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Ruh Sağlığı Uygulamalarında Yapay Zekâ: Türk, Avrupa ve Ortak Hukuk Çerçevelerinde Hukukî Sorumluluk Analizi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 4, 806 - 821, 30.12.2025

Harun Mirsad Günday , Eda Albayrak Günday

https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1620119

Öz

Yapay zekâ teknolojileri günümüzde hızla gelişmekte ve birçok alanda önemli etkiye sahip olmaya başlamaktadır. Bu etkinin multidisipliner olarak ele alınması önemlidir. Yapay zekânın bu etkisi çoğunlukla sağlayacağı katkılar bakımından ele alınmaktadır. Ruh sağlığı alanında da yapay zekânın diğer tıp uzmanlık alanlarında olduğu gibi hem hekim hem de hasta açısından birçok avantajları beraberinde getirdiği görülmektedir. Bu avantajlar ruhsal hastalıkların teşhisinden tedavisine kadar birçok alanı da kapsayabilmektedir. Ancak, yapay zekânın sahip olduğu bu avantajlar ve uzmanlık faaliyeti olarak yürütülen teşhis ve tedavi hizmetlerinde yapay zekâya yer verilmesi hukuk kurallarının uygulanmasını hiçbir şekilde muaf kılmamaktadır. Hal böyle olunca da yapay zekânın hukukî açıdan bizzat sorumlu olup olamayacağı veyahut da yapay zekâ teknolojilerinin kullanılması sebebiyle sorumluluğun temellendirilmesinin neye göre tayin edileceği sorunu ortaya çıkmaktadır. Hukukî sorumluluğun temellendirilmesinde iki önemli nokta bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan birincisi, yapay zekânın hukuken sorumluluğunun bulunmadığıdır. İkincisini ise yapay zekânın kullanılmasından doğan hukukî sorumluluk ve sebeplerinin ne olduğudur. Bu çalışmada yapay zekâ teknolojilerinin ruh sağlığı uygulamalarındaki yeri, ruh sağlığı profesyonelleri bakımından getirdiği yenilik ile katkılar ve ruh sağlığı alanında yapay zekâ ve uygulamalarından doğan hukukî sorumluluk incelenmiştir. Bununla birlikte, cezaî sorumluluğa ilişkin çalışmanın kapsamı dışında tutulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yapay Zekâ Hukuk Hukukî Sorumluluk Ruh Sağlığı Ruhsal Hastalık

Kaynakça

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Artificial Intelligence in Mental Health Practices: Legal Liability Analysis under Turkish, European, and Common Law Frameworks

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 4, 806 - 821, 30.12.2025

Harun Mirsad Günday , Eda Albayrak Günday

https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1620119

Öz

Artificial intelligence technologies are rapidly developing today and are beginning to have a significant impact in many fields. It is important to address this effect in a multidisciplinary manner. The impact of artificial intelligence is mostly addressed in terms of the contributions it will provide. Indeed, in the field of mental health, artificial intelligence is seen to bring many advantages for both doctors and patients, just as it does in other medical specialties. These advantages can cover many areas, from the diagnosis to the treatment of mental illnesses. However, the advantages of artificial intelligence and its use in diagnostic and treatment services as an expert activity do not exempt it from the application of legal rules in any way. In this case, the question arises as to whether artificial intelligence can be held legally liable in itself or how the liability will be determined due to the use of artificial intelligence technologies. There are two important points in establishing legal liability. The first of these is that artificial intelligence does not have legal liability. The second is the legal liability arising from the use of artificial intelligence and its reasons. In this study, the role of artificial intelligence technologies in mental health applications, the innovations and contributions they bring to mental health professionals, and the legal liabilities arising from artificial intelligence and its applications in the field of mental health have been examined. However, the study on criminal liability has been excluded from the scope.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Artificial Intelligence Law Legal Liability Mental Health Mental Illness

Kaynakça

  • Akgöz N, Ülker SV, Keskin E, Arasan Doğan İ (2022) Günümüz ve gelecekteki teknolojinin psikoterapi uygulamalarına etkisi ve etik tartışmalar. International Journal of Social, Humanities and Administrative Sciences, 8:1840-1848.
  • Akkan G, Ülker SV (2023) Ruh sağlığı hizmetlerinde yapay zeka uygulamaları ve ilişkili teknolojiler. Fenerbahçe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 3:242-263.
  • Akkurt SS (2019) Yapay zekânın otonom davranışlarından kaynaklanan hukukî sorumluluk. Uyuşmazlık Hukuku Dergisi, 13:39-59.
  • Alami H, Lehoux P, Auclair Y, de Guise M, Gagnon MP, Shaw J et al. (2020) Artificial intelligence and health technology assessment: anticipating a new level of complexity. J Med Internet Res, 22:e17707.
  • Alan B, Kırban Zengin F (2023) İnsan Zekâsından Yapay Zekâya, Ankara, İksad Yayınevi.
  • Allen S (2020) Artificial intelligence and the future of psychiatry. IEEE Pulse, 11:2-6.
  • Alowais SA, Alghamdi SS, Alsuhebany N, Alqahtani T, Alshaya AI, Almohareb SN et al. (2023) Revolutionizing healthcare: the role of artificial intelligence in clinical practice. BMC Med Educ, 23:689-703.
  • Altman RB (2017) Artificial intelligence (AI) systems for interpreting complex medical datasets. Clin Pharmacol Ther, 101:585-586.
  • Arcila BB (2024) AI liability in Europe: How does it complement risk regulation and deal with the problem of human oversight?. Computer Law & Security Review, 54:e106012.
  • Bickman L (2020) Improving mental health services: a 50-year journey from randomized experiments to artificial intelligence and precision mental health. Adm Policy Ment Health, 47:795-843.
  • Bisoyi A (2022) Ownership, liability, patentability, and creativity issues in artificial intelligence. Information Security Journal: A Global Perspective, 31:377-386.
  • Buolamwini J, Gebru T (2018) Gender shades: Intersectional accuracy disparities in commercial gender classification. Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, 81:1-15.
  • Cerasa A, Gaggioli A, Pioggia G, Riva G (2024) Metaverse in mental health: the beginning of a long history. Curr Psychiatry Rep, 26:294-303.
  • Cestonaro C, Delicati A, Marcante B, Caenazzo L, Tozzo P (2023) Defining medical liability when artificial intelligence is applied on diagnostic algorithms: a systematic review. Front Med (Lausanne), 10:1305756.
  • Colby KM (1975) Artificial Paranoia: A Computer Simulation of Paranoid Processes, New York, Pergamon Press.
  • Colby KM, Hilf FD, Weber S, Kraemer HC (1972) Turing-like indistinguishability tests for the validation of a computer simulation of paranoid processes. Artif Intell, 3:199-221.
  • Ćosić K, Popović S, Šarlija M, Kesedžić I, Jovanovic T (2020) Artificial intelligence in prediction of mental health disorders induced by the covid-19 pandemic among health care workers. Croat Med J, 61:279-288.
  • Çilingir Mermit B (2019) Pulmoner rehabilitasyonda yapay zeka; giyilebilir takip cihazları. In Sağlıkta Yapay Zeka Uygulamaları (Eds C Özlü, MA Gedık, N Köylüoğlu, HS Yangal, A):171-181. Ankara, Akademisyen Kitabevi.
  • D'alfonso S, Santesteban-Echarri O, Rice S, Wadley G, Lederman R, Miles C et al. (2017) Artificial intelligence-assisted online social therapy for youth mental health. Front Med (Lausanne), 8:796.
  • Council of the European Union (1985) Council Directive 85/374/EEC of 25 July 1985 on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States concerning liability for defective products. Luxembourg, Publications Office of the European Union.
  • Demir R (2023) Yapay Zekâ İmalatçısının Ürün Sorumluluğu, Ankara, Adalet Yayınevi.
  • Doğan E (2022) Yapay Zekanın Hukuki Statüsü ve Sorumluluğu, Ankara, Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Doraiswamy PM, Blease C, Bodner, K (2020) Artificial intelligence and the future of psychiatry: insights from a global physician survey. Artif Intell Med, 102:e101753.
  • Ediboğlu GO (2023) Yapay zekanın insan zekasına psikoterapötik yaklaşımı. Çukurova Tıp Öğrenci Dergisi, 3:12-18.
  • Erdem Kaya B, Karakoç E (2020) Yas ve melankolide sanal gerçekliğin duygulanımsal boyutu. Intermedia International E-Journal Spring, 7:252-269.
  • European Parliament & Council of the European Union (2024) EU Artificial Intelligence Act (2024). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32024R1689 (Accessed 05.01.2025).
  • European Commission (2021) Guidance on AI in medical devices. https://ec.europa.eu (Accessed 25.02.2025).
  • European Parliament & Council of the European Union (2016) Regulation (EU) 2016/679 on the Protection of Natural Persons with Regard to the Processing of Personal Data and on the Free Movement of Such Data (General Data Protection Regulation, GDPR). Official Journal of the European Union, L 119:1-88.
  • European Parliament & Council of the European Union (2017) Regulation (EU) 2017/745 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2017 on Medical Devices. Official Journal of the European Union, L 117:1-175.
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  • Mehta A, Niles AN, Vargas JH, Marafon T, Couto DD, Gross JJ (2021) Acceptability and effectiveness of artificial intelligence therapy for anxiety and depression (Youper): longitudinal observational study. J Med Internet Res, 23:e26771.
  • Melo A, Silva I, Lopes J (2024) Chatgpt: A pilot study on a promising tool for mental health support in psychiatric inpatient care. International Journal of Psychiatric Trainees, 2:doi:10.55922/001c.92367.
  • Menon V, Rajan TM, Sarkar S (2017) Psychotherapeutic applications of mobile phone-based technologies: a systematic review of current research and trends. Indian J Psychol Med, 39:4-11.
  • Mezrich JL (2022) Demystifying medico-legal challenges of artificial intelligence applications in molecular imaging and therapy. PET Clin, 17:41-49.
  • Milne-Ives M, Selby E, Inkster B, Lam C, Meinert E (2022) Artificial intelligence and machine learning in mobile apps for mental health: A scoping review. PLOS Digit Health, 1:e0000079.
  • Mitchell M, Wu S, Zaldivar A, Barnes P, Vasserman L, Hutchinson B et al. (2019) Model cards for model reporting. Proceedings of the Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, 29-31 January 2019, Atlanta, GA, USA, 220-229.
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Toplam 94 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ruh Sağlığı Hizmetleri
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Harun Mirsad Günday 0000-0001-9429-393X

Eda Albayrak Günday 0000-0002-0271-2955

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Ocak 2025
Kabul Tarihi 14 Mart 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 17 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

AMA Günday HM, Albayrak Günday E. Artificial Intelligence in Mental Health Practices: Legal Liability Analysis under Turkish, European, and Common Law Frameworks. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. Aralık 2025;17(4):806-821. doi:10.18863/pgy.1620119

Creative Commons Lisansı
Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar Creative Commons Atıf-Gayriticari-Türetilemez 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.