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The role of depression in obesity and the relationship between cognitive functions, leptin, ghrelin, and neuropeptide Y

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 3, 606 - 617, 02.07.2025

Özge Karaca , Gülfizar Sözeri Varma , Yaşar Enli , Tuğçe Toker Uğurlu , Osman Zülkif Topak , Muhammet Gündüz

https://doi.org/10.31362/patd.1570780

Öz

Purpose: It is known that there is a two-way relationship in the etiopathogenesis of depression and obesity. This study aimed to investigate serum ghrelin, leptin, neuropeptide Y levels, cognitive functions, and atypical depressive features in obese and depressed patients. It is expected that obese and depressed patients will show similar features in terms of biochemical parameters and cognitive functions, and atypical depressive features may be high in obese individuals.
Materials and methods: The study included 56 obese individuals, 60 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), and 53 healthy controls (HC). The questionnaires administered included socio-demographic data form, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Scale, Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire, Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-Seasonal Affective Disorder Version (SIGH-SAD). Cognitive functions were assessed with short computer version of Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Berg’s WCST, Stroop Colour-Word Test-Victoria version. Serum ghrelin, leptin, and neuropeptide Y levels were measured.
Results: The depression scores were found higher MDD group than obesity and HC groups (p<0.001) and anxiety scores similar in MDD and obesity groups (p=0.064). The groups had similar mean SIGH-SAD scores (p=0.989). There was no difference between groups in WCST scores (p>0.05). Differences were detected between the groups in the Stroop test. Leptin levels were higher (p<0.001), ghrelin (p=0.038) and neuropeptide Y (p<0.001) levels lower in obesity group compared to MDD and HC. Ghrelin levels negatively correlated with total number of incorrect responses in terms of cognitive functions in obese individuals (r=-0.259 p=0.049).
Conclusion: In our study, it was determined that although depressive symptoms were high in obesity, there were no atypical depressive features, executive functions were similar between the groups, and neurochemical marker levels were not similar in obesity and depression. Our results do not support the relationship between obesity and atypical depression.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Obesity depression leptin ghrelin neuropeptide Y

Destekleyen Kurum

Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Pamukkale University

Kaynakça

  • Pan A, Sun Q, Czernichow S, et al. Bidirectional association between depression and obesity in middle-aged and older women. Int J Obes (Lond). 2012;36(4):595-602. doi:10.1038/ijo.2011.111
  • Dong C, Sanchez LE, Price RA. Relationship of obesity to depression: a family-based study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004;28(6):790-795. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802626
  • Ashmore JA, Friedman KE, Reichmann SK, Musante GJ. Weight-based stigmatization, psychological distress, & binge eating behavior among obese treatment-seeking adults. Eat Behav. 2008;9(2):203-209. doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2007.09.006
  • Gavin AR, Simon GE, Ludman EJ. The association between obesity, depression, and educational attainment in women: the mediating role of body image dissatisfaction. J Psychosom Res. 2010;69(6):573-581. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2010.05.001
  • Bekker MH, van de Meerendonk C, Mollerus J. Effects of negative mood induction and impulsivity on self-perceived emotional eating. Int J Eat Disord. 2004;36(4):461-469. doi:10.1002/eat.20041
  • Geliebter A, Aversa A. Emotional eating in overweight, normal weight, and underweight individuals. Eat Behav. 2003;3(4):341-347. doi:10.1016/s1471-0153(02)00100-9
  • Konttinen H, Haukkala A, Sarlio Lähteenkorva S, Silventoinen K, Jousilahti P. Eating styles, self-control and obesity indicators. The moderating role of obesity status and dieting history on restrained eating. Appetite. 2009;53(1):131-134. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2009.05.001
  • Lamers F, Vogelzangs N, Merikangas KR, de Jonge P, Beekman AT, Penninx BW. Evidence for a differential role of HPA-axis function, inflammation and metabolic syndrome in melancholic versus atypical depression. Mol Psychiatry. 2013;18(6):692-699. doi:10.1038/mp.2012.144
  • Lawson EA, Miller KK, Blum JI, et al. Leptin levels are associated with decreased depressive symptoms in women across the weight spectrum, independent of body fat. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2012;76(4):520-525. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04182.x
  • Clark JT, Kalra PS, Crowley WR, Kalra SP. Neuropeptide Y and human pancreatic polypeptide stimulate feeding behavior in rats. Endocrinology. 1984;115(1):427-429. doi:10.1210/endo-115-1-427
  • Heilig M. The NPY system in stress, anxiety and depression. Neuropeptides. 2004;38(4):213-224. doi:10.1016/j.npep.2004.05.002
  • Holmes A, Heilig M, Rupniak NM, Steckler T, Griebel G. Neuropeptide systems as novel therapeutic targets for depression and anxiety disorders. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2003;24(11):580-588. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2003.09.011
  • Schmid M, Hammar Å. Cognitive function in first episode major depressive disorder: poor inhibition and semantic fluency performance. Cogn Neuropsychiatry. 2013;18(6):515-530. doi:10.1080/13546805.2012.754748
  • Wagner S, Doering B, Helmreich I, Lieb K, Tadić A. A meta-analysis of executive dysfunctions in unipolar major depressive disorder without psychotic symptoms and their changes during antidepressant treatment. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2012;125(4):281-292. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01762.x
  • Godefroy O, Azouvi P, Robert P, et al. Dysexecutive syndrome: diagnostic criteria and validation study. Ann Neurol. 2010;68(6):855-864. doi:10.1002/ana.22117
  • Rotge JY, Poitou C, Fossati P, Aron Wisnewsky J, Oppert JM. Decision-making in obesity without eating disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of Iowa gambling task performances. Obes Rev. 2017;18(8):936-942. doi:10.1111/obr.12549
  • Sevinçer GM. Türkiye’de obezite cerrahisinde psikiyatrik değerlendirme: Uzlaşma ve kılavuz gereksinmesi. Anadolu Psikiyatr Derg. 2016;17:5-45
  • Yang Y, Shields GS, Guo C, Liu Y. Executive function performance in obesity and overweight individuals: A meta-analysis and review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2018;84:225-244. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.11.020
  • Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN, et al. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines [published correction appears in Circulation. 2004 Aug 10;110(6):763]. Circulation. 2004;110(2):227-239. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000133317.49796.0E
  • Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1960;23(1):56-62. doi:10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56
  • Akdemir A, Örsel DS, Dağ İ, Türkçapar MH, İşcan N, Özbay H. Hamilton depresyon derecelendirme ölçeği (HDDÖ)'nin geçerliliği- güvenirliliği ve klinikte kullanımı. Psikiyatri Psikoloji Psikofarmakoloji Dergisi. 1996;4(4):251-259.
  • Hamilton M. The assessment of anxiety states by rating. Br J Med Psychol. 1959;32(1):50-55. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1959.tb00467.x
  • Yazıcı MK, Demir B, Tanrıverdi N, Karaağaoğlu E, Yolaç P. Hamilton anksiyete değerlendirme ölçeği, değerlendiriciler arası güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi. 1998;9(2):114-117.
  • Williams JBW, Link MJ, Rosenthal NE, Amira L, Terman M. Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale—Seasonal Affective Disorder Version (SIGH-SAD) New York, NY: New York State Psychiatric Institute; 1992
  • Aydemir Ö, Deveci A, İçelli İ. Hamilton Depresyonu Değerlendirme Ölçeği yapılandırılmış görüşme kılavuzu mevsimsel duygu durumu bozukluğu versiyonu'nun güvenilirlik ve geçerliliği. Türkiye'de Psikiyatri Derg 2006;8(1):18-21.
  • van Strien T, Frijters JER, Bergers GPA, Defares PB. The Dutch eating behavior questionnaire (DEBQ) for assessment of restrained, emotional and external eating behavior. International Journal Eating Disorders. 1986;5:295-315. doi:10.1002/1098-108X(198602)5:2<295::AID-EAT2260050209>3.0.CO;2-T
  • Bozan N, Bas M, Asci FH. Psychometric properties of Turkish version of Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ). A preliminary results. Appetite. 2011;56(3):564-566. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2011.01.025
  • Fox CJ, Mueller ST, Gray HM, Raber J, Piper BJ. Evaluation of a short-form of the Berg Card Sorting Test. PLoS One. 2013;8(5):e63885. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063885
  • Karakaş S. BILNOT Bataryası El Kitabı, Nöropsikolojik Testler için Araştırma ve Geliştirme Çalışmaları. Ankara: Dizayn Ofset; 2004.
  • Karakaş S, Erdoğan E, Soysal Ş, Ulusoy T, Ulusoy İY, Alkan S. Stroop Test TBAG Form: Standardisation for Turkish Culture, Reliability and Validity. Turkish J Clin Psy. 1999;2(2):75-88.
  • Onyike CU, Crum RM, Lee HB, Lyketsos CG, Eaton WW. Is obesity associated with major depression? Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;158(12):1139-1147. doi:10.1093/aje/kwg275
  • Silva DA, Coutinho EDSF, Ferriani LO, Viana MC. Depression subtypes and obesity in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2020;21(3):e12966. doi:10.1111/obr.12966
  • Brailean A, Curtis J, Davis K, Dregan A, Hotopf M. Characteristics, comorbidities, and correlates of atypical depression: evidence from the UK Biobank Mental Health Survey. Psychol Med. 2020;50(7):1129-1138. doi:10.1017/S0033291719001004
  • Pistis G, Milaneschi Y, Vandeleur CL, et al. Obesity and atypical depression symptoms: findings from Mendelian randomization in two European cohorts. Transl Psychiatry. 2021;11(1):96. doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01236-7
  • Bennett J, Greene G, Schwartz Barcott D. Perceptions of emotional eating behavior. A qualitative study of college students. Appetite. 2013;60(1):187-192. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2012.09.023
  • Sullivan PF, Neale MC, Kendler KS. Genetic epidemiology of major depression: review and meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157(10):1552-1562. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.10.1552
  • Koenigs M, Grafman J. The functional neuroanatomy of depression: distinct roles for ventromedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Behav Brain Res. 2009;201(2):239-243. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2009.03.004
  • Oral E, Canpolat S, Yildirim S, Gulec M, Aliyev E, Aydin N. Cognitive functions and serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with major depressive disorder. Brain Res Bull. 2012;88(5):454-459. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2012.03.005
  • Łojko D, Rybakowski JK. Atypical depression: current perspectives. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2017;13:2447-2456. doi:10.2147/NDT.S147317
  • Wu X, Nussbaum MA, Madigan ML. Executive Function and Measures of Fall Risk Among People With Obesity. Percept Mot Skills. 2016;122(3):825-839. doi:10.1177/0031512516646158
  • Milaneschi Y, Lamers F, Bot M, Drent ML, Penninx BW. Leptin Dysregulation Is Specifically Associated With Major Depression With Atypical Features: Evidence for a Mechanism Connecting Obesity and Depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2017;81(9):807-814. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.10.023
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Obezitede depresyonun rolü ve bilişsel işlevler, leptin, ghrelin, nöropeptid Y ilişkisi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 3, 606 - 617, 02.07.2025

Özge Karaca , Gülfizar Sözeri Varma , Yaşar Enli , Tuğçe Toker Uğurlu , Osman Zülkif Topak , Muhammet Gündüz

https://doi.org/10.31362/patd.1570780

Öz

Amaç: Depresyon ve obezite etyopatogenezinde karşılıklı iki yönlü bir ilişkinin olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmada, obezite ve depresyon hastalarında serum ghrelin, leptin, nöropeptid Y düzeylerinin, bilişsel işlevlerin ve atipik depresif özelliklerin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Nörokimyasal parametreler ve bilişsel işlevler açısından obezite ve depresyon hastalarının benzer özellikler göstereceği ve obez bireylerde atipik depresif özelliklerin yüksek olabileceği beklenmektedir.
Gereç ve yöntem: Çalışmaya 56 obez birey, 60 major depresif bozukluklu (MDB) hasta ve 53 sağlıklı kontrol alınmıştır. Sosyodemografik veri formu, Hamilton Depresyon Derecelendirme Ölçeği (HAM-D), Hamilton Anksiyete Ölçeği (HAS), Hollanda Yeme Davranışı Anketi, Yapılandırılmış Görüşme Kılavuzu Mevsimsel Duygudurum Bozukluğu Versiyonu (SIGH-SAD) uygulanmıştır. Bilişsel işlevler Wisconsin Kart Eşleme Testi’nin (WCST) kısa bilgisayar versiyonu Berg’s WCST, Stroop testinin Victoria formu olan Victoria Stroop Test ile değerlendirilmiştir. Serum ghrelin, leptin, nöropeptid Y düzeyleri belirlenmiştir.
Bulgular: MDB grubunda depresyon puanları obezite ve sağlıklı kontrol grubuna göre yüksek (p<0,001), MDB ve obezite gruplarında anksiyete puanları benzer (p=0,064) bulundu. SIGH-SAD puan ortalamaları açısından gruplar arasında fark bulunmadı (p=0,989). Gruplar WCST puanları açısından da benzerdi (p>0,05). Stroop testinde gruplar arasında farklılık tespit edildi. Leptin düzeyleri obezite grubunda diğer gruplardan yüksekti (p<0,001), ghrelin (p=0,038) ve nöropeptid Y (p<0,001) düzeyleri ise düşük bulundu. Obez bireylerde ghrelin düzeyleri ile bilişsel işlevler açısından toplam yanlış cevap sayısı arasında negative yönde zayıf düzeyde korelasyon saptandı (r=-0.259 p=0,049).
Sonuç: Çalışmamızda obezitede depresif belirtilerin yüksek olmasına karşın atipik depresif özellikler bulunmadığı, gruplar arasında yürütücü işlevlerin benzer olduğu, obezite ve depresyonda nörokimyasal belirtileç düzeylerinin benzer olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlarımız obeziteyi atipik depresyon ilişkisini desteklememektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Obezite depresyon leptin ghrelin nöropeptid Y

Destekleyen Kurum

Pamukkale Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırmaları Koordinasyon Birimi

Kaynakça

  • Pan A, Sun Q, Czernichow S, et al. Bidirectional association between depression and obesity in middle-aged and older women. Int J Obes (Lond). 2012;36(4):595-602. doi:10.1038/ijo.2011.111
  • Dong C, Sanchez LE, Price RA. Relationship of obesity to depression: a family-based study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004;28(6):790-795. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802626
  • Ashmore JA, Friedman KE, Reichmann SK, Musante GJ. Weight-based stigmatization, psychological distress, & binge eating behavior among obese treatment-seeking adults. Eat Behav. 2008;9(2):203-209. doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2007.09.006
  • Gavin AR, Simon GE, Ludman EJ. The association between obesity, depression, and educational attainment in women: the mediating role of body image dissatisfaction. J Psychosom Res. 2010;69(6):573-581. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2010.05.001
  • Bekker MH, van de Meerendonk C, Mollerus J. Effects of negative mood induction and impulsivity on self-perceived emotional eating. Int J Eat Disord. 2004;36(4):461-469. doi:10.1002/eat.20041
  • Geliebter A, Aversa A. Emotional eating in overweight, normal weight, and underweight individuals. Eat Behav. 2003;3(4):341-347. doi:10.1016/s1471-0153(02)00100-9
  • Konttinen H, Haukkala A, Sarlio Lähteenkorva S, Silventoinen K, Jousilahti P. Eating styles, self-control and obesity indicators. The moderating role of obesity status and dieting history on restrained eating. Appetite. 2009;53(1):131-134. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2009.05.001
  • Lamers F, Vogelzangs N, Merikangas KR, de Jonge P, Beekman AT, Penninx BW. Evidence for a differential role of HPA-axis function, inflammation and metabolic syndrome in melancholic versus atypical depression. Mol Psychiatry. 2013;18(6):692-699. doi:10.1038/mp.2012.144
  • Lawson EA, Miller KK, Blum JI, et al. Leptin levels are associated with decreased depressive symptoms in women across the weight spectrum, independent of body fat. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2012;76(4):520-525. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04182.x
  • Clark JT, Kalra PS, Crowley WR, Kalra SP. Neuropeptide Y and human pancreatic polypeptide stimulate feeding behavior in rats. Endocrinology. 1984;115(1):427-429. doi:10.1210/endo-115-1-427
  • Heilig M. The NPY system in stress, anxiety and depression. Neuropeptides. 2004;38(4):213-224. doi:10.1016/j.npep.2004.05.002
  • Holmes A, Heilig M, Rupniak NM, Steckler T, Griebel G. Neuropeptide systems as novel therapeutic targets for depression and anxiety disorders. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2003;24(11):580-588. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2003.09.011
  • Schmid M, Hammar Å. Cognitive function in first episode major depressive disorder: poor inhibition and semantic fluency performance. Cogn Neuropsychiatry. 2013;18(6):515-530. doi:10.1080/13546805.2012.754748
  • Wagner S, Doering B, Helmreich I, Lieb K, Tadić A. A meta-analysis of executive dysfunctions in unipolar major depressive disorder without psychotic symptoms and their changes during antidepressant treatment. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2012;125(4):281-292. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01762.x
  • Godefroy O, Azouvi P, Robert P, et al. Dysexecutive syndrome: diagnostic criteria and validation study. Ann Neurol. 2010;68(6):855-864. doi:10.1002/ana.22117
  • Rotge JY, Poitou C, Fossati P, Aron Wisnewsky J, Oppert JM. Decision-making in obesity without eating disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of Iowa gambling task performances. Obes Rev. 2017;18(8):936-942. doi:10.1111/obr.12549
  • Sevinçer GM. Türkiye’de obezite cerrahisinde psikiyatrik değerlendirme: Uzlaşma ve kılavuz gereksinmesi. Anadolu Psikiyatr Derg. 2016;17:5-45
  • Yang Y, Shields GS, Guo C, Liu Y. Executive function performance in obesity and overweight individuals: A meta-analysis and review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2018;84:225-244. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.11.020
  • Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN, et al. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines [published correction appears in Circulation. 2004 Aug 10;110(6):763]. Circulation. 2004;110(2):227-239. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000133317.49796.0E
  • Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1960;23(1):56-62. doi:10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56
  • Akdemir A, Örsel DS, Dağ İ, Türkçapar MH, İşcan N, Özbay H. Hamilton depresyon derecelendirme ölçeği (HDDÖ)'nin geçerliliği- güvenirliliği ve klinikte kullanımı. Psikiyatri Psikoloji Psikofarmakoloji Dergisi. 1996;4(4):251-259.
  • Hamilton M. The assessment of anxiety states by rating. Br J Med Psychol. 1959;32(1):50-55. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1959.tb00467.x
  • Yazıcı MK, Demir B, Tanrıverdi N, Karaağaoğlu E, Yolaç P. Hamilton anksiyete değerlendirme ölçeği, değerlendiriciler arası güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi. 1998;9(2):114-117.
  • Williams JBW, Link MJ, Rosenthal NE, Amira L, Terman M. Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale—Seasonal Affective Disorder Version (SIGH-SAD) New York, NY: New York State Psychiatric Institute; 1992
  • Aydemir Ö, Deveci A, İçelli İ. Hamilton Depresyonu Değerlendirme Ölçeği yapılandırılmış görüşme kılavuzu mevsimsel duygu durumu bozukluğu versiyonu'nun güvenilirlik ve geçerliliği. Türkiye'de Psikiyatri Derg 2006;8(1):18-21.
  • van Strien T, Frijters JER, Bergers GPA, Defares PB. The Dutch eating behavior questionnaire (DEBQ) for assessment of restrained, emotional and external eating behavior. International Journal Eating Disorders. 1986;5:295-315. doi:10.1002/1098-108X(198602)5:2<295::AID-EAT2260050209>3.0.CO;2-T
  • Bozan N, Bas M, Asci FH. Psychometric properties of Turkish version of Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ). A preliminary results. Appetite. 2011;56(3):564-566. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2011.01.025
  • Fox CJ, Mueller ST, Gray HM, Raber J, Piper BJ. Evaluation of a short-form of the Berg Card Sorting Test. PLoS One. 2013;8(5):e63885. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063885
  • Karakaş S. BILNOT Bataryası El Kitabı, Nöropsikolojik Testler için Araştırma ve Geliştirme Çalışmaları. Ankara: Dizayn Ofset; 2004.
  • Karakaş S, Erdoğan E, Soysal Ş, Ulusoy T, Ulusoy İY, Alkan S. Stroop Test TBAG Form: Standardisation for Turkish Culture, Reliability and Validity. Turkish J Clin Psy. 1999;2(2):75-88.
  • Onyike CU, Crum RM, Lee HB, Lyketsos CG, Eaton WW. Is obesity associated with major depression? Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;158(12):1139-1147. doi:10.1093/aje/kwg275
  • Silva DA, Coutinho EDSF, Ferriani LO, Viana MC. Depression subtypes and obesity in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2020;21(3):e12966. doi:10.1111/obr.12966
  • Brailean A, Curtis J, Davis K, Dregan A, Hotopf M. Characteristics, comorbidities, and correlates of atypical depression: evidence from the UK Biobank Mental Health Survey. Psychol Med. 2020;50(7):1129-1138. doi:10.1017/S0033291719001004
  • Pistis G, Milaneschi Y, Vandeleur CL, et al. Obesity and atypical depression symptoms: findings from Mendelian randomization in two European cohorts. Transl Psychiatry. 2021;11(1):96. doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01236-7
  • Bennett J, Greene G, Schwartz Barcott D. Perceptions of emotional eating behavior. A qualitative study of college students. Appetite. 2013;60(1):187-192. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2012.09.023
  • Sullivan PF, Neale MC, Kendler KS. Genetic epidemiology of major depression: review and meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157(10):1552-1562. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.10.1552
  • Koenigs M, Grafman J. The functional neuroanatomy of depression: distinct roles for ventromedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Behav Brain Res. 2009;201(2):239-243. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2009.03.004
  • Oral E, Canpolat S, Yildirim S, Gulec M, Aliyev E, Aydin N. Cognitive functions and serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with major depressive disorder. Brain Res Bull. 2012;88(5):454-459. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2012.03.005
  • Łojko D, Rybakowski JK. Atypical depression: current perspectives. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2017;13:2447-2456. doi:10.2147/NDT.S147317
  • Wu X, Nussbaum MA, Madigan ML. Executive Function and Measures of Fall Risk Among People With Obesity. Percept Mot Skills. 2016;122(3):825-839. doi:10.1177/0031512516646158
  • Milaneschi Y, Lamers F, Bot M, Drent ML, Penninx BW. Leptin Dysregulation Is Specifically Associated With Major Depression With Atypical Features: Evidence for a Mechanism Connecting Obesity and Depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2017;81(9):807-814. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.10.023
  • Erol A, Özten M. Eating Disorders and Endocrine System Relationship. Türkiye Klin J Psychiatry Spec Top. 2014;7(3):86-90.
  • Chowen JA, Argente J. Leptin and the brain. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig. 2011;7(2):351-360. doi:10.1515/HMBCI.2011.113
  • Alosco ML, Spitznagel MB, Strain G, et al. Improved serum leptin and ghrelin following bariatric surgery predict better postoperative cognitive function. J Clin Neurol. 2015;11(1):48-56. doi:10.3988/jcn.2015.11.1.48
  • Inui A. Ghrelin: an orexigenic and somatotrophic signal from the stomach. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2001;2(8):551-560. doi:10.1038/35086018
  • Ariyasu H, Takaya K, Tagami T, et al. Stomach is a major source of circulating ghrelin, and feeding state determines plasma ghrelin-like immunoreactivity levels in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(10):4753-4758. doi:10.1210/jcem.86.10.7885
  • Westrin A, Ekman R, Träskman Bendz L. Alterations of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) plasma levels in mood disorder patients with a recent suicide attempt. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 1999;9(3):205-211. doi:10.1016/s0924-977x(98)00026-1
  • Bali A, Jaggi AS. An Integrative Review on Role and Mechanisms of Ghrelin in Stress, Anxiety and Depression. Curr Drug Targets. 2016;17(5):495-507. doi:10.2174/1389450116666150518095650
  • Toshinai K, Mondal MS, Nakazato M, et al. Upregulation of Ghrelin expression in the stomach upon fasting, insulin-induced hypoglycemia, and leptin administration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001;281(5):1220-1225. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2001.4518
  • Decressac M, Wright B, David B, et al. Exogenous neuropeptide Y promotes in vivo hippocampal neurogenesis. Hippocampus. 2011;21(3):233-238. doi:10.1002/hipo.20765
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Psikiyatri
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Özge Karaca 0009-0004-9619-3392

Gülfizar Sözeri Varma 0000-0003-4808-3274

Yaşar Enli 0000-0001-5080-3192

Tuğçe Toker Uğurlu 0000-0003-4458-088X

Osman Zülkif Topak 0000-0002-1604-2243

Muhammet Gündüz 0000-0001-8545-9790

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 29 Nisan 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 2 Temmuz 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 7 Kasım 2024
Kabul Tarihi 18 Nisan 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 18 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

AMA Karaca Ö, Sözeri Varma G, Enli Y, Toker Uğurlu T, Topak OZ, Gündüz M. The role of depression in obesity and the relationship between cognitive functions, leptin, ghrelin, and neuropeptide Y. Pam Tıp Derg. Temmuz 2025;18(3):606-617. doi:10.31362/patd.1570780
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