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Psikolojide Kartezyen ve Newtoncu Paradigmaların Ötesinde: Transaksiyonel Yaklaşımda İnsan Deneyimi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 4, 726 - 744

Mehmet Karasu

https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1578246

Öz

Kartezyen düalizm ve Newtoncu dünya görüşü, psikoloji biliminin insan deneyimini anlamada karşılaştığı önemli açmazları beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu perspektifler, insan deneyimini parçalara ayırarak, durağan ve basit ilişkilerle ele almakta ve nesnelliğe dayalı evrensel ilkelere ulaşma çabası göstermektedir. Ancak bu yaklaşım, deneyimin karmaşıklığını, bütünselliğini, dinamikliğini ve öznelliğini göz ardı ederek, parçalanmış bir insan model ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Bu kısıtlayıcı anlayışın üstesinden gelmek üzere sunulan transaksiyonel dünya görüşü, psikoloji çalışmalarında insanı deneyimini kendi bağlamında, öznelliğinde ve karmaşıklığı içinde dinamik bir bütün olarak ele almayı önermektedir. Bu derlemede, Kartezyen düalizm ve Newtoncu dünya görüşünün psikoloji alanındaki temel açmazları ele alınmakta; transaksiyonel yaklaşım hem teorik çerçevesi hem de uygulama örnekleri aracılığıyla açıklanmaktadır. Ayrıca, bu yaklaşımın araştırmalarda nasıl uygulanabileceğine dair yarı yapılandırılmış bir kılavuz sunulmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kartezyen düalizm Newtoncu dünya görüşü insan deneyimi transaksiyonel yaklaşım psikoloji

Kaynakça

  • Altman I (1977) Privacy regulation: culturally universal or culturally specific? J Soc Issues, 33:66-84.
  • Altman I (1990) Toward a transactional perspective: a personal journey. In Environment and Behavior Studies: Emergence of Intellectual Traditions (Eds I Altman, K Christensen K):225-255. Boston, MA, Plenum.
  • Altman I (1992) A transactional perspective on transition to new environments. Environ Behav, 24:269-280.
  • Altman I, Rogoff B (1987) World views in psychology: Trait, interactionist, organismic and transitional approaches. In Handbook of Environmental Psychology (Eds D Stokols, I Altman):7-40. New York, Wiley.
  • Altman I, Vinsel A, Brown BB (1981) Dialectic conceptions in social psychology: An application to social penetration and privacy regulation. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol.14) (Ed L Berkowitz):108-160. San Diego, CA, Academic Press.
  • Altman I, Werner CM, Oxley D, Haggard LM (1987) “Christmas Street” as an example of transactionally-oriented research. Environ Behav, 19:501-524.
  • Arkonaç S (2004) Kartezyen olmayan özne, öteki, fail ve yerel gerçekliğin inşası. In Doğunun ve Batının Yerelliği: Bireylik Bilgisine Dair (Ed S Arkonaç):249-273. İstanbul, Alfa Yayınları.
  • Arkonaç SA (1999) Psikolojide İnsan Modelleri. İstanbul, Alfa Yayınları.
  • Arnett JJ (2008) The neglected 95%: why American psychology needs to become less American. Am Psychol, 63:602-614.
  • Baker G, Morris KJ (1996) Descartes’ Dualism. London, Routledge.
  • Bandura A (1969) Social-learning theory of identificatory processes. In Handbook of Socialization Theory and Research (Ed DA Goslin):213-262. Chicago, Rand McNally.
  • Barker RG (1968) Ecological Psychology: Concepts and Methods for Studying the Environment of Human Behavior. Stanford, CA, Stanford University Press.
  • Barker RG, Wright HF, Schoggen MF, Barker LS (1978) Habitats, Environments, and Human Behavior. San Francisco, Jossey-Bass.
  • Bechtel, R.B. (2010). Environmental psychology. In The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology (eds IB Weiner, WE Craighead). https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470479216.corpsy0311.
  • Bronfenbrenner U (1979) The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design. Cambridge, Harvard University Press.
  • Brown D, Key B (2020) Descartes’ dualism of mind and body in the development of psychological thought. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology (Ed WE Pickren). Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • Burr V (2003) Social Constructionism. London, Routledge.
  • Carminati L (2018) Generalizability in qualitative research: a tale of two traditions. Qual Health Res, 28:2094-2101.
  • Cantley I (2015) How secure is a Newtonian paradigm for psychological and educational measurement? Theory Psychol, 25:117-138.
  • Çoksan S, Üzümçeker E (2023) Nitel verinin elde edilme sürecinde temel nitelikler. In Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri: Psikoloji Uygulama Örnekleriyle (Eds H Peker-Dural, M Karasu):54-86. Ankara, Nobel Yayınları.
  • Danziger K (1994) Constructing the Subject: Historical Origins of Psychological Research. New York, NY, Cambridge University Press.
  • Descartes R (1641/1984) Meditations on first philosophy. In The Philosophical Writings of René Descartes (Vol.2) (Trans J Cottingham, R Stoothoff, D Murdoch):1-62. New York, Cambridge University Press.
  • Dewey J, Bentley AF (1949) Knowing and the Known. Boston, Beacon Press.
  • DiSalle R (2002) Newton’s philosophical analysis of space and time. In The Cambridge Companion to Newton (Eds IB Cohen, GE Smith):33-56. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Evans IE, Llewellyn DJ, Matthews FE, Woods RT, Brayne C, Clare L, CFAS-Wales Research Team (2018) Social isolation, cognitive reserve, and cognition in healthy older people. PloS One, 13:e0201008.
  • Flaherty MG (2018) An S-shaped pattern in the perceived passage of time: how social interaction governs temporal experience. Lang Cogn, 10:1-25.
  • Gergen KJ, Gülerce A, Lock A, Misra G (1996) Psychological science in cultural context. Am Psychol, 51:496-503.
  • Gergen KJ (2012) The social dimension of social psychology: A historical analysis. In Handbook of the History of Social Psychology (Eds AW Kruglanski, W Stroebe):137-157. Hove, UK, Psychology Press.
  • Gezici Yalçın M, Coşkan C (2021) Psikolojide yöntem sorunlarına eleştirel yaklaşım ve öneriler. Psikoloji Çalışmaları, 41:759-787.
  • Gibson JJ (1979) An Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. Boston, Houghton Mifflin.
  • Glassman WE, Hadad M (2018) Psikolojide Yaklaşımlar (Trans H Kaynak). Ankara, Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Göregenli M (2003) Sosyal psikolojiden hareketle sosyal bilimlerde olgu-değer ilişkisi üzerine düşünceler. Toplum ve Bilim, 97:234-246.
  • Göregenli M (2007) Şerif’ten sonra Türkiye’de sosyal psikolojinin ‘sosyal’liği ve sosyal sorumluluğu üzerine düşünceler. In Muzaffer Şerif’e Armağan (Eds E Aslıtürk, S Batur):217-240. İstanbul, İletişim Yayınları.
  • Göregenli M (2021) Çevre Psikolojisi: İnsan Mekân Ilişkileri, 5th ed. İstanbul, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Graumann CF (1976) The concept of appropriation (aneignung) and modes of appropriation of space. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Architectural Psychology Conference (Ed P Korosec-Serfaty):113-125. France, Louis Pasteur University.
  • Gulbenkian Komisyonu (2012) Sosyal Bilimleri Açın: Sosyal Bilimlerin Yeniden Yapılanması Üzerine Bir Rapor, 9th.ed. (Çeviri Ş. Tekeli). İstanbul, Metis Yayınları.
  • Harré R, Secord PF (1972) The Explanation of Social Behavior. New York, Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Heft H (2020) Ecological psychology as social psychology?. Theory Psychol, 30:813-826.
  • Henrich J, Heine SJ, Norenzayan A (2010) The weirdest people in the world? Behav Brain Sci, 33:61-83.
  • Hermans HJ (1988) On the integration of nomothetic and idiographic research methods in the study of personal meaning. J Pers, 56:785-812.
  • Hesse BW, Werner CM, Altman I (1988) Temporal aspects of computer-mediated communication. Comput Human Behav, 4:147-165.
  • Ittelson WH (1973) Environment perception and contemporary conceptual theory. In Environment and Cognition (Ed WH Ittelson):1-19. New York, Seminar.
  • Jay M (2012) Deneyim Şarkıları: Evrensel Bir Tema Üzerine Modern Çeşitlemeler (Çeviri BE Aksoy). İstanbul, Metis.
  • Karasu M (2021) Zamanı ve mekânı kendileme ile zamansal deneyim arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi (Doktora Tezi). İstanbul, İstanbul Üniversitesi.
  • Karasu M, Cesur S (2023) Kamusal mekânları kendileme ve zamansal deneyim arasındaki ilişkiler: transaksiyonel bir keşif çalışması. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi 43:110-130.
  • Keller H (2018) Universality claim of attachment theory: children’s socioemotional development across cultures. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 115:11414-11419.
  • Koffka K (1935) Principles of Gestalt Psychology. London, Routledge.
  • Lewin K (1936) Principles of Topological Psychology. New York, McGraw-Hill.
  • Lewin K (1964) Field Theory in Social Science. New York, Harper.
  • Levine M (2003) Times, theories and practices in social psychology. Theory Psychol, 13:53-72.
  • Margulis ST (2011) Three theories of privacy: an overview. In Privacy Online: Perspectives on Privacy and Self-Disclosure in the Social Web (Eds S Trepte, L Reinecke):9-17. Berlin, Germany, Springer.
  • McLaughlin KA, Hatzenbuehler ML (2009) Stressful life events, anxiety sensitivity, and internalizing symptoms in adolescents. J Abnorm Psychol, 118:659-669.
  • Napier MA, Brown BB, Werner CM, Gallimore J (2011) Walking to school: community design and child and parent barriers. J Environ Psychol, 31:45-51.
  • Newton I (1687/1999) The Principia: Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (Trans IB Cohen, A Whitman A). Berkeley, University of California Press.
  • Orlikowski WJ, Yates J (2002) It’s about time: temporal structuring in organizations. Organ Sci (Linthicum), 13:684-700.
  • Oxley D, Haggard LM, Werner CM, Altman I (1986) Transactional qualities of neighborhood social networks: a case study of “Christmas Street”. Environ Behav, 18:640-677.
  • Peker-Dural H, Karasu M (2023) Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri: Psikoloji Uygulama Örnekleriyle. Ankara, Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Pepper SC (1942) World Hypotheses: A Study in Evidence. Berkeley, University of California Press.
  • Pepper SC (1967) Concept and Quality: A World Hypothesis. La Salle, IL, Open Court.
  • Robinson OC (2011) The idiographic/nomothetic dichotomy: tracing historical origins of contemporary confusions. Hist Philos Psychol, 13:32-39.
  • Ryan RM, Deci EL (2000) Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. Am Psychol, 55:68-78.
  • Schultz DP, Schultz SE (2011) A History of Modern Psychology, 10th ed. Belmont, CA, Wadsworth.
  • Skinner BF (1953) Science and Human Behavior. New York, Macmillan.
  • Slife BD (1995) Newtonian time and psychological explanation. Journal of Mind and Behavior, 16:45-62.
  • Stokols D, Altman I (1987) Handbook of Environmental Psychology (Vol. 1-2). New York, Wiley.
  • Stokols D, Shumaker S (1981) People in place: a transactional view of settings. In Cognition, Social Behavior and the Environment (Ed J Harvey):441-488. Hillsdale, NJ, Erlbaum.
  • Teo T (2012) Critical psychology. In Encyclopedia of the History of Psychological Theories (Ed RW Reiber):236-248. New York, Springer.
  • Werner CM (1987) Transactional approach to neighborhood social relations. In Interpersonal Processes (Eds S Oskamp, S Spacapan):25-57. Newbury Park, CA, Sage.
  • Werner CM (2003) Changing homeowners’ use of toxic household products: a transactional approach. J Environ Psychol, 23:33-45.
  • Werner CM, Altman I (1998) A dialectic/transactional framework of social relations: Children in secondary territories. In Children, Cities, and Psychological Theories (Eds D Gorlitz, HJ Harloff, G Mey, J Valsiner):123-154. Berlin, Walter de Gruyter.
  • Werner CM, Altman I, Oxley D (1985) Temporal aspects of homes: a transactional perspective. In Home Environments: Human Behavior and Environment: Advances in Theory and Research (Vol.8) (Eds I Altman, CM Werner):1-32. New York, Plenum.
  • Werner CM, Brown BB, Altman I (2002) Transactionally oriented research: examples and strategies. In Handbook of Environmental Psychology (Eds RB Bechtel, A Churchman):203-221. New York, Wiley.
  • Werner CW, Haggard LM (1985) Temporal qualities of interpersonal relationships. In Handbook of Interpersonal Communication (Eds M Knapp, G Miler):59-99. Newbury Park, CA, Sage.
  • Werner C, Altman I (2000) Humans and nature: insights from a transactional view. In Perspectives in Environment-Behavior Research: Underlying Assumptions, Research Problems, and Methodologies Theoretical (Eds S Wapner, J Demick, T Yamamoto, H Minami):21-37. New York, Kluwer.
  • Wiggins BJ, Christopherson C D (2019) The replication crisis in psychology: an overview for theoretical and philosophical psychology. J Theor Philos Psychol, 39:202-217.
  • Wodak R, Meyer M (2008) Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage.
  • Wong TTY, Ho CSH (2017) Component processes in arithmetic word-problem solving and their correlates. J Educ Psychol, 109:520-531.

Beyond Cartesian and Newtonian Paradigms in Psychology: Human Experience in Transactional Approach

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 4, 726 - 744

Mehmet Karasu

https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1578246

Öz

Cartesian dualism and the Newtonian worldview present significant dilemmas for psychological science as it strives to comprehend human experience. These perspectives tend to conceptualize human experience in static and simplistic terms, fragmenting it into isolated components and seeking universal principles through objectivity. However, this reductionist approach neglects the inherent complexity, holistic nature, dynamism, and subjectivity of human experience, ultimately yielding a fragmented and inadequate model of humanity. In response to this restrictive paradigm, the transactional approach emerges as a more comprehensive framework, advocating for the examination of human experience as a dynamic whole, situated within its unique context and characterized by its subjectivity and complexity. This review critically analyzes the fundamental dilemmas posed by Cartesian dualism and the Newtonian worldview within the realm of psychology and elucidates the transactional approach through its theoretical underpinnings and practical applications. Furthermore, a semi-structured guide is provided to facilitate the integration of this approach into psychological research.

Anahtar Kelimeler

cartesian dualism Newtonian worldview human experience transactional approach psychology

Kaynakça

  • Altman I (1977) Privacy regulation: culturally universal or culturally specific? J Soc Issues, 33:66-84.
  • Altman I (1990) Toward a transactional perspective: a personal journey. In Environment and Behavior Studies: Emergence of Intellectual Traditions (Eds I Altman, K Christensen K):225-255. Boston, MA, Plenum.
  • Altman I (1992) A transactional perspective on transition to new environments. Environ Behav, 24:269-280.
  • Altman I, Rogoff B (1987) World views in psychology: Trait, interactionist, organismic and transitional approaches. In Handbook of Environmental Psychology (Eds D Stokols, I Altman):7-40. New York, Wiley.
  • Altman I, Vinsel A, Brown BB (1981) Dialectic conceptions in social psychology: An application to social penetration and privacy regulation. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol.14) (Ed L Berkowitz):108-160. San Diego, CA, Academic Press.
  • Altman I, Werner CM, Oxley D, Haggard LM (1987) “Christmas Street” as an example of transactionally-oriented research. Environ Behav, 19:501-524.
  • Arkonaç S (2004) Kartezyen olmayan özne, öteki, fail ve yerel gerçekliğin inşası. In Doğunun ve Batının Yerelliği: Bireylik Bilgisine Dair (Ed S Arkonaç):249-273. İstanbul, Alfa Yayınları.
  • Arkonaç SA (1999) Psikolojide İnsan Modelleri. İstanbul, Alfa Yayınları.
  • Arnett JJ (2008) The neglected 95%: why American psychology needs to become less American. Am Psychol, 63:602-614.
  • Baker G, Morris KJ (1996) Descartes’ Dualism. London, Routledge.
  • Bandura A (1969) Social-learning theory of identificatory processes. In Handbook of Socialization Theory and Research (Ed DA Goslin):213-262. Chicago, Rand McNally.
  • Barker RG (1968) Ecological Psychology: Concepts and Methods for Studying the Environment of Human Behavior. Stanford, CA, Stanford University Press.
  • Barker RG, Wright HF, Schoggen MF, Barker LS (1978) Habitats, Environments, and Human Behavior. San Francisco, Jossey-Bass.
  • Bechtel, R.B. (2010). Environmental psychology. In The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology (eds IB Weiner, WE Craighead). https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470479216.corpsy0311.
  • Bronfenbrenner U (1979) The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design. Cambridge, Harvard University Press.
  • Brown D, Key B (2020) Descartes’ dualism of mind and body in the development of psychological thought. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology (Ed WE Pickren). Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • Burr V (2003) Social Constructionism. London, Routledge.
  • Carminati L (2018) Generalizability in qualitative research: a tale of two traditions. Qual Health Res, 28:2094-2101.
  • Cantley I (2015) How secure is a Newtonian paradigm for psychological and educational measurement? Theory Psychol, 25:117-138.
  • Çoksan S, Üzümçeker E (2023) Nitel verinin elde edilme sürecinde temel nitelikler. In Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri: Psikoloji Uygulama Örnekleriyle (Eds H Peker-Dural, M Karasu):54-86. Ankara, Nobel Yayınları.
  • Danziger K (1994) Constructing the Subject: Historical Origins of Psychological Research. New York, NY, Cambridge University Press.
  • Descartes R (1641/1984) Meditations on first philosophy. In The Philosophical Writings of René Descartes (Vol.2) (Trans J Cottingham, R Stoothoff, D Murdoch):1-62. New York, Cambridge University Press.
  • Dewey J, Bentley AF (1949) Knowing and the Known. Boston, Beacon Press.
  • DiSalle R (2002) Newton’s philosophical analysis of space and time. In The Cambridge Companion to Newton (Eds IB Cohen, GE Smith):33-56. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Evans IE, Llewellyn DJ, Matthews FE, Woods RT, Brayne C, Clare L, CFAS-Wales Research Team (2018) Social isolation, cognitive reserve, and cognition in healthy older people. PloS One, 13:e0201008.
  • Flaherty MG (2018) An S-shaped pattern in the perceived passage of time: how social interaction governs temporal experience. Lang Cogn, 10:1-25.
  • Gergen KJ, Gülerce A, Lock A, Misra G (1996) Psychological science in cultural context. Am Psychol, 51:496-503.
  • Gergen KJ (2012) The social dimension of social psychology: A historical analysis. In Handbook of the History of Social Psychology (Eds AW Kruglanski, W Stroebe):137-157. Hove, UK, Psychology Press.
  • Gezici Yalçın M, Coşkan C (2021) Psikolojide yöntem sorunlarına eleştirel yaklaşım ve öneriler. Psikoloji Çalışmaları, 41:759-787.
  • Gibson JJ (1979) An Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. Boston, Houghton Mifflin.
  • Glassman WE, Hadad M (2018) Psikolojide Yaklaşımlar (Trans H Kaynak). Ankara, Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Göregenli M (2003) Sosyal psikolojiden hareketle sosyal bilimlerde olgu-değer ilişkisi üzerine düşünceler. Toplum ve Bilim, 97:234-246.
  • Göregenli M (2007) Şerif’ten sonra Türkiye’de sosyal psikolojinin ‘sosyal’liği ve sosyal sorumluluğu üzerine düşünceler. In Muzaffer Şerif’e Armağan (Eds E Aslıtürk, S Batur):217-240. İstanbul, İletişim Yayınları.
  • Göregenli M (2021) Çevre Psikolojisi: İnsan Mekân Ilişkileri, 5th ed. İstanbul, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Graumann CF (1976) The concept of appropriation (aneignung) and modes of appropriation of space. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Architectural Psychology Conference (Ed P Korosec-Serfaty):113-125. France, Louis Pasteur University.
  • Gulbenkian Komisyonu (2012) Sosyal Bilimleri Açın: Sosyal Bilimlerin Yeniden Yapılanması Üzerine Bir Rapor, 9th.ed. (Çeviri Ş. Tekeli). İstanbul, Metis Yayınları.
  • Harré R, Secord PF (1972) The Explanation of Social Behavior. New York, Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Heft H (2020) Ecological psychology as social psychology?. Theory Psychol, 30:813-826.
  • Henrich J, Heine SJ, Norenzayan A (2010) The weirdest people in the world? Behav Brain Sci, 33:61-83.
  • Hermans HJ (1988) On the integration of nomothetic and idiographic research methods in the study of personal meaning. J Pers, 56:785-812.
  • Hesse BW, Werner CM, Altman I (1988) Temporal aspects of computer-mediated communication. Comput Human Behav, 4:147-165.
  • Ittelson WH (1973) Environment perception and contemporary conceptual theory. In Environment and Cognition (Ed WH Ittelson):1-19. New York, Seminar.
  • Jay M (2012) Deneyim Şarkıları: Evrensel Bir Tema Üzerine Modern Çeşitlemeler (Çeviri BE Aksoy). İstanbul, Metis.
  • Karasu M (2021) Zamanı ve mekânı kendileme ile zamansal deneyim arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi (Doktora Tezi). İstanbul, İstanbul Üniversitesi.
  • Karasu M, Cesur S (2023) Kamusal mekânları kendileme ve zamansal deneyim arasındaki ilişkiler: transaksiyonel bir keşif çalışması. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi 43:110-130.
  • Keller H (2018) Universality claim of attachment theory: children’s socioemotional development across cultures. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 115:11414-11419.
  • Koffka K (1935) Principles of Gestalt Psychology. London, Routledge.
  • Lewin K (1936) Principles of Topological Psychology. New York, McGraw-Hill.
  • Lewin K (1964) Field Theory in Social Science. New York, Harper.
  • Levine M (2003) Times, theories and practices in social psychology. Theory Psychol, 13:53-72.
  • Margulis ST (2011) Three theories of privacy: an overview. In Privacy Online: Perspectives on Privacy and Self-Disclosure in the Social Web (Eds S Trepte, L Reinecke):9-17. Berlin, Germany, Springer.
  • McLaughlin KA, Hatzenbuehler ML (2009) Stressful life events, anxiety sensitivity, and internalizing symptoms in adolescents. J Abnorm Psychol, 118:659-669.
  • Napier MA, Brown BB, Werner CM, Gallimore J (2011) Walking to school: community design and child and parent barriers. J Environ Psychol, 31:45-51.
  • Newton I (1687/1999) The Principia: Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (Trans IB Cohen, A Whitman A). Berkeley, University of California Press.
  • Orlikowski WJ, Yates J (2002) It’s about time: temporal structuring in organizations. Organ Sci (Linthicum), 13:684-700.
  • Oxley D, Haggard LM, Werner CM, Altman I (1986) Transactional qualities of neighborhood social networks: a case study of “Christmas Street”. Environ Behav, 18:640-677.
  • Peker-Dural H, Karasu M (2023) Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri: Psikoloji Uygulama Örnekleriyle. Ankara, Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Pepper SC (1942) World Hypotheses: A Study in Evidence. Berkeley, University of California Press.
  • Pepper SC (1967) Concept and Quality: A World Hypothesis. La Salle, IL, Open Court.
  • Robinson OC (2011) The idiographic/nomothetic dichotomy: tracing historical origins of contemporary confusions. Hist Philos Psychol, 13:32-39.
  • Ryan RM, Deci EL (2000) Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. Am Psychol, 55:68-78.
  • Schultz DP, Schultz SE (2011) A History of Modern Psychology, 10th ed. Belmont, CA, Wadsworth.
  • Skinner BF (1953) Science and Human Behavior. New York, Macmillan.
  • Slife BD (1995) Newtonian time and psychological explanation. Journal of Mind and Behavior, 16:45-62.
  • Stokols D, Altman I (1987) Handbook of Environmental Psychology (Vol. 1-2). New York, Wiley.
  • Stokols D, Shumaker S (1981) People in place: a transactional view of settings. In Cognition, Social Behavior and the Environment (Ed J Harvey):441-488. Hillsdale, NJ, Erlbaum.
  • Teo T (2012) Critical psychology. In Encyclopedia of the History of Psychological Theories (Ed RW Reiber):236-248. New York, Springer.
  • Werner CM (1987) Transactional approach to neighborhood social relations. In Interpersonal Processes (Eds S Oskamp, S Spacapan):25-57. Newbury Park, CA, Sage.
  • Werner CM (2003) Changing homeowners’ use of toxic household products: a transactional approach. J Environ Psychol, 23:33-45.
  • Werner CM, Altman I (1998) A dialectic/transactional framework of social relations: Children in secondary territories. In Children, Cities, and Psychological Theories (Eds D Gorlitz, HJ Harloff, G Mey, J Valsiner):123-154. Berlin, Walter de Gruyter.
  • Werner CM, Altman I, Oxley D (1985) Temporal aspects of homes: a transactional perspective. In Home Environments: Human Behavior and Environment: Advances in Theory and Research (Vol.8) (Eds I Altman, CM Werner):1-32. New York, Plenum.
  • Werner CM, Brown BB, Altman I (2002) Transactionally oriented research: examples and strategies. In Handbook of Environmental Psychology (Eds RB Bechtel, A Churchman):203-221. New York, Wiley.
  • Werner CW, Haggard LM (1985) Temporal qualities of interpersonal relationships. In Handbook of Interpersonal Communication (Eds M Knapp, G Miler):59-99. Newbury Park, CA, Sage.
  • Werner C, Altman I (2000) Humans and nature: insights from a transactional view. In Perspectives in Environment-Behavior Research: Underlying Assumptions, Research Problems, and Methodologies Theoretical (Eds S Wapner, J Demick, T Yamamoto, H Minami):21-37. New York, Kluwer.
  • Wiggins BJ, Christopherson C D (2019) The replication crisis in psychology: an overview for theoretical and philosophical psychology. J Theor Philos Psychol, 39:202-217.
  • Wodak R, Meyer M (2008) Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage.
  • Wong TTY, Ho CSH (2017) Component processes in arithmetic word-problem solving and their correlates. J Educ Psychol, 109:520-531.
Toplam 77 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sosyal Psikoloji
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Mehmet Karasu 0000-0002-6620-2807

Yayımlanma Tarihi
Gönderilme Tarihi 2 Kasım 2024
Kabul Tarihi 2 Mart 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 17 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

AMA Karasu M. Beyond Cartesian and Newtonian Paradigms in Psychology: Human Experience in Transactional Approach. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. 17(4):726-744. doi:10.18863/pgy.1578246

Creative Commons Lisansı
Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar Creative Commons Atıf-Gayriticari-Türetilemez 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.