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The Relatıonshıp Between Proprıoceptıve Sense and Dıgıt Ratıo (2d: 4d) In Young Badmınton Players

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1, 21 - 34, 25.04.2025

Pervil Karaoğlan , Tülay Ceylan , Mehmet Gül , Levent Ceylan , Burhan Başoğlu

https://doi.org/10.17155/omuspd.1631513

Öz

This study aimed to investigate the effect of sports experience on proprioceptive sense by investigating the relationship between proprioceptive sense and digit ratio (2D: 4D) in badminton athletes. The study included 60 badminton players (30 males, 30 females) with a mean age of 9.94±1.59 years and 2.62±1.08 years of sports experience. The deflection angle was measured at 90° shoulder flexion. The digit ratio (2D: 4D) was measured using digital calipers as an indicator of prenatal hormone exposure. The findings showed that proprioceptive sense improved with increasing sports experience. A significant negative correlation existed between sports age and deflection angle (r=-0.372; p=0.023). While significant sex differences were found in both right and left-hand 2D: 4D ratios (p=0.001; p=0.002), no significant sex difference was detected in the deflection angle (p=0.506). Furthermore, no significant relationship was found between 2D: 4D ratios (right or left hand) and proprioceptive sense (p=0.156 and p=0.717). These findings indicate that sports experience is critical in proprioceptive development, while sex and digit ratio (2D: 4D) show no significant effect. The study emphasizes the importance of incorporating proprioceptive training into young athletes' training programs. Future studies should examine these relationships with larger samples and in different sports disciplines.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sports Experience Digit Ratio (2D: 4D) Badminton Proprioceptive Sense

Etik Beyan

Ethics committee permission was obtained for the research from Cumhuriyet University Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee with the decision number 2024/04-29 dated 18.04.2024.

Destekleyen Kurum

The study was produced from Karaoğlan (2024), Sivas Cumhuriyet University Health Sciences Institute master's thesis "Relationship between Proprioceptive Sense and 2D-4D Finger Length Ratio in Badminton Athletes"

Kaynakça

  • Akaras, E., Çobanoğlu, G., Suner-Keklik, S., Gökdoğan, Ç. M., Zorlular, A., Polat, E. A., … et al. (2024). Changes in physical fitness parameters with increasing age. Research in Sport Education and Sciences, 26(3), 88-97.
  • Akay, T., & Murray, A. J. (2021). Relative contribution of proprioceptive and vestibular sensory systems to locomotion: Opportunities for discovery in the age of molecular science. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(3), 1467.
  • Akseki, D., Erduran, M., Özarslan, S., & Pınar, H. (2010). Patellofemoral ağrı sendromu saptanan hastalarda, dizde vibrasyon duyusu, propriyosepsiyon duyusu ile paralel olarak algılanmaktadır: Pilot çalışma. Eklem Hastalıkları ve Cerrahisi, 21(1), 23-30.
  • Aydin, E. B. (2024). Investigation of proprioceptive sense in team and individual athletes. Journal of ROL Sport Sciences, 5(3), 397-409.
  • Azam, Z., Sanuddin, N. D., Isa, K. A., Kassim, N. A. M., Kosni, N. A., Yazid, U. M., … et al. (2024). Digit ratio (2D:4D) and relative age effect (RAE) in physical fitness testing performance on male and female adolescents. Malaysian Journal of Sport Science and Recreation, 20(2), 1-13.
  • Bafirman, B., Hidayat, R. A., Sabillah, M. I., Rahman, D., Zarya, F., Ockta, Y., … et al. (2024). The role of sport psychology in improving the performance of badminton athletes: A systematic review. Retos: Nuevas Tendencias en Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación, 61, 1126-1137.
  • Bao, Y. (2025). The relationship between proprioception and badminton player shot landing accuracy. Revista de Psicología del Deporte (Journal of Sport Psychology), 34(1), 112-120.
  • Beaton, A. A., Rudling, N., Kissling, C., Taurines, R., & Thome, J. (2011). Digit ratio (2D:4D), salivary testosterone, and handedness. Laterality, 16(2), 136-155.
  • Beynnon, B. D. (2000). Proprioception and neuromuscular control in joint stability. Human Kinetics.
  • Chen, X., & Qu, X. (2019). Age-related differences in the relationships between lower-limb joint proprioception and postural balance. Human Factors, 61(5), 702-711.
  • Cho, S. H., & Kim, S. H. (2016). Immediate effect of stretching and ultrasound on hamstring flexibility and proprioception. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 28(6), 1806-1808.
  • Crewther, B. T., Pastuszak, A., Sadowska, D., Górski, M., & Cook, C. J. (2022). The digit ratio (2D:4D) and testosterone co-predict vertical jump performance in athletic boys: Evidence of organizational and activational effects of testosterone on physical fitness. Physiology & Behavior, 251, 113816.
  • Edmizal, E., Donie, D., Barlian, E., Welis, W., Sin, T. H., Umar, U., ... et al. (2025). Effect of psychological skills training on reaction time and strategic thinking in competitive badminton: A systematic review. Retos: Nuevas Tendencias en Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación, 62, 439-453.
  • Eklund, E., Ekström, L., Thörngren, J. O., Ericsson, M., Berglund, B., & Hirschberg, A. L. (2020). Digit ratio (2D:4D) and physical performance in female Olympic athletes. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 11, 292.
  • Ernsten, L., Körner, L. M., Schaper, M. L., Lawrenz, J., Richards, G., Heil, M., … et al. (2023). The association of prenatal amniotic sex hormones and digit ratio (2D:4D) in children aged 5 to 70 months: A longitudinal study. PLOS ONE, 18(3), e0282253.
  • Fendri, T., Beaune, B., Kasmi, S., Chaari, F., Sahli, S., & Boyas, S. (2024). Relationship between postural stability and proprioception, pain, quadriceps strength, and muscle tightness in athletes with patellar tendinopathy. Sports Health. https://doi.org/10.1177/19417381241231617.
  • Fonseca de AD, C., Martelli, D. R., Maia, C. M., Dias, V. O., Carvalho, A. A., & Júnior, H. M. (2022). Digital biomarker 2D:4D as a predictor of cancer: A systematic review. Early Human Development, 164, 105521.
  • Font-Jordà, A., Gamundí, A., Llobera, M. C. N., & Aguilar-Mediavilla, E. (2018). Use of the 2D:4D digit ratio as a biological marker of specific language disorders. Anales de Pediatría (English Edition), 89(6), 361-368.
  • Grob, K. R., & Kuster, M. S. (2002). Lack of correlation between different measurements of proprioception in the knee. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery British Volume, 84(4), 614-618.
  • Han, J., Anson, J., Waddington, G., & Adams, R. (2013). Proprioceptive performance of bilateral upper and lower limb joints: Side-general and site-specific effects. Experimental Brain Research, 226, 313-323.
  • Han, J., Waddington, G., Anson, J., & Adams, R. (2015). Level of competitive success achieved by elite athletes and multi-joint proprioceptive ability. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 18(1), 77-81.
  • Handelsman, D. J., Hirschberg, A. L., & Bermon, S. (2018). Circulating testosterone as the hormonal basis of sex differences in athletic performance. Endocrine Reviews, 39(5), 803-829.
  • Hunter, S. K., Angadi, S. S., Bhargava, A., Harper, J., Hirschberg, A. L., Levine, B. D., ... et al. (2023). The biological basis of sex differences in athletic performance: Consensus statement for the American College of Sports Medicine. Translational Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine, 8(4), 1-33.
  • Jerosch, J., Prymka, M., & Castro, W. H. (1996). Proprioception of knee joints with a lesion of the medial meniscus. Acta Orthopaedica Belgica, 62(1), 41-45.
  • Joyner, M. J., Hunter, S. K., & Senefeld, J. W. (2024). Evidence on sex differences in sports performance. Journal of Applied Physiology.
  • Kalicinski, M., Kempe, M., & Bock, O. (2015). Motor imagery: Effects of age, task complexity, and task setting. Experimental Aging Research, 41(1), 25-38.
  • Kaynak, H., Altun, M., Özer, M., & Akseki, D. (2019). Effect of hot and cold applications on elbow proprioception. Edizioni Minerva Medica, 178, 177-181.
  • Kızılay, F., & Cengiz, D. U. (2023). A comparison of functional vestibulo-ocular reflex and proprioception in athletes of combat sports and ball sports. Heliyon, 9(7).
  • Küçük, H., & Karakaş, F. (2023). The effect of elbow joint proprioception sense on shooting hit in basketball. Journal of ROL Sport Sciences, 4(3), 1153-1168.
  • Liutsko, L., Muiños, R., & Tous-Ral, J. M. (2014). Age-related differences in proprioceptive and visuo-proprioceptive function in relation to fine motor behaviour. European Journal of Ageing, 11, 221–232.
  • Manning, J. T., Fink, B., Neave, N., & Caswell, N. (2005). Photocopies yield lower digit ratios (2D:4D) than direct finger measurements. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34, 329-333.
  • Manning, J. T., Kilduff, L. P., & Trivers, R. (2013). Digit ratio (2D:4D) in Klinefelter's syndrome. Andrology, 1(1), 94-99. Manning, J. T., Kilduff, L., Cook, C., Crewther, B., & Fink, B. (2014). Digit ratio (2D:4D): A biomarker for prenatal sex steroids and adult sex steroids in challenge situations. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 5, 9.
  • Manning, J. T., Stewart, A., Bundred, P. E., & Trivers, R. (2004). Sex and ethnic differences in 2nd to 4th digit ratio of children. Early Human Development, 80(2), 161-168.
  • Marks, R. (1995). Repeatability of position sense measurements in persons with osteoarthritis of the knee: A pilot study. Clinical Rehabilitation, 9(4), 314-319.
  • Miguel-Ortega, Á., Calleja-González, J., & Mielgo-Ayuso, J. (2024). Interactions between stress levels and hormonal responses related to sports performance in a pro women’s basketball team. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 9(3), 133.
  • Miguel-Ortega, Á., Fernández-Landa, J., Calleja-González, J., & Mielgo-Ayuso, J. (2023). Stress levels and hormonal coupling and their relationship with sports performance in an elite women’s volleyball team. Applied Sciences, 13(20), 11126.
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Genç Badmintoncularda Propriyoseptif Duyu ve 2D:4D Parmak Oranı İlişkisi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1, 21 - 34, 25.04.2025

Pervil Karaoğlan , Tülay Ceylan , Mehmet Gül , Levent Ceylan , Burhan Başoğlu

https://doi.org/10.17155/omuspd.1631513

Öz

Bu çalışma, badminton sporcularında proprioseptif duyu ile 2D:4D parmak uzunluk oranı arasındaki ilişkiyi inceleyerek, spor deneyiminin proprioseptif duyu üzerindeki etkisini araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmaya yaş ortalaması 9,94±1,59 yıl, spor tecrübesi ise 2,62±1,08 yıl olan 60 badminton sporcusu (30 erkek, 30 kız) katılmıştır. Proprioseptif duyu sapma açısı, omuz eklemi için 90° fleksiyon hedef açısı kullanılarak ölçülmüştür. Parmak uzunluk oranları (2D:4D) dijital kumpas ile ölçülmüş ve prenatal hormon maruziyetinin bir göstergesi olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular, spor deneyimi arttıkça proprioseptif duyunun geliştiğini göstermiştir. Spor yaşı ile proprioseptif duyu sapma açısı arasında negatif yönde anlamlı bir ilişki saptanmıştır (r=-0,372; p=0,023). Cinsiyetler arasında sağ ve sol el 2D:4D oranı açısından anlamlı fark bulunurken (p=0,001; p=0,002), proprioseptif duyu sapma açısı açısından anlamlı bir fark bulunmamıştır (p=0,506). Ayrıca, sağ ve sol el 2D:4D oranı ile proprioseptif duyu arasında anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilmemiştir (p=0,156; p=0,717). Bu sonuçlar, spor deneyiminin proprioseptif duyunun gelişiminde kritik bir rol oynadığını, ancak cinsiyet ve 2D:4D oranının bu duyu üzerinde belirgin bir etkisinin olmadığını göstermektedir. Çalışma, özellikle genç sporcuların antrenman programlarına proprioseptif eğitimlerin dahil edilmesinin önemini vurgulamaktadır. Gelecekteki çalışmaların, daha geniş örneklemlerle ve farklı spor branşlarında bu ilişkileri incelemesi önerilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

2D:4D Parmak Oranı Badminton Proprioseptif Duyu Spor Deneyimi

Etik Beyan

Araştırma için Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Girişimsel Olmayan Klinik Araştırmalar Etik Kurulu’ndan 18.04.2024 tarihli ve 2024/04-29 karar sayısı ile etik kurul izni alınmıştır.

Destekleyen Kurum

Çalışma Karaoğlan (2024), Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü “Badminton Sporcularında Proprioseptif Duyu İle 2D-4D Parmak Uzunluk Oranı İlişkisi” yüksek lisans tezinden üretilmiştir .

Kaynakça

  • Akaras, E., Çobanoğlu, G., Suner-Keklik, S., Gökdoğan, Ç. M., Zorlular, A., Polat, E. A., … et al. (2024). Changes in physical fitness parameters with increasing age. Research in Sport Education and Sciences, 26(3), 88-97.
  • Akay, T., & Murray, A. J. (2021). Relative contribution of proprioceptive and vestibular sensory systems to locomotion: Opportunities for discovery in the age of molecular science. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(3), 1467.
  • Akseki, D., Erduran, M., Özarslan, S., & Pınar, H. (2010). Patellofemoral ağrı sendromu saptanan hastalarda, dizde vibrasyon duyusu, propriyosepsiyon duyusu ile paralel olarak algılanmaktadır: Pilot çalışma. Eklem Hastalıkları ve Cerrahisi, 21(1), 23-30.
  • Aydin, E. B. (2024). Investigation of proprioceptive sense in team and individual athletes. Journal of ROL Sport Sciences, 5(3), 397-409.
  • Azam, Z., Sanuddin, N. D., Isa, K. A., Kassim, N. A. M., Kosni, N. A., Yazid, U. M., … et al. (2024). Digit ratio (2D:4D) and relative age effect (RAE) in physical fitness testing performance on male and female adolescents. Malaysian Journal of Sport Science and Recreation, 20(2), 1-13.
  • Bafirman, B., Hidayat, R. A., Sabillah, M. I., Rahman, D., Zarya, F., Ockta, Y., … et al. (2024). The role of sport psychology in improving the performance of badminton athletes: A systematic review. Retos: Nuevas Tendencias en Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación, 61, 1126-1137.
  • Bao, Y. (2025). The relationship between proprioception and badminton player shot landing accuracy. Revista de Psicología del Deporte (Journal of Sport Psychology), 34(1), 112-120.
  • Beaton, A. A., Rudling, N., Kissling, C., Taurines, R., & Thome, J. (2011). Digit ratio (2D:4D), salivary testosterone, and handedness. Laterality, 16(2), 136-155.
  • Beynnon, B. D. (2000). Proprioception and neuromuscular control in joint stability. Human Kinetics.
  • Chen, X., & Qu, X. (2019). Age-related differences in the relationships between lower-limb joint proprioception and postural balance. Human Factors, 61(5), 702-711.
  • Cho, S. H., & Kim, S. H. (2016). Immediate effect of stretching and ultrasound on hamstring flexibility and proprioception. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 28(6), 1806-1808.
  • Crewther, B. T., Pastuszak, A., Sadowska, D., Górski, M., & Cook, C. J. (2022). The digit ratio (2D:4D) and testosterone co-predict vertical jump performance in athletic boys: Evidence of organizational and activational effects of testosterone on physical fitness. Physiology & Behavior, 251, 113816.
  • Edmizal, E., Donie, D., Barlian, E., Welis, W., Sin, T. H., Umar, U., ... et al. (2025). Effect of psychological skills training on reaction time and strategic thinking in competitive badminton: A systematic review. Retos: Nuevas Tendencias en Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación, 62, 439-453.
  • Eklund, E., Ekström, L., Thörngren, J. O., Ericsson, M., Berglund, B., & Hirschberg, A. L. (2020). Digit ratio (2D:4D) and physical performance in female Olympic athletes. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 11, 292.
  • Ernsten, L., Körner, L. M., Schaper, M. L., Lawrenz, J., Richards, G., Heil, M., … et al. (2023). The association of prenatal amniotic sex hormones and digit ratio (2D:4D) in children aged 5 to 70 months: A longitudinal study. PLOS ONE, 18(3), e0282253.
  • Fendri, T., Beaune, B., Kasmi, S., Chaari, F., Sahli, S., & Boyas, S. (2024). Relationship between postural stability and proprioception, pain, quadriceps strength, and muscle tightness in athletes with patellar tendinopathy. Sports Health. https://doi.org/10.1177/19417381241231617.
  • Fonseca de AD, C., Martelli, D. R., Maia, C. M., Dias, V. O., Carvalho, A. A., & Júnior, H. M. (2022). Digital biomarker 2D:4D as a predictor of cancer: A systematic review. Early Human Development, 164, 105521.
  • Font-Jordà, A., Gamundí, A., Llobera, M. C. N., & Aguilar-Mediavilla, E. (2018). Use of the 2D:4D digit ratio as a biological marker of specific language disorders. Anales de Pediatría (English Edition), 89(6), 361-368.
  • Grob, K. R., & Kuster, M. S. (2002). Lack of correlation between different measurements of proprioception in the knee. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery British Volume, 84(4), 614-618.
  • Han, J., Anson, J., Waddington, G., & Adams, R. (2013). Proprioceptive performance of bilateral upper and lower limb joints: Side-general and site-specific effects. Experimental Brain Research, 226, 313-323.
  • Han, J., Waddington, G., Anson, J., & Adams, R. (2015). Level of competitive success achieved by elite athletes and multi-joint proprioceptive ability. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 18(1), 77-81.
  • Handelsman, D. J., Hirschberg, A. L., & Bermon, S. (2018). Circulating testosterone as the hormonal basis of sex differences in athletic performance. Endocrine Reviews, 39(5), 803-829.
  • Hunter, S. K., Angadi, S. S., Bhargava, A., Harper, J., Hirschberg, A. L., Levine, B. D., ... et al. (2023). The biological basis of sex differences in athletic performance: Consensus statement for the American College of Sports Medicine. Translational Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine, 8(4), 1-33.
  • Jerosch, J., Prymka, M., & Castro, W. H. (1996). Proprioception of knee joints with a lesion of the medial meniscus. Acta Orthopaedica Belgica, 62(1), 41-45.
  • Joyner, M. J., Hunter, S. K., & Senefeld, J. W. (2024). Evidence on sex differences in sports performance. Journal of Applied Physiology.
  • Kalicinski, M., Kempe, M., & Bock, O. (2015). Motor imagery: Effects of age, task complexity, and task setting. Experimental Aging Research, 41(1), 25-38.
  • Kaynak, H., Altun, M., Özer, M., & Akseki, D. (2019). Effect of hot and cold applications on elbow proprioception. Edizioni Minerva Medica, 178, 177-181.
  • Kızılay, F., & Cengiz, D. U. (2023). A comparison of functional vestibulo-ocular reflex and proprioception in athletes of combat sports and ball sports. Heliyon, 9(7).
  • Küçük, H., & Karakaş, F. (2023). The effect of elbow joint proprioception sense on shooting hit in basketball. Journal of ROL Sport Sciences, 4(3), 1153-1168.
  • Liutsko, L., Muiños, R., & Tous-Ral, J. M. (2014). Age-related differences in proprioceptive and visuo-proprioceptive function in relation to fine motor behaviour. European Journal of Ageing, 11, 221–232.
  • Manning, J. T., Fink, B., Neave, N., & Caswell, N. (2005). Photocopies yield lower digit ratios (2D:4D) than direct finger measurements. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34, 329-333.
  • Manning, J. T., Kilduff, L. P., & Trivers, R. (2013). Digit ratio (2D:4D) in Klinefelter's syndrome. Andrology, 1(1), 94-99. Manning, J. T., Kilduff, L., Cook, C., Crewther, B., & Fink, B. (2014). Digit ratio (2D:4D): A biomarker for prenatal sex steroids and adult sex steroids in challenge situations. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 5, 9.
  • Manning, J. T., Stewart, A., Bundred, P. E., & Trivers, R. (2004). Sex and ethnic differences in 2nd to 4th digit ratio of children. Early Human Development, 80(2), 161-168.
  • Marks, R. (1995). Repeatability of position sense measurements in persons with osteoarthritis of the knee: A pilot study. Clinical Rehabilitation, 9(4), 314-319.
  • Miguel-Ortega, Á., Calleja-González, J., & Mielgo-Ayuso, J. (2024). Interactions between stress levels and hormonal responses related to sports performance in a pro women’s basketball team. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 9(3), 133.
  • Miguel-Ortega, Á., Fernández-Landa, J., Calleja-González, J., & Mielgo-Ayuso, J. (2023). Stress levels and hormonal coupling and their relationship with sports performance in an elite women’s volleyball team. Applied Sciences, 13(20), 11126.
  • Muaidi, Q. I. (2017). Does gender make a difference in knee rotation proprioception and range of motion in healthy subjects? Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, 30(6), 1237-1243.
  • Nagai, T., Sell, T. C., Abt, J. P., & Lephart, S. M. (2012). Reliability, precision, and gender differences in knee internal/external rotation proprioception measurements. Physical Therapy in Sport, 13(4), 233-237.
  • Özyazıcı, K., Boğa, E., Alagöz, N., Varlıklıöz, K., Arslan, Z., Akto, S., … et al. (2021). Duyuların gelişimi ve duyu bütünleme. Gelişim ve Psikoloji Dergisi, 2(4), 209-226.
  • Phomsoupha, M., & Laffaye, G. (2015). The science of badminton: Game characteristics, anthropometry, physiology, visual fitness, and biomechanics. Sports Medicine, 45, 473-495.
  • Proske, U. (2015). The role of muscle proprioceptors in human limb position sense: A hypothesis. Journal of Anatomy, 227(2), 178-183.
  • Proske, U., & Gandevia, S. C. (2012). The proprioceptive senses: Their roles in signaling body shape, body position and movement, and muscle force. Physiological Reviews.
  • Racinais, S., Gaoua, N., Mtibaa, K., Whiteley, R., Hautier, C., & Alhammoud, M. (2017). Effect of cold on proprioception and cognitive function in elite alpine skiers. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12(1), 69-74.
  • Richards, G., Aydin, E., Tsompanidis, A., Padaigaitė, E., Austin, T., Allison, C., ... et al. (2022). Digit ratio (2D:4D) and maternal testosterone-to-estradiol ratio measured in early pregnancy. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 13586.
  • Richards, G., Medland, S. E., & Beaton, A. A. (2021). Digit ratio (2D:4D) and handedness: A meta-analysis of the available literature. Laterality, 26(4), 421-484.
  • Riva, D., Bianchi, R., Rocca, F., & Mamo, C. (2016). Proprioceptive training and injury prevention in a professional men's basketball team: A six-year prospective study. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 30(2), 461-475.
  • Robertson, J., Zhang, W., Liu, J. J., Muir, K. R., Maciewicz, R. A., & Doherty, M. (2008). Radiographic assessment of the index to ring finger ratio (2D:4D) in adults. Journal of Anatomy, 212(1), 42-48.
  • Rouby, C., Fournel, A., & Bensafi, M. (2016). The role of the senses in emotion. In Emotion measurement (pp. 65-81). Woodhead Publishing.
  • Sarıakçalı, B., Duman, G., Ceylan, L., Polat, M., Hazar, S., & Eliöz, M. (2021). Spor Bilimleri Fakültesinde uygulama eğitimin biyokimyasal ve hematolojik parametrelere etkisi. Spor ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(3), 222–232.
  • Sevrez, V., & Bourdin, C. (2015). On the role of proprioception in making free throws in basketball. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 86(3), 274-280.
  • Sorokowski, P., & Kowal, M. (2024). Relationship between the 2D:4D and prenatal testosterone, adult level testosterone, and testosterone change: Meta‐analysis of 54 studies. American Journal of Biological Anthropology, 183(1), 20-38.
  • Ventura, T., Gomes, M. C., Pita, A., Neto, M. T., & Taylor, A. (2013). Digit ratio (2D:4D) in newborns: Influences of prenatal testosterone and maternal environment. Early Human Development, 89(2), 107-112.
  • Vladeanu, M., Giuffrida, O., & Bourne, V. J. (2014). Prenatal sex hormone exposure and risk of Alzheimer disease: A pilot study using the 2D:4D digit length ratio. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 27(2), 102-106.
  • Yılmaz, C. (2023). 2D/4D parmak oranının solunum sistemi ile ilişkisi: Futbolcular örneği: Tanımlayıcı araştırma. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Sports Sciences, 15(1), 153-158.
  • Yılmaz, O., Soylu, Y., Erkmen, N., Kaplan, T., & Batalik, L. (2024). Effects of proprioceptive training on sports performance: A systematic review. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 16(1), 149.
  • Yu, S., Lin, L., Liang, H., Lin, M., Deng, W., Zhan, X., … et al. (2022). Gender difference in effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching on flexibility and stiffness of hamstring muscle. Frontiers in Physiology, 13, 918176. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.918176.
  • Zamani-Sani, S. H., Sadeghi-Bahmani, D., Fathirezaie, Z., Aghdasi, M. T., Abbaspour, K., Badicu, G., … et al. (2022). Gender differences and relationship of 2D:4D ratio, mental toughness, and dark triad traits among active young adults. Biology, 11(6), 864.
  • Zhang, T., Zhao, Y., Wang, S., Luan, L., Adams, R., Ganderton, C., ... et al. (2024). Ankle proprioception and functional performance in patients with Achilles tendinopathy. European Journal of Sport Science.
  • Zill, S. N. (2019). Mechanoreceptors: Exteroceptors and proprioceptors. In Cockroaches as models for neurobiology: Applications in biomedical research. CRC Press.
Toplam 59 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Antrenman
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Pervil Karaoğlan 0009-0005-0394-8715

Tülay Ceylan 0000-0003-1884-4319

Mehmet Gül 0000-0002-3080-5155

Levent Ceylan 0000-0002-3056-4558

Burhan Başoğlu 0000-0001-9498-671X

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 24 Nisan 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Nisan 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 2 Şubat 2025
Kabul Tarihi 17 Nisan 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Karaoğlan, P., Ceylan, T., Gül, M., Ceylan, L., vd. (2025). Genç Badmintoncularda Propriyoseptif Duyu ve 2D:4D Parmak Oranı İlişkisi. Spor Ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 16(1), 21-34. https://doi.org/10.17155/omuspd.1631513
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