Öz
Objective: On 6 February 2023, a catastrophic and lethal earthquake centred in Kahramanmaraş occurred with unprecedented intensity. The objective of this study was to analyse the relationship between post-traumatic symptoms, psychological symptoms and sleep quality in healthcare professionals following the earthquake.
Method: In the present study, which was designed as a cross-sectional investigation, 100 healthcare professionals who had been exposed to the Kahramanmaraş earthquake and who were employed at Harran University Hospital since the second week following the earthquake were included in the study. The participants were requested to complete the Event Impact Scale, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Scale and the Symptom Checklist-90.
Results: The present study comprised 52 (52%) female and 48 (48%) male participants, with a mean age of 30.2 ± 6.8 years. Statistically significant differences in total sleep quality scores were found to be associated with the presence of a damaged house, a history of medical illness, unhappiness, nightmares, and insomnia. The event impact scale total score (β=.39, p<.001) significantly predicted total sleep quality, as indicated by path analyses. A detailed evaluation of the event impact scale and symptom checklist-90 was conducted according to the subheadings of the scales. The results revealed a significant association between depression symptoms (β=.28, p<.001) and re-experiencing score (β=.26, p=. 002), hyperarousal score (β=.23, p=0.003) and having a history of medical illness (β=.23, p=0.005) were found to significantly predict the total sleep quality score.
Conclusion: Psychological symptoms, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and sleep quality were revealed to be negatively associated in our study. It is critical to warn and advise healthcare professionals, particularly those who have been exposed to secondary traumas, about mental symptoms and sleep disturbances.
Anahtar Kelimeler
earthquake healthcare professionals post-traumatic stress symptoms sleep quality
Etik Beyan
Protokol Harran Üniversitesi Girişimsel Olmayan Klinik Araştırmalar Etik Kurulu'ndan onay almıştır (18/09/2023 tarihli 23/17/27 sayılı ). Bu araştırma Helsinki Deklarasyonu ilkelerine uygun olarak yürütülmüştür. Bireyler çalışmaya dahil edilmeden önce ayrıntılı olarak bilgilendirilmiş ve bilgilendirilmiş onamları alınmıştır.
Kaynakça
- AFAD (2023) Kahramanmaraş’ta Meydana Gelen Depremler Hk. Basın Bülteni – 32. Ankara, İçişleri Bakanlığı AFAD.
- Agargun MY, Kara H, Anlar O (1996) The validity and reliability of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Turk Psikiyatri Derg, 7:107-115.
- Ait-Aoudia M, Levy PP, Bui E, Insana S, de Fouchier C, Germain A et al. (2013). Validation of the french version of the pittsburgh sleep quality ındex addendum for posttraumatic stress disorder. Eur J Psychotraumatol, 4:1929.
- Altindag A, Ozen S, Sir A (2005) One-year follow-up study of posttraumatic stress disorder among earthquake survivors in Turkey. Compr Psychiatry, 46:328–333.
- Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF 3rd, Monk TH, Hoch CC, Yeager AL, Kupfer DJ (1991) Quantification of subjective sleep quality in healthy elderly men and women using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Sleep, 14:331–338.
- Corapcioglu A, Yargıç İ, Geyran P, Kocabaşoğlu N (2006) “Olayların Etkisi Ölçeği” Türkçe versiyonunun geçerlilik ve güvenilirliği (IES-R). Yeni Symposium, 2006;44:14-22.
- Creamer M, Bell R, Failla S (2003) Psychometric properties of the Impact of Event Scale- Revised. Behav Res Ther, 41:1489-1496.
- Dag I (1991) The reliability and validity study of Rotter’s IE/LOC scale for university students. Turk Psikiyatri Derg, 7:10-16
- Del Brutto OH, Mera RM, Sedler MJ, Zambrano M, Nieves JL, Cagino K et al. (2016) The effect of age in the association between frailty and poor sleep quality: a population-based study in community-dwellers (The Atahualpa Project). J Am Med Dir Assoc, 17:269-271.
- Ensrud KE, Blackwell TL, Ancoli-Israel S, Redline S, Cawthon PM, Paudel ML (2012) Sleep disturbances and risk of frailty and mortality in older men. Sleep Med, 13:1217-1225.
- Foley D, Ancoli-Israel S, Britz P, Walsh J (2004) Sleep disturbances and chronic disease in older adults: results of the 2003 National Sleep Foundation Sleep in America Survey. J Psychosom Res, 56:497-502.
- Geronazzo-Alman L, Eisenberg R, Shen S, Duarte CS, Musa GJ, Wicks J et al. (2017) Cumulative exposure to work-related traumatic events and current post-traumatic stress disorder in New York City's first responders. Compr Psychiatry, 74:134-143.
- Ghadami MR, Khaledi-Paveh B, Nasouri M, Khazaie H (2015) PTSD-related paradoxical insomnia: an actigraphic study among veterans with chronic PTSD. J Inj Violence Res, 7:54-58.
- Guo YJ, Chen CH, Lu ML, Tan HK, Lee HW, Wang TN (2004) Posttraumatic stress disorder among professional and non-professional rescuers involved in an earthquake in Taiwan. Psychiatry Res, 127:35-41.
- Itoh Y, Takeshima M, Kaneita Y, Uchimura N, Inoue Y, Honda M, et al. (2022) Associations between the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and tsunami and the sleep and mental health of Japanese people: A 3-wave repeated survey. Nat Sci Sleep, 14:61-73.
- Jang TW, Jeong KS, Ahn YS, Choi KS (2020) The relationship between the pattern of shift work and sleep disturbances in Korean firefighters. Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 93:391-398.
- Kartal D, Arjmand HA, Varker T, Cowlishaw S, O'Donnell M, Phelps A et al. (2021) Cross-lagged relationships between insomnia and posttraumatic stress disorder in treatment-receiving veterans. Behav Ther, 52:982-994.
- Kavurmaci M (2024) Did the earthquake of the century affect our preparedness for disasters? Determining the earthquake preparedness of students in Turkey. Psychiatr Danub, 36:76-82.
- Khazaie H, Ghadami MR, Masoudi M (2016) Sleep disturbances in veterans with chronic war-induced PTSD. J Inj Violence Res, 8:99–107.
- Kim Y, Lee H (2021) Sleep problems among disaster victims: A long-term survey on the life changes of disaster victims in Korea. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 18:3294.
- Kušević Z, Krstanović K, Kroflin K (2021) Some psychological, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular consequences of earthquakes. Psychiatr Danub, 33:1248-1253.
- Lauterbach D, Behnke C, McSweeney LB (2011) Sleep problems among persons with a lifetime history of posttraumatic stress disorder alone and in combination with a lifetime history of other psychiatric disorders: a replication and extension. Compr Psychiatry, 52:580-586.
- Mehari A, Weir NA, Gillum RF (2014) Gender and the association of smoking with sleep quantity and quality in American adults. Womens Health, 54:1-14.
- Mohammadi H, Naghdi H, Yazdani N, Zakiei A, Najafi F, Khazaie H (2019) Prediction of sleep quality and insomnia severity by psychological disorders and acute stress among earthquake survivors in Sarpol-e Zahab, Iran, 2017. Arch Trauma Res, 8:93-98.
- Neria Y, Nandi A, Galea S (2008) Post-traumatic stress disorder following disasters: a systematic review. Psychol Med, 38:467-480.
- Ozen S, Sir A (2004) Frequency of PTSD in a group of search and rescue workers two months after 2003 Bingol (Turkey) earthquake. J Nerv Ment Dis, 192:573-575.
- Palagini L, Hertenstein E, Riemann D, Nissen, C. (2022). Sleep, insomnia and mental health. J Sleep Res, 31:e13628.
- Roth T (2007) Insomnia: definition, prevalence, etiology, and consequences. J Clin Sleep Med, 3(5 Suppl):7-10.
- Roudini J, Khankeh HR, Witruk E (2017) Disaster mental health preparedness in the community: a systematic review study. Health Psychol Open, 4:2055102917711307.
- Ruzek J, Brymer M, Jacobs A, Layne C, Vernberg E, Watson P (2007) Psychological first aid. J Ment Health Couns, 29:17-49.
- Sateia MJ, Buysse DJ, Krystal AD, Neubauer DN, Heald JL (2017) Clinical practice guideline for the pharmacologic treatment of chronic insomnia in adults: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline. J Clin Sleep Med, 13:307-349.
- Sato T, Ambo H, Fukuda K (2017) Sleep problems caused by a great natural disaster: a 4-year longitudinal study after the Great East Japan earthquake in 2011. Sleep Med, 40:e292–e293.
- Tempesta D, Curcio G, De Gennaro L, Ferrara M (2013) Long-term impact of earthquakes on sleep quality. PLoS One, 8:e55936.
- Tural U, Coskun B, Onder E, Corapcioglu A, Yildiz M, Kesepara C et al. (2004) Psychological consequences of the 1999 earthquake in Turkey. J Trauma Stress, 17:451-459.
- Van Der Kloet D, Giesbrecht T, Franck E, Van Gastel A, De Volder I, Van Den Eede F et al. (2013) Dissociative symptoms and sleep parameters—an all-night polysomnography study in patients with insomnia. Compr Psychiatry, 54:658-664.
- Varela E, Koustouki V, Davos CH, Eleni K (2008) Psychological consequences among adults following the 1999 earthquake in Athens, Greece. Disasters, 32:280-291.
- Wang S, Shi X, Chen X, Zhu Y, Chen H, Fan F (2021) Earthquake exposure and PTSD symptoms among disaster-exposed adolescents: a moderated mediation model of sleep problems and resilience. Front Psychiatr, 13:577328.
- Weber FC, Wetter TC (2022). The many faces of sleep disorders in post-traumatic stress disorder: an update on clinical features and treatment. Neuropsychobiology, 81:85-97.
- WHO (2023) Türkiye Earthquake: External Situation Report No 5:13-19. Geneva, World Health Organization.
- Zhang L, Liu X, Li Y, Liu Y, Liu Z, Lin J et al. (2012) Emergency medical rescue efforts after a major earthquake: lessons from the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Lancet, 379:853-861.
- Zhou X, Kang L, Sun X, Song H, Mao W, Huang X et al. (2013) Prevalence and risk factors of post-traumatic stress disorder among adult survivors six months after the Wenchuan earthquake. Compr Psychiatry, 54:493-499.
Öz
Amaç: 6 Şubat 2023’te meydana gelen Kahramanmaraş merkezli yıkıcılığı ve öldürücülüğü bu şiddetle olan bir deprem daha önce yaşanmamıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, depremin ardından sağlık çalışanlarında travma sonrası semptomlar, psikolojik semptomlar ve uyku kalitesi arasındaki ilişkiyi analiz etmektir.
Yöntem: Kesitsel araştırma olarak planlanan çalışmamıza, Kahramanmaraş depremine maruz kalan ve depremden sonraki ikinci haftadan itibaren Harran üniversitesi Hastanesinde çalışan sağlık çalışanlarından 100 kişi çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir. Kişilerden, Olay Etki Ölçeği, Pittsburgh Uyku Kalitesi Ölçeği ve Semptom Kontrol Listesi -90 doldurması istendi.
Bulgular: Çalışmaya yaş ortalaması 30,2 ± 6,8 yıl olan 52 (%52) kadın 48 (%48) erkek dahil edildi. Katılımcıların kaldığı evin hasarlı olması, tıbbi hastalık öyküsünün olması, mutsuzluk, kabus, ve uykusuzluk şikayetlerinin olması; toplam uyku kalitesi açısından istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farka neden olmuştur. Kurulan yol analizlerinde; olay etki ölçeğinin total puanının (β=.39, p<.001) toplam uyku kalitesini anlamlı şekilde yordadığı görülmüştür. Olay etki ölçeği ve semptom kontrol listesi -90 ölçeklerin alt başlıklarına göre ayrıntılı olarak değerlendirdiğimizde ise; depresyon belirtilerinin (β=.28, p<.001), yeniden yaşama puanının (β=.26, p=0.002), aşırı uyarılma puanının (β=.23, p=0.003) ve tıbbi hastalık öyküsü olmasının (β=.23, p=0.005) toplam uyku kalitesi puanını anlamlı şekilde yordadığı görülmüştür.
Sonuç: Çalışmamızda psikolojik belirtiler, travma sonrası stres belirtileri ve uyku kalitesinin negatif ilişkili olduğu ortaya konmuştur. Özellikle ikincil travmalara maruz kalan sağlık personelinin ruhsal belirtiler ve uyku bozuklukları konusunda uyarılması ve bilgilendirilmesi kritik önem taşımaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
deprem sağlık çalışanları travma sonrası stres belirtileri uyku kalitesi
Kaynakça
- AFAD (2023) Kahramanmaraş’ta Meydana Gelen Depremler Hk. Basın Bülteni – 32. Ankara, İçişleri Bakanlığı AFAD.
- Agargun MY, Kara H, Anlar O (1996) The validity and reliability of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Turk Psikiyatri Derg, 7:107-115.
- Ait-Aoudia M, Levy PP, Bui E, Insana S, de Fouchier C, Germain A et al. (2013). Validation of the french version of the pittsburgh sleep quality ındex addendum for posttraumatic stress disorder. Eur J Psychotraumatol, 4:1929.
- Altindag A, Ozen S, Sir A (2005) One-year follow-up study of posttraumatic stress disorder among earthquake survivors in Turkey. Compr Psychiatry, 46:328–333.
- Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF 3rd, Monk TH, Hoch CC, Yeager AL, Kupfer DJ (1991) Quantification of subjective sleep quality in healthy elderly men and women using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Sleep, 14:331–338.
- Corapcioglu A, Yargıç İ, Geyran P, Kocabaşoğlu N (2006) “Olayların Etkisi Ölçeği” Türkçe versiyonunun geçerlilik ve güvenilirliği (IES-R). Yeni Symposium, 2006;44:14-22.
- Creamer M, Bell R, Failla S (2003) Psychometric properties of the Impact of Event Scale- Revised. Behav Res Ther, 41:1489-1496.
- Dag I (1991) The reliability and validity study of Rotter’s IE/LOC scale for university students. Turk Psikiyatri Derg, 7:10-16
- Del Brutto OH, Mera RM, Sedler MJ, Zambrano M, Nieves JL, Cagino K et al. (2016) The effect of age in the association between frailty and poor sleep quality: a population-based study in community-dwellers (The Atahualpa Project). J Am Med Dir Assoc, 17:269-271.
- Ensrud KE, Blackwell TL, Ancoli-Israel S, Redline S, Cawthon PM, Paudel ML (2012) Sleep disturbances and risk of frailty and mortality in older men. Sleep Med, 13:1217-1225.
- Foley D, Ancoli-Israel S, Britz P, Walsh J (2004) Sleep disturbances and chronic disease in older adults: results of the 2003 National Sleep Foundation Sleep in America Survey. J Psychosom Res, 56:497-502.
- Geronazzo-Alman L, Eisenberg R, Shen S, Duarte CS, Musa GJ, Wicks J et al. (2017) Cumulative exposure to work-related traumatic events and current post-traumatic stress disorder in New York City's first responders. Compr Psychiatry, 74:134-143.
- Ghadami MR, Khaledi-Paveh B, Nasouri M, Khazaie H (2015) PTSD-related paradoxical insomnia: an actigraphic study among veterans with chronic PTSD. J Inj Violence Res, 7:54-58.
- Guo YJ, Chen CH, Lu ML, Tan HK, Lee HW, Wang TN (2004) Posttraumatic stress disorder among professional and non-professional rescuers involved in an earthquake in Taiwan. Psychiatry Res, 127:35-41.
- Itoh Y, Takeshima M, Kaneita Y, Uchimura N, Inoue Y, Honda M, et al. (2022) Associations between the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and tsunami and the sleep and mental health of Japanese people: A 3-wave repeated survey. Nat Sci Sleep, 14:61-73.
- Jang TW, Jeong KS, Ahn YS, Choi KS (2020) The relationship between the pattern of shift work and sleep disturbances in Korean firefighters. Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 93:391-398.
- Kartal D, Arjmand HA, Varker T, Cowlishaw S, O'Donnell M, Phelps A et al. (2021) Cross-lagged relationships between insomnia and posttraumatic stress disorder in treatment-receiving veterans. Behav Ther, 52:982-994.
- Kavurmaci M (2024) Did the earthquake of the century affect our preparedness for disasters? Determining the earthquake preparedness of students in Turkey. Psychiatr Danub, 36:76-82.
- Khazaie H, Ghadami MR, Masoudi M (2016) Sleep disturbances in veterans with chronic war-induced PTSD. J Inj Violence Res, 8:99–107.
- Kim Y, Lee H (2021) Sleep problems among disaster victims: A long-term survey on the life changes of disaster victims in Korea. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 18:3294.
- Kušević Z, Krstanović K, Kroflin K (2021) Some psychological, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular consequences of earthquakes. Psychiatr Danub, 33:1248-1253.
- Lauterbach D, Behnke C, McSweeney LB (2011) Sleep problems among persons with a lifetime history of posttraumatic stress disorder alone and in combination with a lifetime history of other psychiatric disorders: a replication and extension. Compr Psychiatry, 52:580-586.
- Mehari A, Weir NA, Gillum RF (2014) Gender and the association of smoking with sleep quantity and quality in American adults. Womens Health, 54:1-14.
- Mohammadi H, Naghdi H, Yazdani N, Zakiei A, Najafi F, Khazaie H (2019) Prediction of sleep quality and insomnia severity by psychological disorders and acute stress among earthquake survivors in Sarpol-e Zahab, Iran, 2017. Arch Trauma Res, 8:93-98.
- Neria Y, Nandi A, Galea S (2008) Post-traumatic stress disorder following disasters: a systematic review. Psychol Med, 38:467-480.
- Ozen S, Sir A (2004) Frequency of PTSD in a group of search and rescue workers two months after 2003 Bingol (Turkey) earthquake. J Nerv Ment Dis, 192:573-575.
- Palagini L, Hertenstein E, Riemann D, Nissen, C. (2022). Sleep, insomnia and mental health. J Sleep Res, 31:e13628.
- Roth T (2007) Insomnia: definition, prevalence, etiology, and consequences. J Clin Sleep Med, 3(5 Suppl):7-10.
- Roudini J, Khankeh HR, Witruk E (2017) Disaster mental health preparedness in the community: a systematic review study. Health Psychol Open, 4:2055102917711307.
- Ruzek J, Brymer M, Jacobs A, Layne C, Vernberg E, Watson P (2007) Psychological first aid. J Ment Health Couns, 29:17-49.
- Sateia MJ, Buysse DJ, Krystal AD, Neubauer DN, Heald JL (2017) Clinical practice guideline for the pharmacologic treatment of chronic insomnia in adults: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline. J Clin Sleep Med, 13:307-349.
- Sato T, Ambo H, Fukuda K (2017) Sleep problems caused by a great natural disaster: a 4-year longitudinal study after the Great East Japan earthquake in 2011. Sleep Med, 40:e292–e293.
- Tempesta D, Curcio G, De Gennaro L, Ferrara M (2013) Long-term impact of earthquakes on sleep quality. PLoS One, 8:e55936.
- Tural U, Coskun B, Onder E, Corapcioglu A, Yildiz M, Kesepara C et al. (2004) Psychological consequences of the 1999 earthquake in Turkey. J Trauma Stress, 17:451-459.
- Van Der Kloet D, Giesbrecht T, Franck E, Van Gastel A, De Volder I, Van Den Eede F et al. (2013) Dissociative symptoms and sleep parameters—an all-night polysomnography study in patients with insomnia. Compr Psychiatry, 54:658-664.
- Varela E, Koustouki V, Davos CH, Eleni K (2008) Psychological consequences among adults following the 1999 earthquake in Athens, Greece. Disasters, 32:280-291.
- Wang S, Shi X, Chen X, Zhu Y, Chen H, Fan F (2021) Earthquake exposure and PTSD symptoms among disaster-exposed adolescents: a moderated mediation model of sleep problems and resilience. Front Psychiatr, 13:577328.
- Weber FC, Wetter TC (2022). The many faces of sleep disorders in post-traumatic stress disorder: an update on clinical features and treatment. Neuropsychobiology, 81:85-97.
- WHO (2023) Türkiye Earthquake: External Situation Report No 5:13-19. Geneva, World Health Organization.
- Zhang L, Liu X, Li Y, Liu Y, Liu Z, Lin J et al. (2012) Emergency medical rescue efforts after a major earthquake: lessons from the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Lancet, 379:853-861.
- Zhou X, Kang L, Sun X, Song H, Mao W, Huang X et al. (2013) Prevalence and risk factors of post-traumatic stress disorder among adult survivors six months after the Wenchuan earthquake. Compr Psychiatry, 54:493-499.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Travma Psikolojisi |
| Bölüm | Araştırma |
| Yazarlar | |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 1 Haziran 2025 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 29 Ocak 2025 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 29 Mayıs 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 17 Sayı: Supplement 1 |
Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar Creative Commons Atıf-Gayriticari-Türetilemez 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.