T., Würth, S., & Von Duvillard, S. P. (2014). Individual and team performance in team-handball: A review. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 13(4), 808.
- Willardson, J. M. (2007). Core stability training: applications to sports conditioning programs. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 21(3), 979-985. https://doi: 10.1519/R-20255.1.
- Willson, J. D., Dougherty, C. P., Ireland, M. L., & Davis, I. M. (2005). Core stability and its relationship to lower extremity function and injury. JAAOS-Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 13(5), 316-325. https://doi: 10.5435/00124635-200509000-00005.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Antrenman |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Yazarlar | |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 24 Nisan 2025 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 25 Nisan 2025 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 27 Aralık 2024 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 16 Mart 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1 |
