Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

ПРЕДЕЛЫ СОЮЗНИЧЕСКИХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ МЕЖДУ РОССИЕЙ И КАЗАХСТАНОМ

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 13, 161 - 187, 30.06.2025

Sabir Askeroğlu , Emrah Kaya

https://doi.org/10.48068/rusad.1661936

Öz

Казахстан и Россия — два союзных государства с прочными отношениями и связями. Считается, что отношения между двумя государствами являются симбиотическими, и Россия, в частности, считала, что ее отношения с Казахстаном основаны на неограниченном сотрудничестве. Можно сказать, что эта идея привела к ожиданию того, что два государства будут безоговорочно поддерживать друг друга во многих вопросах. Однако решающую роль в изменении отношений между Россией и Казахстаном сыграла российско-украинская война, начавшаяся в 2022 году. С началом войны влияние России на государства Центральной Азии, включая Казахстан, стало снижаться, и возникли разногласия между политикой региональных государств и России. Хотя Россия рассчитывала получить поддержку от Казахстана во время войны на Украине, эти ожидания не оправдались. Казахстан не поддержал вмешательство России в дела Украины и заявил, что не будет помогать России преодолевать международные санкции. Россия, обеспокоенная этим решением, попыталась оказать давление на Казахстан, используя свои энергетические рычаги влияния и риторику о территориальной целостности. В результате отношения стали напряженными. В противовес этому Казахстан обратился к альтернативным странам, где он мог бы уравновесить Россию, и попытался разработать новые маршруты энергоносителей. Напряженность в отношениях Казахстана и России показала, что интересы двух государств не всегда совпадают, что стороны могут вступать в конфликт интересов и что существует предел союзническим отношениям. В этом контексте исследование фокусируется на отношениях Казахстана и России, которые вступили в новую фазу с началом украинской войны в феврале 2022 года. В исследовании анализируется процесс развития отношений между двумя государствами. Потому что государства, имевшие союзнические отношения до войны, пересмотрели свои отношения после начала войны. В этом процессе, в то время как Россия рассматривала Казахстан как актора, действующего против ее интересов, Казахстан позиционировал Россию как угрозу. Хотя через некоторое время отношения между двумя государствами нормализовались, очевидно, что доверие между сторонами было нарушено, а неограниченное сотрудничество фактически ограничено. Целью исследования является определение границ союзнических отношений между Казахстаном и Россией параллельно с развитием событий в период после 2022 года.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Россия Казахстан союзники нефть санкции

Kaynakça

  • Abayev, Sayan. “Spetsifika Geopolitiçeskoy Situatsii Podskazyvaet Neobhodimost’ “Sverki Çasov”- Tokaev Vstretilsya S Putinym.” İnbusiness. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://inbusiness.kz/ru/news/specifika-geopoliticheskoj-situacii-podskazyvaet-neobhodimost-sverki-chasov-tokaev-vstretilsya-s-putinym
  • Abbasova, Vusala. “China’s President Vows to Support Kazakhstan’s Territorial Integrity.” Caspian News. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://caspiannews.com/news-detail/chinas-president-vows-to-support-kazakhstans-territorial-integrity-2022-9-16-0/
  • “Aggression against Ukraine : resolution / adopted by the General Assembly.” United Nations Digital Library. Erişim 25.05.2025, https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3959039?ln=en
  • Beloglazov, A. B. “Formirovanie i razvitie rossiysko-kazahstanskih otnoşeniy v pervoy polovine 1990-h godov.” Uçyonye Zapiski Kazanskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta 151/1 (2009): 191-205.
  • “Bryussel’ Zapugivaet Kazakhstan i Odnovremenno Obeshchaet Yemu ‘Morkovku’.” Logirus. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://logirus.ru/news/custom_and_ved/bryussel_zapugivaet_kazakhstan_i_odnovremenno_obeshchaet_emu_-morkovku.html
  • “China eclipses Russia as Central Asia’s top trade partner in 2023.” Eurasianet. Erişim 25.05.2025, https://eurasianet.org/china-eclipses-russia-as-central-asias-top-trade-partner-in-2023
  • Collective Security Treaty, dated May 15, 1992.” Collective Security Treaty Organization. Erişim 25.05.2025, https://en.odkb-csto.org/documents/documents/dogovor_o_kollektivnoy_bezopasnosti/#loaded
  • Dubovaya, Mariya. “S&P Global: Jeksport Nefti Kazahstana Budet Zaviset’ Ot Rossii Eşyo 3-5 Let Pri Lyubom Stsenarii.” İnform Buro. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://informburo.kz/novosti/sp-global-eksport-nefti-kazaxstana-budet-zaviset-ot-rossii-eshhyo-3-5-let-pri-lyubom-scenarii
  • Engvall, Johan. “Central Asia One Year After Russia’s Full-Scale Invasion of Ukraine.” Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program (2023). Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.cacianalyst.org/resources/pdf/23307_FT_Engvall_2.pdf
  • “Exclusive: Kazakhstan to start oil sales via Azeri pipeline to bypass Russia.” Reuters. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/exclusive-kazakhstan-start-oil-sales-via-azeri-pipeline-bypass-russia-2022-08-12/
  • Fadeyeva, Ekaterina. “Zarubili Eşçyo Odno Okno v Evropu? Kak po Rossiyanam Udarit Ogranichenie Parallel’nogo Importa cherez Kazakhstan.” MSK1. Erişim 22.05.2025. https://msk1.ru/text/business/2023/03/26/72162017/
  • “Foreign trade turnover of the Republic of Kazakhstan (January-December 2023).” Bureau of National Statistics. Erişim 18.03.2025, https://stat.gov.kz/en/industries/economy/foreign-market/publications/123067/
  • “General Information.” Caspian Pipeline Consortium. Erişim 25.05.2025, https://www.cpc.ru/en/about/Pages/general.aspx
  • Grobman, Ekaterina, Il’ya Lakstygal, Gleb Mishutin & Marina Tsareva. “ODKB hoçet uçastvovat’ v mirotvorçeskih operaciyah OON, kak NATO.” Vezomosti. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.vedomosti.ru/politics/articles/2022/03/03/912018-odkb-uchastvovat-mirotvorcheskih
  • Hedenskog, Jakob & Hugo von Essen. “Russia’s CSTO Intervention in Kazakhstan: Motives, Risks and Consequences.” Utrikespolitiska İnstitutet. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.ui.se/forskning/centrum-for-osteuropastudier/sceeus-commentary/russias-csto-intervention-in-kazakhstan-motives-risks-and-consequences
  • Hudson, Victoria. “The impact of Russian soft power in Kazakhstan: creating an enabling environment for cooperation between Nur-Sultan and Moscow.” Journal of Political Power 15/3 (2022): 469-494.
  • Ilina, Viktoriya. “Çto delat,’ s KTK Razmışlyayut Politologi İ Analitiki.” ORDA. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://orda.kz/chto-delat-s-ktk-razmyshljajut-politologi-i-analitiki-nbsp/
  • “Iran i Kazahstan Podpisali Devyat’ Dokumentov O Sotrudniöestve Dvuh stran.” TASS. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://tass.ru/mezhdunarodnaya-panorama/14968009
  • “İstoçnik Soobşil O Snijenii KTK Otgruzki Nefti v Marte İz-Za Remonta.” Interfax. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.interfax.ru/business/840448
  • Kadyrzhanov, Rüstem, Zhannat Makasheva, Zhyldyz Amrebayeva & Aidar Amrebayev. “Kazakhstan’s Sovereignty in the Context of Kazakh-Russian Relations.” Central Asia and the Caucasus 22/4 (2021): 92-103.
  • Kahraman, Firdes Şeyda & Ali Samir Merdan. “Hazar Denizi’nin Hukuki Statüsü.” KAÜİİBFD 11/21 (2020): 434-468.
  • Kaiser, Robert & Jeff Chinn. “Russian-Kazakh Relations in Kazakhstan.” Post-Soviet Geography 36/5 (2013): 257-273.
  • Kanapiyanova, Zhuldyz. “History of the Energy Sector Development and Kazakhstan’s Energy Potential.” Eurasian Research Journal 1/2 (2019): 25-38.
  • “Kasım-Jomart Tokaev i Il’ham Aliev Proveli Peregovory V Rasşirennom Formate.” Akorda. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.akorda.kz/ru/kasym-zhomart-tokaev-i-ilham-aliev-proveli-peregovory-v-rasshirennom-formate-247307
  • Kassenova, Togzhan. “Kazakhstan’s Irreversible Disarmament.” Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament 7/1 (2023): 60-70.
  • “Kazahstan i Azerbaydjan Sozdayut Transportno-Logistiçeskiy Marçrut.” Caliber.Az. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://caliber.az/post/64453/
  • “Kazahstan Podtverdil Plany Po Eksportu Nefti v Obhod Rossii.” Central Asia. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://centralasia.media/news:1816839
  • “Kazahstan Reshil Diversifitsirovat’ Postavki Nefti Ne İz-Za Politiki.” Interfax. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.interfax.ru/business/850983
  • “Kazahstan v 23g Hoçet Na 8,7% Uveliçit’ Eksport Nefti Po KTK – Minjenergo.” Financial One. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://fomag.ru/news-streem/kazakhstan_v_23g_khochet_na_8_7_uvelichit_eksport_nefti_po_ktk_minenergo/?ysclid=ldpgrit9r8241634822
  • “Kazakstan OPEK+ Bojynşa Oz Mіndettemelerіn ondіrudі Kuskartu Esebіnen oteydі.” Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/energo/press/news/details/347102?lang=kk
  • Kim, Lucian. “The Other Jan. 6.” Foreign Policy. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/01/05/kazakhstan-bloody-january-violence-tokayev-nazarbayev-conspiracy-protest/
  • “KTK Sokratil Prokaçku Nefti İz Kazahstana Po Tehniçeskim Priçinam.” İzvestiya. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://iz.ru/1383186/2022-08-22/ktk-sokratil-prokachku-nefti-iz-kazakhstana-po-tekhnicheskim-prichinam
  • “KTK v 2023 Godu Ostanetsya Osnovnım Marçrutom Eksporta Kazahstanskoy Nefti.” Rambler. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://finance.rambler.ru/markets/49962287-ktk-v-2023-godu-ostanetsya-osnovnym-marshrutom-eksporta-kazahstanskoy-nefti/?ysclid=ldpfvtr8ym64099193
  • Kurmanov, Ainur. “Tokayev, to please American oil workers, is ruining relations with Putin.” Polit Navigator. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.politnavigator.net/tokaev-v-ugodu-amerikanskim-neftyanikam-gubit-otnosheniya-s-putinym.html
  • Laruelle, Marlene. “Why No Kazakh Novorossiya? Kazakhstan’s Russian Minority in a Post-Crimea World.” Problems of Post-Communism 65/1 (2016): 65-78.
  • Laumulin, Murat & Mukhtar Shaken. “Kazakhstan and Russia: Relations as Part of Russia’s Foreign Policy Strategy.” Central Asia and the Caucasus 1/49 (2008): 112-124.
  • Laumulin, Murat. “Strategiçeskiye İnteresı Rossii v Gosudarstvah Tsentralnou Azii Na Sovremennom Etape.” Tsentralnaya Aziya i Kavkaz 3/63 (2009): 105-122.
  • Lavrov, Sergey. “Rossiya i Kazahstan: sotrudnichçestvo bez granits.” Rossiyskiy sovet po mejdunarodnyım delam. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://russiancouncil.ru/analytics-and-comments/comments/rossiya-i-kazakhstan-sotrudnichestvo-bez-granits/
  • Malaşenko, Aleksey. “İnteresı İ Şansı Rossii v Tsentralnoy Azii.” Pro et Contra 1/2 (2013): 21-34.
  • Mallinson, Kate. “Russia’s influence in Kazakhstan is increasing despite the war in Ukraine.” Chatham House. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.chathamhouse.org/2024/02/russias-influence-kazakhstan-increasing-despite-war-ukraine
  • “Memorandum on security assurances in connection with Ukraine’s accession to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.” United Nations. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://treaties.un.org/Pages/showDetails.aspx?objid=0800000280401fbb
  • Milkin, Vasiliy. “Smojet li Kazahstan Diversifitsirovat’ Postavki Nefti.” Vedomosti. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.vedomosti.ru/business/articles/2022/07/07/930415-kazahstan-postavki-nefti
  • “Minfin Kazahstana Obsujdaet Realizaciyu Zapreta Na Eksport V Rossiju.” Asya Plus. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://asiaplustj.info/ru/news/world/20220706/minfin-kazahstana-obsuzhdaet-realizatsiyu-zapreta-na-eksport-v-rossiyu?ysclid=ldjo41hi61239668975
  • “Minfin Kazahstana: Uşerb Ot Avarii Na KTK Mojet Sostavit’ Do $330 mln.” Vedomosti. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.vedomosti.ru/economics/news/2022/04/19/918724-uscherb-ktk-do-330-mln
  • “Missiya v Kazakstane Dokazala Vostrebovannost’ Kollektivnykh Mekhanizmov-Bordyuja.” EurAsia Daily. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://eadaily.com/ru/news/2022/01/25/missiya-v-kazahstane-dokazala-vostrebovannost-kollektivnyh-mehanizmov-bordyuzha
  • Muhametov, R. S. “Tsentralnaya Aziya vo vneşney politike Rossii.” İzvestiya Uralskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta 3/80 (2010): 112-117.
  • Muhin, Vladimir. “Kollektivnaya Nadnatsionalnaya Oboroba.” Nezavisimaya Gazeta. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://nvo.ng.ru/nvo/2012-09-20/1_oborona.html
  • Muratova, Mariya, Houman Sadri & Ainur Issayeva. “The EU and Kazakhstan in the latest geopolitical and geoeconomic conditions: New dimensions of partnership.” Journal of Eurasian Studies 16/1 (2025): 20-31.
  • Naumkin, Vitaliy. “Rossiyskaya politika v otnoşenii Kazahstana.” İçinde Strategiçeskie perspektivy: veduşie derjavy, Kazahstan i central’noaziatskiy uzel, ed. Robert Legvold, 47-80. London: Interdialekt, 2004.
  • Nikitin, Anton. “Kazahstan Reşil Razvivat’ Al’ternativnıye Marçrutı Eksporta Nefti.” Vzglyad. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://vz.ru/news/2022/12/14/1190936.html?ysclid=ldzjfz5ole519756581
  • Nikonov, Vyaçeslav. “Deputat Gosdumy Nazval Territoriyu Kazakhstana «Podarkom Rossii».” Gazeta.Uz. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.gazeta.uz/ru/2020/12/13/kazakhstan/
  • Nurmubanbetov, Miras. “V Otnoşeniyah Rossii i Kazahstana Rasstavlyayutsya Toçki Nad “Yo”.” İnosmi. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://inosmi.ru/20220822/kazakhstan-255614820.html
  • Omelicheva, Mariya Y. “Kazakhstan-Russia Relations in the Wake of the January Unrest.” Russian Analytical Digest 278 (2022): 9-13.
  • “Operations.” Caspian Pipeline Consortium. Erişim 25.05.2025, https://www.cpc.ru/en/operations/Pages/default.aspx
  • Pal, Lakshman Chandra. “The International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) and India: potential and impediments.” Brazilian Journal of Political Economy 44/3 (2024): 563-582.
  • “Patruşev Predupredil Kolleg Po ŞOS Ob Opasnosti Sovmestnyh s SŞA Uçeniy.” TASS. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://tass.ru/politika/15536949
  • “Perevozka 5 mln tonn gruzov iz Kazahstana budet osuşestvlyat’sya cherez İran.” IRNA. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://ru.irna.ir/news/84819890/
  • Petrenko, Roman. “Kazakhstan Ne Priznayet “Respubliki” ORDLO İ İsklyuçayet Otpravku Tuda Voysk ODKB.” Ukrainskaya Pravda. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2022/02/22/7325004/
  • Podolskaya, Darya. “V Astane Proşla İnauguraciya Prezidenta Kasım-Jomarta Tokaeva.” 24KG. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://24.kg/vlast/251819_vastane_proshla_inauguratsiya_prezidenta_kasyim-jomarta_tokaeva/
  • “Polnıy Tekst Obrashcheniya Vladimira Putina Po Priznaniyu DNR i LNR 21 Fevralya 2022: Stenogramma.” Komsomolskaya Pravda. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.kp.ru/daily/27366/4549244/
  • Pradhan, Ramakrushna. “India-Kazakhstan energy relations: Looking back and looking ahead.” Journal of Eurasian Studies 13/2 (2022): 103-118.
  • “Pravitel’stvo Kazahstana Obsudilo Minimizaciyu Uşherba Ot Priostanovki KTK.” Interfax. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.interfax.ru/world/850707
  • “Pri Neobhodimosti RK Mojet Uveliçit’ Prokachku Rossiyskoy Nefti V KNR v 1,7 Raza.” Kapital. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://kapital.kz/economic/106482/pri-neobkhodimosti-rk-mozhet-uvelichit-prokachku-rossiyskoy-nefti-v-knr-v-1-7-raza.html
  • “Putin i Tokaev Obsudili Gazovıy Soyuz Rossii, Kazahstana i Uzbekistana.” Ria Novosti. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://ria.ru/20221129/soyuz-1834924869.html?ysclid=ldnoxlgj12776887242
  • “Putin i Tokaev Podpisali Sovmestnuyu Deklaratsiyu o Sotrudniçestve.” Aif.Ru. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://aif.ru/politics/putin_i_tokaev_podpisali_sovmestnuyu_deklaraciyu_o_sotrudnichestve
  • Putz, Catherine. “Additional Kazakh and Uzbek Companies Hit With Russia-Related Sanctions.” The Diplomat. Erişim 22.05.2025. https://thediplomat.com/2024/11/additional-kazakh-and-uzbek-companies-hit-with-russia-related-sanctions/
  • “Rabota S Rossiey Prodoljaetsya Bez Naruşenija Sankciy, Zayavil Tokaev.” Ria Novosti. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://ria.ru/20220615/sanktsii-1795404652.html?ysclid=ldjqivaumq373744158
  • Rassohin, Aleksandr. “«Troystvennıy Soyuz» Ne Slojilsya.” Kommersant. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/5708495?ysclid=ldnow4k3pv413976062
  • “Remont na KTK Planiruyut Zaverşit’ v Teçenie Dvuh-Treh Nedel.” Kapital. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://kapital.kz/economic/110294/remont-na-ktk-planiruyut-zavershit-v-techeniye-dvukh-trekh-nedel.html
  • Roy, Oliver. Yeni Orta Asya: Ya da Ulusların İmal Edilişi. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları, 2000.
  • Rudenshiold, Eric. “Ukrainian Fallout: Kazakhstan’s Economy Could Be Caught Between Russia and the U.S.” Caspian Policy Center. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.caspianpolicy.org/research/security/ukrainian-fallout-kazakhstans-economy-could-be-caught-between-russia-and-the-us
  • “Rukopojatie Krepkoe.” Kommersant. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/5523445?ysclid=ldmeo6nzpc596767727
  • “Russia, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan create INSTC joint venture.” RailFreight. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.railfreight.com/railfreight/2024/02/28/russia-kazakhstan-and-turkmenistan-create-instc-joint-venture/?gdpr=deny
  • Samofalova, Olga. “Tri Priçiny Dlya Sozdaniya Troystvennogo Gazovogo Soyuza.” Vzglyad. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://vz.ru/economy/2022/11/30/1188853.html
  • Savenkova, Darya & Vasiliy Milkin. “Kazahstan Naçal İspol’zovat’ Al’ternativnye Marşruty Eksporta Nefti.” Vedomosti. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.vedomosti.ru/business/articles/2022/10/20/946590-kazahstan-alternativnie-marshruti
  • Shegirbaev, O. “Kazahstansko-Rossiyskie Otnosheniya V Svete Sankctsionnogo Davlenija Zapada.” Rossija i novye gosudarstva Evrazii I/LVIII (2023): 81-91.
  • Smith, Jeremy. “The Transformation of Soviet Republic Borders to International Borders: Competing Concepts of the Kazakhstan-Russia Border.” Journal of Borderlands Studies 32/1 (2016): 91-104.
  • Somuncuoğlu, Anar. “Kazakistan-Rusya İlişkilerinde Coğrafi Tahayyüller.” Gazi Türkiyat 19 (2016): 95-121.
  • Sorbello, Paolo. “Former Russian President Questions Kazakhstan’s Sovereignty.” The Diplomat. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://thediplomat.com/2022/08/former-russian-president-questions-kazakhstans-sovereignty/
  • Stevens, Christopher A. “Russia–Kazakhstan Relations in the Early Post-Soviet Era: Explaining the Roots of Cooperation.” Europe-Asia Studies 72/7 (2020): 1153-1185.
  • Sultanov, B. “Kazahstano-Rossyskie Otnosheniya Vo Vneşney Politike Prezidenta K.-Zh. Tokaeva.” Rossiya i novye gosudarstva Evrazii II/HLVII (2020): 58-68.
  • Syzdykbaev, Azamat. “Rasşirit’ nefteprovod Atyrau-Kenkiyak-Kumkol’ planiruyut v Kazahstane.” İnform.kz. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.inform.kz/ru/rasshirit-nefteprovod-atyrau-kenkiyak-kumkol-planiruyut-v-kazahstane_a3935327
  • “Tokaev Zayavil O Neobhodimosti Diversifikatsii Postavok Kazahstanskoy Nefti.” TASS. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://tass.ru/ekonomika/15148561
  • “Tokaev Zayavil O Nepriznanii DNR i LNR.” Ria Novosti. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://ria.ru/20220618/politika-1796372429.html?ysclid=ldjoioxhjm945577832
  • Umarov, Temur. “Sud’ba mnogovektornosti. Çem Kazahstan zaplatit Rossii za podderjku.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2022/01/will-russias-intervention-in-kazakhstan-come-at-a-price?lang=ru
  • “V Dume nazvali vyzovom slova Tokayeva o DNR i LNR v prisutstvii Putina.” Erişim 25.05.2025, https://www.mk.ru/politics/2022/06/18/v-dume-nazvali-vyzovom-slova-tokaeva-o-dnr-i-lnr-v-prisutstvii-putina.html
  • Zabortseva, Yelena Nikolayevna. Russia’s Relations with Kazakhstan: Rethinking Ex-Soviet Transitions in the Emerging World System. New York: Routledge, 2016.
  • Zhuravlev, Konstantin. “Strategiçeskie soyuzniki: o çyom govorit vizit prezidenta Kazahstana v Moskvu.” Gazetu.Ru. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.gazeta.ru/politics/2022/11/30/15861319.shtml
  • Ziyadullayev, Nabi. “Stranı Tsentralnoy Azii Na Puti K İntegratsii.” Nezavisimaya Gazeta. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.ng.ru/courier/2018-09-16/11_7311_integrat.html
  • Zubarev, Dmitri. “Putin: V Kazakistane İspolzovalis Maydannıye Tehnologii.” Vzglyad. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://vz.ru/news/2022/1/10/1138001.html

LIMITS OF THE ALLIED RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RUSSIA AND KAZAKHSTAN

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 13, 161 - 187, 30.06.2025

Sabir Askeroğlu , Emrah Kaya

https://doi.org/10.48068/rusad.1661936

Öz

Russia and Kazakhstan are two allied states with strong relations and ties. It is even claimed that the relations between the two states are symbiotic and Russia, in particular, believed that its relations with Kazakhstan were based on unlimited co-operation. It can be said that this idea led to the expectation that the two states would unconditionally support each other in many issues. However, the Russian-Ukrainian War that started in 2022 played a critical role in the change of relations between Russia and Kazakhstan. With the war, Russian influence over the Central Asian states, including Kazakhstan, began to decline, and differences emerged between the policies of the regional states and Russia. While Russia expected to receive support from Kazakhstan during the war in Ukraine, this expectation did not come ture. Kazakhstan did not support Russia’s intervention in Ukraine and announced that it would not help Russia overcome international sanctions. Russia, which was disturbed by this decision, tried to put pressure on Kazakhstan with its energy practices and territorial integrity statements. This situation caused the relations to become tense. Against this, Kazakhstan turned towards alternative countries where it could balance Russia and tried to develop new routes. The tension between Kazakhstan and Russia has shown that the interests of the two states do not always coincide, that the parties can enter into conflict of interest and that there is a limit to alliance relations. In this context, the study focuses on Kazakhstan-Russia relations, which entered a different phase with the Ukraine War that started in February 2022. The study analyses the process of relations between the two states. Because the states that had allied relations before the war reviewed their relations after the war began. In this process, while Russia saw Kazakhstan as an actor acting against its interests, Kazakhstan positioned Russia as a threat. Although the relations between the two states normalised after a while, it is understood that the trust between the parties was broken and the unlimited cooperation was actually limited. The aim of the study is to determine the limits of the alliance relationship between Kazakhstan and Russia in parallel with the developments in the post-2022 period.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Russia Kazakhstan ally oil sanction

Etik Beyan

Not applicable.

Kaynakça

  • Abayev, Sayan. “Spetsifika Geopolitiçeskoy Situatsii Podskazyvaet Neobhodimost’ “Sverki Çasov”- Tokaev Vstretilsya S Putinym.” İnbusiness. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://inbusiness.kz/ru/news/specifika-geopoliticheskoj-situacii-podskazyvaet-neobhodimost-sverki-chasov-tokaev-vstretilsya-s-putinym
  • Abbasova, Vusala. “China’s President Vows to Support Kazakhstan’s Territorial Integrity.” Caspian News. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://caspiannews.com/news-detail/chinas-president-vows-to-support-kazakhstans-territorial-integrity-2022-9-16-0/
  • “Aggression against Ukraine : resolution / adopted by the General Assembly.” United Nations Digital Library. Erişim 25.05.2025, https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3959039?ln=en
  • Beloglazov, A. B. “Formirovanie i razvitie rossiysko-kazahstanskih otnoşeniy v pervoy polovine 1990-h godov.” Uçyonye Zapiski Kazanskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta 151/1 (2009): 191-205.
  • “Bryussel’ Zapugivaet Kazakhstan i Odnovremenno Obeshchaet Yemu ‘Morkovku’.” Logirus. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://logirus.ru/news/custom_and_ved/bryussel_zapugivaet_kazakhstan_i_odnovremenno_obeshchaet_emu_-morkovku.html
  • “China eclipses Russia as Central Asia’s top trade partner in 2023.” Eurasianet. Erişim 25.05.2025, https://eurasianet.org/china-eclipses-russia-as-central-asias-top-trade-partner-in-2023
  • Collective Security Treaty, dated May 15, 1992.” Collective Security Treaty Organization. Erişim 25.05.2025, https://en.odkb-csto.org/documents/documents/dogovor_o_kollektivnoy_bezopasnosti/#loaded
  • Dubovaya, Mariya. “S&P Global: Jeksport Nefti Kazahstana Budet Zaviset’ Ot Rossii Eşyo 3-5 Let Pri Lyubom Stsenarii.” İnform Buro. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://informburo.kz/novosti/sp-global-eksport-nefti-kazaxstana-budet-zaviset-ot-rossii-eshhyo-3-5-let-pri-lyubom-scenarii
  • Engvall, Johan. “Central Asia One Year After Russia’s Full-Scale Invasion of Ukraine.” Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program (2023). Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.cacianalyst.org/resources/pdf/23307_FT_Engvall_2.pdf
  • “Exclusive: Kazakhstan to start oil sales via Azeri pipeline to bypass Russia.” Reuters. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/exclusive-kazakhstan-start-oil-sales-via-azeri-pipeline-bypass-russia-2022-08-12/
  • Fadeyeva, Ekaterina. “Zarubili Eşçyo Odno Okno v Evropu? Kak po Rossiyanam Udarit Ogranichenie Parallel’nogo Importa cherez Kazakhstan.” MSK1. Erişim 22.05.2025. https://msk1.ru/text/business/2023/03/26/72162017/
  • “Foreign trade turnover of the Republic of Kazakhstan (January-December 2023).” Bureau of National Statistics. Erişim 18.03.2025, https://stat.gov.kz/en/industries/economy/foreign-market/publications/123067/
  • “General Information.” Caspian Pipeline Consortium. Erişim 25.05.2025, https://www.cpc.ru/en/about/Pages/general.aspx
  • Grobman, Ekaterina, Il’ya Lakstygal, Gleb Mishutin & Marina Tsareva. “ODKB hoçet uçastvovat’ v mirotvorçeskih operaciyah OON, kak NATO.” Vezomosti. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.vedomosti.ru/politics/articles/2022/03/03/912018-odkb-uchastvovat-mirotvorcheskih
  • Hedenskog, Jakob & Hugo von Essen. “Russia’s CSTO Intervention in Kazakhstan: Motives, Risks and Consequences.” Utrikespolitiska İnstitutet. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.ui.se/forskning/centrum-for-osteuropastudier/sceeus-commentary/russias-csto-intervention-in-kazakhstan-motives-risks-and-consequences
  • Hudson, Victoria. “The impact of Russian soft power in Kazakhstan: creating an enabling environment for cooperation between Nur-Sultan and Moscow.” Journal of Political Power 15/3 (2022): 469-494.
  • Ilina, Viktoriya. “Çto delat,’ s KTK Razmışlyayut Politologi İ Analitiki.” ORDA. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://orda.kz/chto-delat-s-ktk-razmyshljajut-politologi-i-analitiki-nbsp/
  • “Iran i Kazahstan Podpisali Devyat’ Dokumentov O Sotrudniöestve Dvuh stran.” TASS. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://tass.ru/mezhdunarodnaya-panorama/14968009
  • “İstoçnik Soobşil O Snijenii KTK Otgruzki Nefti v Marte İz-Za Remonta.” Interfax. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.interfax.ru/business/840448
  • Kadyrzhanov, Rüstem, Zhannat Makasheva, Zhyldyz Amrebayeva & Aidar Amrebayev. “Kazakhstan’s Sovereignty in the Context of Kazakh-Russian Relations.” Central Asia and the Caucasus 22/4 (2021): 92-103.
  • Kahraman, Firdes Şeyda & Ali Samir Merdan. “Hazar Denizi’nin Hukuki Statüsü.” KAÜİİBFD 11/21 (2020): 434-468.
  • Kaiser, Robert & Jeff Chinn. “Russian-Kazakh Relations in Kazakhstan.” Post-Soviet Geography 36/5 (2013): 257-273.
  • Kanapiyanova, Zhuldyz. “History of the Energy Sector Development and Kazakhstan’s Energy Potential.” Eurasian Research Journal 1/2 (2019): 25-38.
  • “Kasım-Jomart Tokaev i Il’ham Aliev Proveli Peregovory V Rasşirennom Formate.” Akorda. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.akorda.kz/ru/kasym-zhomart-tokaev-i-ilham-aliev-proveli-peregovory-v-rasshirennom-formate-247307
  • Kassenova, Togzhan. “Kazakhstan’s Irreversible Disarmament.” Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament 7/1 (2023): 60-70.
  • “Kazahstan i Azerbaydjan Sozdayut Transportno-Logistiçeskiy Marçrut.” Caliber.Az. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://caliber.az/post/64453/
  • “Kazahstan Podtverdil Plany Po Eksportu Nefti v Obhod Rossii.” Central Asia. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://centralasia.media/news:1816839
  • “Kazahstan Reshil Diversifitsirovat’ Postavki Nefti Ne İz-Za Politiki.” Interfax. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.interfax.ru/business/850983
  • “Kazahstan v 23g Hoçet Na 8,7% Uveliçit’ Eksport Nefti Po KTK – Minjenergo.” Financial One. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://fomag.ru/news-streem/kazakhstan_v_23g_khochet_na_8_7_uvelichit_eksport_nefti_po_ktk_minenergo/?ysclid=ldpgrit9r8241634822
  • “Kazakstan OPEK+ Bojynşa Oz Mіndettemelerіn ondіrudі Kuskartu Esebіnen oteydі.” Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/energo/press/news/details/347102?lang=kk
  • Kim, Lucian. “The Other Jan. 6.” Foreign Policy. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/01/05/kazakhstan-bloody-january-violence-tokayev-nazarbayev-conspiracy-protest/
  • “KTK Sokratil Prokaçku Nefti İz Kazahstana Po Tehniçeskim Priçinam.” İzvestiya. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://iz.ru/1383186/2022-08-22/ktk-sokratil-prokachku-nefti-iz-kazakhstana-po-tekhnicheskim-prichinam
  • “KTK v 2023 Godu Ostanetsya Osnovnım Marçrutom Eksporta Kazahstanskoy Nefti.” Rambler. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://finance.rambler.ru/markets/49962287-ktk-v-2023-godu-ostanetsya-osnovnym-marshrutom-eksporta-kazahstanskoy-nefti/?ysclid=ldpfvtr8ym64099193
  • Kurmanov, Ainur. “Tokayev, to please American oil workers, is ruining relations with Putin.” Polit Navigator. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.politnavigator.net/tokaev-v-ugodu-amerikanskim-neftyanikam-gubit-otnosheniya-s-putinym.html
  • Laruelle, Marlene. “Why No Kazakh Novorossiya? Kazakhstan’s Russian Minority in a Post-Crimea World.” Problems of Post-Communism 65/1 (2016): 65-78.
  • Laumulin, Murat & Mukhtar Shaken. “Kazakhstan and Russia: Relations as Part of Russia’s Foreign Policy Strategy.” Central Asia and the Caucasus 1/49 (2008): 112-124.
  • Laumulin, Murat. “Strategiçeskiye İnteresı Rossii v Gosudarstvah Tsentralnou Azii Na Sovremennom Etape.” Tsentralnaya Aziya i Kavkaz 3/63 (2009): 105-122.
  • Lavrov, Sergey. “Rossiya i Kazahstan: sotrudnichçestvo bez granits.” Rossiyskiy sovet po mejdunarodnyım delam. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://russiancouncil.ru/analytics-and-comments/comments/rossiya-i-kazakhstan-sotrudnichestvo-bez-granits/
  • Malaşenko, Aleksey. “İnteresı İ Şansı Rossii v Tsentralnoy Azii.” Pro et Contra 1/2 (2013): 21-34.
  • Mallinson, Kate. “Russia’s influence in Kazakhstan is increasing despite the war in Ukraine.” Chatham House. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.chathamhouse.org/2024/02/russias-influence-kazakhstan-increasing-despite-war-ukraine
  • “Memorandum on security assurances in connection with Ukraine’s accession to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.” United Nations. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://treaties.un.org/Pages/showDetails.aspx?objid=0800000280401fbb
  • Milkin, Vasiliy. “Smojet li Kazahstan Diversifitsirovat’ Postavki Nefti.” Vedomosti. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.vedomosti.ru/business/articles/2022/07/07/930415-kazahstan-postavki-nefti
  • “Minfin Kazahstana Obsujdaet Realizaciyu Zapreta Na Eksport V Rossiju.” Asya Plus. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://asiaplustj.info/ru/news/world/20220706/minfin-kazahstana-obsuzhdaet-realizatsiyu-zapreta-na-eksport-v-rossiyu?ysclid=ldjo41hi61239668975
  • “Minfin Kazahstana: Uşerb Ot Avarii Na KTK Mojet Sostavit’ Do $330 mln.” Vedomosti. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.vedomosti.ru/economics/news/2022/04/19/918724-uscherb-ktk-do-330-mln
  • “Missiya v Kazakstane Dokazala Vostrebovannost’ Kollektivnykh Mekhanizmov-Bordyuja.” EurAsia Daily. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://eadaily.com/ru/news/2022/01/25/missiya-v-kazahstane-dokazala-vostrebovannost-kollektivnyh-mehanizmov-bordyuzha
  • Muhametov, R. S. “Tsentralnaya Aziya vo vneşney politike Rossii.” İzvestiya Uralskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta 3/80 (2010): 112-117.
  • Muhin, Vladimir. “Kollektivnaya Nadnatsionalnaya Oboroba.” Nezavisimaya Gazeta. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://nvo.ng.ru/nvo/2012-09-20/1_oborona.html
  • Muratova, Mariya, Houman Sadri & Ainur Issayeva. “The EU and Kazakhstan in the latest geopolitical and geoeconomic conditions: New dimensions of partnership.” Journal of Eurasian Studies 16/1 (2025): 20-31.
  • Naumkin, Vitaliy. “Rossiyskaya politika v otnoşenii Kazahstana.” İçinde Strategiçeskie perspektivy: veduşie derjavy, Kazahstan i central’noaziatskiy uzel, ed. Robert Legvold, 47-80. London: Interdialekt, 2004.
  • Nikitin, Anton. “Kazahstan Reşil Razvivat’ Al’ternativnıye Marçrutı Eksporta Nefti.” Vzglyad. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://vz.ru/news/2022/12/14/1190936.html?ysclid=ldzjfz5ole519756581
  • Nikonov, Vyaçeslav. “Deputat Gosdumy Nazval Territoriyu Kazakhstana «Podarkom Rossii».” Gazeta.Uz. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.gazeta.uz/ru/2020/12/13/kazakhstan/
  • Nurmubanbetov, Miras. “V Otnoşeniyah Rossii i Kazahstana Rasstavlyayutsya Toçki Nad “Yo”.” İnosmi. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://inosmi.ru/20220822/kazakhstan-255614820.html
  • Omelicheva, Mariya Y. “Kazakhstan-Russia Relations in the Wake of the January Unrest.” Russian Analytical Digest 278 (2022): 9-13.
  • “Operations.” Caspian Pipeline Consortium. Erişim 25.05.2025, https://www.cpc.ru/en/operations/Pages/default.aspx
  • Pal, Lakshman Chandra. “The International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) and India: potential and impediments.” Brazilian Journal of Political Economy 44/3 (2024): 563-582.
  • “Patruşev Predupredil Kolleg Po ŞOS Ob Opasnosti Sovmestnyh s SŞA Uçeniy.” TASS. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://tass.ru/politika/15536949
  • “Perevozka 5 mln tonn gruzov iz Kazahstana budet osuşestvlyat’sya cherez İran.” IRNA. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://ru.irna.ir/news/84819890/
  • Petrenko, Roman. “Kazakhstan Ne Priznayet “Respubliki” ORDLO İ İsklyuçayet Otpravku Tuda Voysk ODKB.” Ukrainskaya Pravda. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2022/02/22/7325004/
  • Podolskaya, Darya. “V Astane Proşla İnauguraciya Prezidenta Kasım-Jomarta Tokaeva.” 24KG. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://24.kg/vlast/251819_vastane_proshla_inauguratsiya_prezidenta_kasyim-jomarta_tokaeva/
  • “Polnıy Tekst Obrashcheniya Vladimira Putina Po Priznaniyu DNR i LNR 21 Fevralya 2022: Stenogramma.” Komsomolskaya Pravda. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.kp.ru/daily/27366/4549244/
  • Pradhan, Ramakrushna. “India-Kazakhstan energy relations: Looking back and looking ahead.” Journal of Eurasian Studies 13/2 (2022): 103-118.
  • “Pravitel’stvo Kazahstana Obsudilo Minimizaciyu Uşherba Ot Priostanovki KTK.” Interfax. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.interfax.ru/world/850707
  • “Pri Neobhodimosti RK Mojet Uveliçit’ Prokachku Rossiyskoy Nefti V KNR v 1,7 Raza.” Kapital. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://kapital.kz/economic/106482/pri-neobkhodimosti-rk-mozhet-uvelichit-prokachku-rossiyskoy-nefti-v-knr-v-1-7-raza.html
  • “Putin i Tokaev Obsudili Gazovıy Soyuz Rossii, Kazahstana i Uzbekistana.” Ria Novosti. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://ria.ru/20221129/soyuz-1834924869.html?ysclid=ldnoxlgj12776887242
  • “Putin i Tokaev Podpisali Sovmestnuyu Deklaratsiyu o Sotrudniçestve.” Aif.Ru. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://aif.ru/politics/putin_i_tokaev_podpisali_sovmestnuyu_deklaraciyu_o_sotrudnichestve
  • Putz, Catherine. “Additional Kazakh and Uzbek Companies Hit With Russia-Related Sanctions.” The Diplomat. Erişim 22.05.2025. https://thediplomat.com/2024/11/additional-kazakh-and-uzbek-companies-hit-with-russia-related-sanctions/
  • “Rabota S Rossiey Prodoljaetsya Bez Naruşenija Sankciy, Zayavil Tokaev.” Ria Novosti. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://ria.ru/20220615/sanktsii-1795404652.html?ysclid=ldjqivaumq373744158
  • Rassohin, Aleksandr. “«Troystvennıy Soyuz» Ne Slojilsya.” Kommersant. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/5708495?ysclid=ldnow4k3pv413976062
  • “Remont na KTK Planiruyut Zaverşit’ v Teçenie Dvuh-Treh Nedel.” Kapital. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://kapital.kz/economic/110294/remont-na-ktk-planiruyut-zavershit-v-techeniye-dvukh-trekh-nedel.html
  • Roy, Oliver. Yeni Orta Asya: Ya da Ulusların İmal Edilişi. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları, 2000.
  • Rudenshiold, Eric. “Ukrainian Fallout: Kazakhstan’s Economy Could Be Caught Between Russia and the U.S.” Caspian Policy Center. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.caspianpolicy.org/research/security/ukrainian-fallout-kazakhstans-economy-could-be-caught-between-russia-and-the-us
  • “Rukopojatie Krepkoe.” Kommersant. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/5523445?ysclid=ldmeo6nzpc596767727
  • “Russia, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan create INSTC joint venture.” RailFreight. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.railfreight.com/railfreight/2024/02/28/russia-kazakhstan-and-turkmenistan-create-instc-joint-venture/?gdpr=deny
  • Samofalova, Olga. “Tri Priçiny Dlya Sozdaniya Troystvennogo Gazovogo Soyuza.” Vzglyad. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://vz.ru/economy/2022/11/30/1188853.html
  • Savenkova, Darya & Vasiliy Milkin. “Kazahstan Naçal İspol’zovat’ Al’ternativnye Marşruty Eksporta Nefti.” Vedomosti. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.vedomosti.ru/business/articles/2022/10/20/946590-kazahstan-alternativnie-marshruti
  • Shegirbaev, O. “Kazahstansko-Rossiyskie Otnosheniya V Svete Sankctsionnogo Davlenija Zapada.” Rossija i novye gosudarstva Evrazii I/LVIII (2023): 81-91.
  • Smith, Jeremy. “The Transformation of Soviet Republic Borders to International Borders: Competing Concepts of the Kazakhstan-Russia Border.” Journal of Borderlands Studies 32/1 (2016): 91-104.
  • Somuncuoğlu, Anar. “Kazakistan-Rusya İlişkilerinde Coğrafi Tahayyüller.” Gazi Türkiyat 19 (2016): 95-121.
  • Sorbello, Paolo. “Former Russian President Questions Kazakhstan’s Sovereignty.” The Diplomat. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://thediplomat.com/2022/08/former-russian-president-questions-kazakhstans-sovereignty/
  • Stevens, Christopher A. “Russia–Kazakhstan Relations in the Early Post-Soviet Era: Explaining the Roots of Cooperation.” Europe-Asia Studies 72/7 (2020): 1153-1185.
  • Sultanov, B. “Kazahstano-Rossyskie Otnosheniya Vo Vneşney Politike Prezidenta K.-Zh. Tokaeva.” Rossiya i novye gosudarstva Evrazii II/HLVII (2020): 58-68.
  • Syzdykbaev, Azamat. “Rasşirit’ nefteprovod Atyrau-Kenkiyak-Kumkol’ planiruyut v Kazahstane.” İnform.kz. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.inform.kz/ru/rasshirit-nefteprovod-atyrau-kenkiyak-kumkol-planiruyut-v-kazahstane_a3935327
  • “Tokaev Zayavil O Neobhodimosti Diversifikatsii Postavok Kazahstanskoy Nefti.” TASS. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://tass.ru/ekonomika/15148561
  • “Tokaev Zayavil O Nepriznanii DNR i LNR.” Ria Novosti. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://ria.ru/20220618/politika-1796372429.html?ysclid=ldjoioxhjm945577832
  • Umarov, Temur. “Sud’ba mnogovektornosti. Çem Kazahstan zaplatit Rossii za podderjku.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2022/01/will-russias-intervention-in-kazakhstan-come-at-a-price?lang=ru
  • “V Dume nazvali vyzovom slova Tokayeva o DNR i LNR v prisutstvii Putina.” Erişim 25.05.2025, https://www.mk.ru/politics/2022/06/18/v-dume-nazvali-vyzovom-slova-tokaeva-o-dnr-i-lnr-v-prisutstvii-putina.html
  • Zabortseva, Yelena Nikolayevna. Russia’s Relations with Kazakhstan: Rethinking Ex-Soviet Transitions in the Emerging World System. New York: Routledge, 2016.
  • Zhuravlev, Konstantin. “Strategiçeskie soyuzniki: o çyom govorit vizit prezidenta Kazahstana v Moskvu.” Gazetu.Ru. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.gazeta.ru/politics/2022/11/30/15861319.shtml
  • Ziyadullayev, Nabi. “Stranı Tsentralnoy Azii Na Puti K İntegratsii.” Nezavisimaya Gazeta. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.ng.ru/courier/2018-09-16/11_7311_integrat.html
  • Zubarev, Dmitri. “Putin: V Kazakistane İspolzovalis Maydannıye Tehnologii.” Vzglyad. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://vz.ru/news/2022/1/10/1138001.html

RUSYA VE KAZAKİSTAN ARASINDAKİ MÜTTEFİKLİK İLİŞKİSİNİN SINIRLARI

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 13, 161 - 187, 30.06.2025

Sabir Askeroğlu , Emrah Kaya

https://doi.org/10.48068/rusad.1661936

Öz

Rusya ve Kazakistan, aralarında güçlü ilişkiler ve bağlar olan iki müttefik devlettir. İki devletin ilişkilerinin simbiyotik özellik taşıdığı bile iddia edilmekte ve özellikle Rusya, Kazakistan’la ilişkilerinin sınırsız iş birliğine dayandığını düşünmekteydi. Bu düşüncenin iki devletin birbirlerini birçok konuda koşulsuz destekleyeceği beklentisine yol açtığı söylenebilir. Ancak 2022’de başlayan Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı, Rusya ile Kazakistan arasındaki ilişkilerin değişiminde kritik bir rol oynamıştır. Savaşla birlikte Kazakistan da dahil olmak üzere Orta Asya devletleri üzerindeki Rus nüfuzu azalmaya başlamış ve bölge devletleri ile Rusya’nın politikaları arasında farklılık ortaya çıkmıştır. Rusya, Ukrayna Savaşı sırasında Kazakistan’dan destek göreceğini düşünürken bu beklentisi gerçekleşmemiştir. Kazakistan, Rusya’nın Ukrayna müdahalesini desteklememiş ve Rusya’ya uluslararası yaptırımları aşması konusunda yardım etmeyeceğini açıklamıştır. Bu karardan rahatsız olan Rusya, enerji konusundaki uygulamaları ve toprak bütünlüğü söylemleri ile Kazakistan üzerinde baskı kurmaya çalışmıştır. Bu durum ilişkilerin gerginleşmesine neden olmuştur. Buna karşı Kazakistan, Rusya’yı dengeleyebileceği alternatif ülkelere yönelmiş ve yeni rotaları geliştirmeye çalışmıştır. Kazakistan ile Rusya arasında yaşanan gerginlik, iki devletin çıkarlarının her zaman uyuşmadığını, tarafların çıkar çatışmasına girebildiğini ve müttefiklik ilişkilerinin bir sınırının olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu bağlamda çalışmada Şubat 2022’de başlayan Ukrayna Savaşı’yla farklı bir evreye giren Kazakistan-Rusya ilişkilerine odaklanılmıştır. Çalışmada iki devlet arasındaki ilişkilerin nasıl bir süreç izlediği analiz edilmektedir. Zira savaş öncesi müttefik ilişkilerine sahip olan devletler, savaşın başlamasının ardından ise ilişkilerini gözden geçirmiştir. Bu süreçte Rusya, Kazakistan’ı kendi çıkarlarına aykırı hareket eden aktör olarak görürken, Kazakistan ise Rusya’yı bir tehdit olarak konumlandırmıştır. İki devlet arasındaki ilişkiler, bir süre sonra normalleşse de taraf arasındaki güvenin kırıldığı ve sınırsız iş birliğinin aslında sınırlı olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Çalışmanın amacı, 2022 sonrası süreçte yaşanan gelişmelere paralel olarak Kazakistan ile Rusya arasındaki müttefiklik ilişkisinin sınırlarının ne olduğunun belirlenmesidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Rusya Kazakistan müttefik petrol yaptırım

Etik Beyan

Etik Kurul İzni gerekmemektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Abayev, Sayan. “Spetsifika Geopolitiçeskoy Situatsii Podskazyvaet Neobhodimost’ “Sverki Çasov”- Tokaev Vstretilsya S Putinym.” İnbusiness. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://inbusiness.kz/ru/news/specifika-geopoliticheskoj-situacii-podskazyvaet-neobhodimost-sverki-chasov-tokaev-vstretilsya-s-putinym
  • Abbasova, Vusala. “China’s President Vows to Support Kazakhstan’s Territorial Integrity.” Caspian News. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://caspiannews.com/news-detail/chinas-president-vows-to-support-kazakhstans-territorial-integrity-2022-9-16-0/
  • “Aggression against Ukraine : resolution / adopted by the General Assembly.” United Nations Digital Library. Erişim 25.05.2025, https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3959039?ln=en
  • Beloglazov, A. B. “Formirovanie i razvitie rossiysko-kazahstanskih otnoşeniy v pervoy polovine 1990-h godov.” Uçyonye Zapiski Kazanskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta 151/1 (2009): 191-205.
  • “Bryussel’ Zapugivaet Kazakhstan i Odnovremenno Obeshchaet Yemu ‘Morkovku’.” Logirus. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://logirus.ru/news/custom_and_ved/bryussel_zapugivaet_kazakhstan_i_odnovremenno_obeshchaet_emu_-morkovku.html
  • “China eclipses Russia as Central Asia’s top trade partner in 2023.” Eurasianet. Erişim 25.05.2025, https://eurasianet.org/china-eclipses-russia-as-central-asias-top-trade-partner-in-2023
  • Collective Security Treaty, dated May 15, 1992.” Collective Security Treaty Organization. Erişim 25.05.2025, https://en.odkb-csto.org/documents/documents/dogovor_o_kollektivnoy_bezopasnosti/#loaded
  • Dubovaya, Mariya. “S&P Global: Jeksport Nefti Kazahstana Budet Zaviset’ Ot Rossii Eşyo 3-5 Let Pri Lyubom Stsenarii.” İnform Buro. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://informburo.kz/novosti/sp-global-eksport-nefti-kazaxstana-budet-zaviset-ot-rossii-eshhyo-3-5-let-pri-lyubom-scenarii
  • Engvall, Johan. “Central Asia One Year After Russia’s Full-Scale Invasion of Ukraine.” Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program (2023). Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.cacianalyst.org/resources/pdf/23307_FT_Engvall_2.pdf
  • “Exclusive: Kazakhstan to start oil sales via Azeri pipeline to bypass Russia.” Reuters. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/exclusive-kazakhstan-start-oil-sales-via-azeri-pipeline-bypass-russia-2022-08-12/
  • Fadeyeva, Ekaterina. “Zarubili Eşçyo Odno Okno v Evropu? Kak po Rossiyanam Udarit Ogranichenie Parallel’nogo Importa cherez Kazakhstan.” MSK1. Erişim 22.05.2025. https://msk1.ru/text/business/2023/03/26/72162017/
  • “Foreign trade turnover of the Republic of Kazakhstan (January-December 2023).” Bureau of National Statistics. Erişim 18.03.2025, https://stat.gov.kz/en/industries/economy/foreign-market/publications/123067/
  • “General Information.” Caspian Pipeline Consortium. Erişim 25.05.2025, https://www.cpc.ru/en/about/Pages/general.aspx
  • Grobman, Ekaterina, Il’ya Lakstygal, Gleb Mishutin & Marina Tsareva. “ODKB hoçet uçastvovat’ v mirotvorçeskih operaciyah OON, kak NATO.” Vezomosti. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.vedomosti.ru/politics/articles/2022/03/03/912018-odkb-uchastvovat-mirotvorcheskih
  • Hedenskog, Jakob & Hugo von Essen. “Russia’s CSTO Intervention in Kazakhstan: Motives, Risks and Consequences.” Utrikespolitiska İnstitutet. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.ui.se/forskning/centrum-for-osteuropastudier/sceeus-commentary/russias-csto-intervention-in-kazakhstan-motives-risks-and-consequences
  • Hudson, Victoria. “The impact of Russian soft power in Kazakhstan: creating an enabling environment for cooperation between Nur-Sultan and Moscow.” Journal of Political Power 15/3 (2022): 469-494.
  • Ilina, Viktoriya. “Çto delat,’ s KTK Razmışlyayut Politologi İ Analitiki.” ORDA. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://orda.kz/chto-delat-s-ktk-razmyshljajut-politologi-i-analitiki-nbsp/
  • “Iran i Kazahstan Podpisali Devyat’ Dokumentov O Sotrudniöestve Dvuh stran.” TASS. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://tass.ru/mezhdunarodnaya-panorama/14968009
  • “İstoçnik Soobşil O Snijenii KTK Otgruzki Nefti v Marte İz-Za Remonta.” Interfax. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.interfax.ru/business/840448
  • Kadyrzhanov, Rüstem, Zhannat Makasheva, Zhyldyz Amrebayeva & Aidar Amrebayev. “Kazakhstan’s Sovereignty in the Context of Kazakh-Russian Relations.” Central Asia and the Caucasus 22/4 (2021): 92-103.
  • Kahraman, Firdes Şeyda & Ali Samir Merdan. “Hazar Denizi’nin Hukuki Statüsü.” KAÜİİBFD 11/21 (2020): 434-468.
  • Kaiser, Robert & Jeff Chinn. “Russian-Kazakh Relations in Kazakhstan.” Post-Soviet Geography 36/5 (2013): 257-273.
  • Kanapiyanova, Zhuldyz. “History of the Energy Sector Development and Kazakhstan’s Energy Potential.” Eurasian Research Journal 1/2 (2019): 25-38.
  • “Kasım-Jomart Tokaev i Il’ham Aliev Proveli Peregovory V Rasşirennom Formate.” Akorda. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.akorda.kz/ru/kasym-zhomart-tokaev-i-ilham-aliev-proveli-peregovory-v-rasshirennom-formate-247307
  • Kassenova, Togzhan. “Kazakhstan’s Irreversible Disarmament.” Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament 7/1 (2023): 60-70.
  • “Kazahstan i Azerbaydjan Sozdayut Transportno-Logistiçeskiy Marçrut.” Caliber.Az. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://caliber.az/post/64453/
  • “Kazahstan Podtverdil Plany Po Eksportu Nefti v Obhod Rossii.” Central Asia. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://centralasia.media/news:1816839
  • “Kazahstan Reshil Diversifitsirovat’ Postavki Nefti Ne İz-Za Politiki.” Interfax. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.interfax.ru/business/850983
  • “Kazahstan v 23g Hoçet Na 8,7% Uveliçit’ Eksport Nefti Po KTK – Minjenergo.” Financial One. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://fomag.ru/news-streem/kazakhstan_v_23g_khochet_na_8_7_uvelichit_eksport_nefti_po_ktk_minenergo/?ysclid=ldpgrit9r8241634822
  • “Kazakstan OPEK+ Bojynşa Oz Mіndettemelerіn ondіrudі Kuskartu Esebіnen oteydі.” Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/energo/press/news/details/347102?lang=kk
  • Kim, Lucian. “The Other Jan. 6.” Foreign Policy. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/01/05/kazakhstan-bloody-january-violence-tokayev-nazarbayev-conspiracy-protest/
  • “KTK Sokratil Prokaçku Nefti İz Kazahstana Po Tehniçeskim Priçinam.” İzvestiya. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://iz.ru/1383186/2022-08-22/ktk-sokratil-prokachku-nefti-iz-kazakhstana-po-tekhnicheskim-prichinam
  • “KTK v 2023 Godu Ostanetsya Osnovnım Marçrutom Eksporta Kazahstanskoy Nefti.” Rambler. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://finance.rambler.ru/markets/49962287-ktk-v-2023-godu-ostanetsya-osnovnym-marshrutom-eksporta-kazahstanskoy-nefti/?ysclid=ldpfvtr8ym64099193
  • Kurmanov, Ainur. “Tokayev, to please American oil workers, is ruining relations with Putin.” Polit Navigator. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.politnavigator.net/tokaev-v-ugodu-amerikanskim-neftyanikam-gubit-otnosheniya-s-putinym.html
  • Laruelle, Marlene. “Why No Kazakh Novorossiya? Kazakhstan’s Russian Minority in a Post-Crimea World.” Problems of Post-Communism 65/1 (2016): 65-78.
  • Laumulin, Murat & Mukhtar Shaken. “Kazakhstan and Russia: Relations as Part of Russia’s Foreign Policy Strategy.” Central Asia and the Caucasus 1/49 (2008): 112-124.
  • Laumulin, Murat. “Strategiçeskiye İnteresı Rossii v Gosudarstvah Tsentralnou Azii Na Sovremennom Etape.” Tsentralnaya Aziya i Kavkaz 3/63 (2009): 105-122.
  • Lavrov, Sergey. “Rossiya i Kazahstan: sotrudnichçestvo bez granits.” Rossiyskiy sovet po mejdunarodnyım delam. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://russiancouncil.ru/analytics-and-comments/comments/rossiya-i-kazakhstan-sotrudnichestvo-bez-granits/
  • Malaşenko, Aleksey. “İnteresı İ Şansı Rossii v Tsentralnoy Azii.” Pro et Contra 1/2 (2013): 21-34.
  • Mallinson, Kate. “Russia’s influence in Kazakhstan is increasing despite the war in Ukraine.” Chatham House. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.chathamhouse.org/2024/02/russias-influence-kazakhstan-increasing-despite-war-ukraine
  • “Memorandum on security assurances in connection with Ukraine’s accession to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.” United Nations. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://treaties.un.org/Pages/showDetails.aspx?objid=0800000280401fbb
  • Milkin, Vasiliy. “Smojet li Kazahstan Diversifitsirovat’ Postavki Nefti.” Vedomosti. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.vedomosti.ru/business/articles/2022/07/07/930415-kazahstan-postavki-nefti
  • “Minfin Kazahstana Obsujdaet Realizaciyu Zapreta Na Eksport V Rossiju.” Asya Plus. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://asiaplustj.info/ru/news/world/20220706/minfin-kazahstana-obsuzhdaet-realizatsiyu-zapreta-na-eksport-v-rossiyu?ysclid=ldjo41hi61239668975
  • “Minfin Kazahstana: Uşerb Ot Avarii Na KTK Mojet Sostavit’ Do $330 mln.” Vedomosti. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.vedomosti.ru/economics/news/2022/04/19/918724-uscherb-ktk-do-330-mln
  • “Missiya v Kazakstane Dokazala Vostrebovannost’ Kollektivnykh Mekhanizmov-Bordyuja.” EurAsia Daily. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://eadaily.com/ru/news/2022/01/25/missiya-v-kazahstane-dokazala-vostrebovannost-kollektivnyh-mehanizmov-bordyuzha
  • Muhametov, R. S. “Tsentralnaya Aziya vo vneşney politike Rossii.” İzvestiya Uralskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta 3/80 (2010): 112-117.
  • Muhin, Vladimir. “Kollektivnaya Nadnatsionalnaya Oboroba.” Nezavisimaya Gazeta. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://nvo.ng.ru/nvo/2012-09-20/1_oborona.html
  • Muratova, Mariya, Houman Sadri & Ainur Issayeva. “The EU and Kazakhstan in the latest geopolitical and geoeconomic conditions: New dimensions of partnership.” Journal of Eurasian Studies 16/1 (2025): 20-31.
  • Naumkin, Vitaliy. “Rossiyskaya politika v otnoşenii Kazahstana.” İçinde Strategiçeskie perspektivy: veduşie derjavy, Kazahstan i central’noaziatskiy uzel, ed. Robert Legvold, 47-80. London: Interdialekt, 2004.
  • Nikitin, Anton. “Kazahstan Reşil Razvivat’ Al’ternativnıye Marçrutı Eksporta Nefti.” Vzglyad. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://vz.ru/news/2022/12/14/1190936.html?ysclid=ldzjfz5ole519756581
  • Nikonov, Vyaçeslav. “Deputat Gosdumy Nazval Territoriyu Kazakhstana «Podarkom Rossii».” Gazeta.Uz. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.gazeta.uz/ru/2020/12/13/kazakhstan/
  • Nurmubanbetov, Miras. “V Otnoşeniyah Rossii i Kazahstana Rasstavlyayutsya Toçki Nad “Yo”.” İnosmi. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://inosmi.ru/20220822/kazakhstan-255614820.html
  • Omelicheva, Mariya Y. “Kazakhstan-Russia Relations in the Wake of the January Unrest.” Russian Analytical Digest 278 (2022): 9-13.
  • “Operations.” Caspian Pipeline Consortium. Erişim 25.05.2025, https://www.cpc.ru/en/operations/Pages/default.aspx
  • Pal, Lakshman Chandra. “The International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) and India: potential and impediments.” Brazilian Journal of Political Economy 44/3 (2024): 563-582.
  • “Patruşev Predupredil Kolleg Po ŞOS Ob Opasnosti Sovmestnyh s SŞA Uçeniy.” TASS. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://tass.ru/politika/15536949
  • “Perevozka 5 mln tonn gruzov iz Kazahstana budet osuşestvlyat’sya cherez İran.” IRNA. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://ru.irna.ir/news/84819890/
  • Petrenko, Roman. “Kazakhstan Ne Priznayet “Respubliki” ORDLO İ İsklyuçayet Otpravku Tuda Voysk ODKB.” Ukrainskaya Pravda. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2022/02/22/7325004/
  • Podolskaya, Darya. “V Astane Proşla İnauguraciya Prezidenta Kasım-Jomarta Tokaeva.” 24KG. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://24.kg/vlast/251819_vastane_proshla_inauguratsiya_prezidenta_kasyim-jomarta_tokaeva/
  • “Polnıy Tekst Obrashcheniya Vladimira Putina Po Priznaniyu DNR i LNR 21 Fevralya 2022: Stenogramma.” Komsomolskaya Pravda. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.kp.ru/daily/27366/4549244/
  • Pradhan, Ramakrushna. “India-Kazakhstan energy relations: Looking back and looking ahead.” Journal of Eurasian Studies 13/2 (2022): 103-118.
  • “Pravitel’stvo Kazahstana Obsudilo Minimizaciyu Uşherba Ot Priostanovki KTK.” Interfax. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.interfax.ru/world/850707
  • “Pri Neobhodimosti RK Mojet Uveliçit’ Prokachku Rossiyskoy Nefti V KNR v 1,7 Raza.” Kapital. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://kapital.kz/economic/106482/pri-neobkhodimosti-rk-mozhet-uvelichit-prokachku-rossiyskoy-nefti-v-knr-v-1-7-raza.html
  • “Putin i Tokaev Obsudili Gazovıy Soyuz Rossii, Kazahstana i Uzbekistana.” Ria Novosti. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://ria.ru/20221129/soyuz-1834924869.html?ysclid=ldnoxlgj12776887242
  • “Putin i Tokaev Podpisali Sovmestnuyu Deklaratsiyu o Sotrudniçestve.” Aif.Ru. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://aif.ru/politics/putin_i_tokaev_podpisali_sovmestnuyu_deklaraciyu_o_sotrudnichestve
  • Putz, Catherine. “Additional Kazakh and Uzbek Companies Hit With Russia-Related Sanctions.” The Diplomat. Erişim 22.05.2025. https://thediplomat.com/2024/11/additional-kazakh-and-uzbek-companies-hit-with-russia-related-sanctions/
  • “Rabota S Rossiey Prodoljaetsya Bez Naruşenija Sankciy, Zayavil Tokaev.” Ria Novosti. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://ria.ru/20220615/sanktsii-1795404652.html?ysclid=ldjqivaumq373744158
  • Rassohin, Aleksandr. “«Troystvennıy Soyuz» Ne Slojilsya.” Kommersant. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/5708495?ysclid=ldnow4k3pv413976062
  • “Remont na KTK Planiruyut Zaverşit’ v Teçenie Dvuh-Treh Nedel.” Kapital. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://kapital.kz/economic/110294/remont-na-ktk-planiruyut-zavershit-v-techeniye-dvukh-trekh-nedel.html
  • Roy, Oliver. Yeni Orta Asya: Ya da Ulusların İmal Edilişi. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları, 2000.
  • Rudenshiold, Eric. “Ukrainian Fallout: Kazakhstan’s Economy Could Be Caught Between Russia and the U.S.” Caspian Policy Center. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.caspianpolicy.org/research/security/ukrainian-fallout-kazakhstans-economy-could-be-caught-between-russia-and-the-us
  • “Rukopojatie Krepkoe.” Kommersant. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/5523445?ysclid=ldmeo6nzpc596767727
  • “Russia, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan create INSTC joint venture.” RailFreight. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.railfreight.com/railfreight/2024/02/28/russia-kazakhstan-and-turkmenistan-create-instc-joint-venture/?gdpr=deny
  • Samofalova, Olga. “Tri Priçiny Dlya Sozdaniya Troystvennogo Gazovogo Soyuza.” Vzglyad. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://vz.ru/economy/2022/11/30/1188853.html
  • Savenkova, Darya & Vasiliy Milkin. “Kazahstan Naçal İspol’zovat’ Al’ternativnye Marşruty Eksporta Nefti.” Vedomosti. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.vedomosti.ru/business/articles/2022/10/20/946590-kazahstan-alternativnie-marshruti
  • Shegirbaev, O. “Kazahstansko-Rossiyskie Otnosheniya V Svete Sankctsionnogo Davlenija Zapada.” Rossija i novye gosudarstva Evrazii I/LVIII (2023): 81-91.
  • Smith, Jeremy. “The Transformation of Soviet Republic Borders to International Borders: Competing Concepts of the Kazakhstan-Russia Border.” Journal of Borderlands Studies 32/1 (2016): 91-104.
  • Somuncuoğlu, Anar. “Kazakistan-Rusya İlişkilerinde Coğrafi Tahayyüller.” Gazi Türkiyat 19 (2016): 95-121.
  • Sorbello, Paolo. “Former Russian President Questions Kazakhstan’s Sovereignty.” The Diplomat. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://thediplomat.com/2022/08/former-russian-president-questions-kazakhstans-sovereignty/
  • Stevens, Christopher A. “Russia–Kazakhstan Relations in the Early Post-Soviet Era: Explaining the Roots of Cooperation.” Europe-Asia Studies 72/7 (2020): 1153-1185.
  • Sultanov, B. “Kazahstano-Rossyskie Otnosheniya Vo Vneşney Politike Prezidenta K.-Zh. Tokaeva.” Rossiya i novye gosudarstva Evrazii II/HLVII (2020): 58-68.
  • Syzdykbaev, Azamat. “Rasşirit’ nefteprovod Atyrau-Kenkiyak-Kumkol’ planiruyut v Kazahstane.” İnform.kz. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.inform.kz/ru/rasshirit-nefteprovod-atyrau-kenkiyak-kumkol-planiruyut-v-kazahstane_a3935327
  • “Tokaev Zayavil O Neobhodimosti Diversifikatsii Postavok Kazahstanskoy Nefti.” TASS. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://tass.ru/ekonomika/15148561
  • “Tokaev Zayavil O Nepriznanii DNR i LNR.” Ria Novosti. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://ria.ru/20220618/politika-1796372429.html?ysclid=ldjoioxhjm945577832
  • Umarov, Temur. “Sud’ba mnogovektornosti. Çem Kazahstan zaplatit Rossii za podderjku.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2022/01/will-russias-intervention-in-kazakhstan-come-at-a-price?lang=ru
  • “V Dume nazvali vyzovom slova Tokayeva o DNR i LNR v prisutstvii Putina.” Erişim 25.05.2025, https://www.mk.ru/politics/2022/06/18/v-dume-nazvali-vyzovom-slova-tokaeva-o-dnr-i-lnr-v-prisutstvii-putina.html
  • Zabortseva, Yelena Nikolayevna. Russia’s Relations with Kazakhstan: Rethinking Ex-Soviet Transitions in the Emerging World System. New York: Routledge, 2016.
  • Zhuravlev, Konstantin. “Strategiçeskie soyuzniki: o çyom govorit vizit prezidenta Kazahstana v Moskvu.” Gazetu.Ru. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.gazeta.ru/politics/2022/11/30/15861319.shtml
  • Ziyadullayev, Nabi. “Stranı Tsentralnoy Azii Na Puti K İntegratsii.” Nezavisimaya Gazeta. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://www.ng.ru/courier/2018-09-16/11_7311_integrat.html
  • Zubarev, Dmitri. “Putin: V Kazakistane İspolzovalis Maydannıye Tehnologii.” Vzglyad. Erişim 18.03.2025. https://vz.ru/news/2022/1/10/1138001.html
Toplam 90 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Sabir Askeroğlu 0000-0002-6574-4559

Emrah Kaya 0000-0001-6873-8309

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 20 Mart 2025
Kabul Tarihi 10 Haziran 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Sayı: 13

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Askeroğlu, Sabir, ve Emrah Kaya. “RUSYA VE KAZAKİSTAN ARASINDAKİ MÜTTEFİKLİK İLİŞKİSİNİN SINIRLARI”. Rusya Araştırmaları Dergisi, sy. 13 (Haziran 2025): 161-87. https://doi.org/10.48068/rusad.1661936.
 Kapak Resmi İndir

Rusya Araştırmaları Dergisi (RUSAD) | rusad.tr@gmail.com |

Bu eser Creative Commons Alıntı-Gayri Ticari-Türetilemez Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) ile lisanslanmıştır. 21767
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivatives (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) International License.

 

   *    *  16719 

18281   *    23335    *    28505