Öz
Antik Roma cenaze uygulamalarında ve daha da geniş anlamıyla Roma kültüründe önemli yeri olan urneler ölünün küllerinin saklandığı kaplar olmanın yanı sıra ölüyü anmada önemli bir semboldür. Ancak özellikle pişmiş toprak malzemeden sıklıkla karşımıza çıkan urnelerin, Roma İmparatorluk döneminin en yaygın kullanım gören malzemelerinden olan cam söz konusu olduğundaki nadirliği dikkate değerdir. Bu nadirlik, bu tip kapların kimler için kullanıldığı, kullanımda cinsiyet, yaş, sosyal statü gibi ayrımlar olup olmadığı, buluntuların coğrafi dağılımında bir farklılık gözlenip gözlemlenmediği gibi saptamaların yapılmasını zorlaştırmaktadır. Dahası modern literatüre geçmiş cam urnelerin pek çoğu kökeni ve dönemi saptanamayan, antropolojik ve arkeometrik incelemeleri yapılmamış müze ve özel koleksiyon buluntularıdır ve dolayısyla buluntu kaynakları çoğunlukla bilinmemektedir. Bu çalışma, mevcut literatürde karşımıza çıkan Roma İmparatorluk dönemi cam urnelerini odak noktaya alarak, bu urnelerin cenaze uygulamaları bağlamındaki konumunu, yukarıda bahsi geçen soruların cevapları kapsamında değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Cam Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi Mezar Urnesi Nekropol Kremasyon
Kaynakça
- Allen, D. (1998). Roman Glass in Britain. A Shire Archaeology Book.
- Becker, M. J. (1997). Cremated Human Skeletal Remains from Three Roman Glass Urns from Italy in the National Museum of Denmark. International Journal of Anthropology, 12(3), 51-62.
- Brøns, C. (2022). All that Glitters is Gold: Golden Textiles in the Ancient Mediterranean; Textiles in Ancient Mediterranean Iconography, 121-138.
- Buljević, Z. (2012). Glass from the Lora cemetery at Split; Annales du 18e Congrès de l'Association Internationale pour l'Histoire du Verre, Thessaloniki, 197-205.
- Cosano, D., Román, J. M., Esquivel, D., Lafont, F., & Arrebola, J. R. R. (2024). New archaeochemical insights into Roman wine from Baetica. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 57, 104636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104636
- Cottam, S. (2019). Developments in Roman glass vessels in Italy, France, Britain and the Lower Rhineland (c. A.D. 40- A.D. 110), Unpublished phd Thesis, King’s College, London.
- Çakmaklı, Ö. D. (2025). Roman Glass Artefacts from the Northern Necropolis of Aizanoi (2012-2017): An Assessment in Social and Economic Context, Arkhaia Anatolika, 8, 1-31. https://doi.org/10.32949/Arkhaia.2025.68
- Fleming, S. J. (1997). Late Roman Glass at the University of Pennsylvania Museum, Expedition, 39(2), 25-41.
- Foy, D. (2014). La verrerie des nécropoles romaines de Cimiez (Nice), Bulletin de l’Association Française pour l’Archéologie du Verre, 36-49.
- Gawlikowska, K. (2015). A New Look on Some Old Glass Finds from Palmyra, Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 24(1), 779-789.
- Grall, M., Morado, M. A., Le Martret, A., & Brunet, V. (2023). Les Pratiques Funéraires de la Nécropole Antique de Vannes (Morbihan) Révélées par l’étude du Mobilier Céramique et du Verre, Revue archéologique de l'Ouest, 29. https://journals.openedition.org/rao/9364
- Hobson, M. S. (2015). Roman Carlisle and the Cumbria House excavations. Life and Death in Roman Carlisle: Excavations at 107-117 Botchergate, 1-17. Archaeopress Archaeology. Institut National de Recherches Archéologiques Préventives (INRAP). (n.d.). Les résultats de l’exceptionnelle fouille de la nécropole du Haut-Empire de la 17968. Retrieved from https://www.inrap.fr/les-resultats-de-l-exceptionnelle-fouille-de-la-necropole-du-haut-empire-de-la-17968
- Isings, C. (1957). Roman Glass from Dated Finds, Groningen.
- Klein, D & Lloyd, W. (2000). The History of Glass, Little. Brown and Company.
- Klein, M. J. (1999). Römische Glasskunst und Wandmalerei. Verlag Philipp von Zabern.
- Koyuncu, C. (2019). Antik Yunan ve Roma Edebiyatında Ölü Gömme Adetleri, In E. Özer (Ed.), Aizanoi IV: Anadolu’da Hellenistik ve Roma Dönemlerinde Ölü Gömme Adetleri (pp. 233-253). Bilgin Kültür ve Sanat.
- Lazar, I. (2021), A Look Through the Glass: Glass Material from the Roman Necropolis of Budva in the Social and Economic Context of the Empire, In. D. Medin, Antička Budva, Zbornik radova s Meðunarodnog multidisciplinarnog naučnog simpozijuma po pozivu održanog u Budvi 28–30. novembra 2018. Godine, Budva, 252-273.
- Lightfoot, C. (2003), From East to West: The Early Roman Glass Industry; Échanges et commerce du verre dans le monde antique: actes du colloque de l'Association Française pour l'Archéologie du Verre, Aix-en-Provence et Marseille, 7-9 juin 2001 (pp.341-347) Montagnac: Mergoil,
- Lightfoot, C. (2007). Ancient Glass, Cambridge Printing, National Museums of Scotland.
- Lightfoot, C.& Pilosi, L. & Wypyski, M. T. (2010) The Purple Agate Vase in The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Journal of Glass Studies, Vol.52, 240-243.
- Montevecchi, G., & Leoni, C. (1999). Una necropoli romana rinvenuta a Ravenna tra Via dei Poggi e Via Romea Sud: Gli oggetti in vetro nelle sepolture. In Atti della III Giornata Nazionale di Studio Il vetro fra antico e moderno, Milano 31 ottobre 1997 (pp. 23-28). Milano.
- Özer, E. (2019). Aizanoi Kuzey Nekropolis’te Bulunan Çocuk Mezarları; In E. Özer (Ed.), Aizanoi IV: Anadolu’da Hellenistik ve Roma Dönemlerinde Ölü Gömme Adetleri (pp. 375-392). Bilgin Kültür ve Sanat.
- Perna, S. (2012). The Colours of Death: Roman Cinerary Urns in Coloured Stone; In A. Gutiérrez Garcia-M., M. P. Lapuente Mercadal, & I. Rodà (Eds.), Interdisciplinary studies on ancient stone: Proceedings of the IX ASMOSIA Conference (Tarragona, 8-13 June 2009) (pp. 787-800). Institut Català d’Arqueologia Clàssica.
- Price, J. D., & Cottam, S. (1998). Romano-British Glass Vessels: A Handbook. Council for British Archaeology.
- Robinson, H. S. (1959). Pottery of the Roman period: Chronology. In The Athenian Agora (Vol. 5). American School of Classical Studies at Athens.
- Scatozza Hôricht, L. A. (1991). Syrian Elements Among the Glass from Pompeii and Herculaneum; In M. Newby & K. Painter (Eds.), Roman glass: Two centuries of art and invention (pp. 76-85). Society of Antiquaries of London.
- Stern, E. M. (1999). Roman Glassblowing in a Cultural Context. American Journal of Archaeology, 103(3), 441-484.
- Suárez, A. A., & Blázquez-Cerrato, C. (2019). Coin Finds in Roman Child Burials. The Journal of Archaeological Numismatics, 9, 69-89.
- Tait, H. (2004). Five thousand years of glass. University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Tek, A. T. (2001). Prismatic Glass Bottles with Greek Inscriptions from Arykanda in Lykia; Annales du 15e Congrès de l'Association Internationale pour l'Histoire du Verre, New York, 82-97.
- Todman, D. (2007). Childbirth in ancient Rome: From Traditional Folklore to Obstetrics. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 47(2), 82-85. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-828X.2007.00691.x Weinberg, G. D., & Stern, E. M. (2009). Vessel Glass. The Athenian Agora, 34. American School of Classical Studies at Athens.
- Wiseman, J. (1969). Excavations in Corinth, the Gymnasium Area, 1967-1968. Hesperia, 38, 64-106.
Öz
The urns possess considerable significance in ancient Roman funerary practices and, more broadly, in Roman culture. They function not only as containers for preserving the ashes of the deceased but also as essential symbols in the commemoration of the dead. It is noteworthy, however, that glass, one of the most prevalent materials utilized during the Roman Imperial period, is rarely identified in urn production, whereas terracotta urns are ubiquitous. This scarcity complicates efforts to ascertain the demographic distinctions associated with these vessels, including factors such as gender, age, and social status, as well as variations in the geographical distribution of finds. Furthermore, most glass urns documented in contemporary literature originate from museum and private collections, where their provenance and chronological context remain ambiguous. Additionally, anthropological and archaeometric studies have not been conducted on these artifacts, leaving their origins largely indeterminate. This study aims to evaluate the role of these urns within the context of funerary practices by examining existing literature on Roman Imperial glass urns and addressing the aforementioned questions.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Glass Roman Imperial Period Cinerary Urn Necropolis Cremation
Kaynakça
- Allen, D. (1998). Roman Glass in Britain. A Shire Archaeology Book.
- Becker, M. J. (1997). Cremated Human Skeletal Remains from Three Roman Glass Urns from Italy in the National Museum of Denmark. International Journal of Anthropology, 12(3), 51-62.
- Brøns, C. (2022). All that Glitters is Gold: Golden Textiles in the Ancient Mediterranean; Textiles in Ancient Mediterranean Iconography, 121-138.
- Buljević, Z. (2012). Glass from the Lora cemetery at Split; Annales du 18e Congrès de l'Association Internationale pour l'Histoire du Verre, Thessaloniki, 197-205.
- Cosano, D., Román, J. M., Esquivel, D., Lafont, F., & Arrebola, J. R. R. (2024). New archaeochemical insights into Roman wine from Baetica. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 57, 104636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104636
- Cottam, S. (2019). Developments in Roman glass vessels in Italy, France, Britain and the Lower Rhineland (c. A.D. 40- A.D. 110), Unpublished phd Thesis, King’s College, London.
- Çakmaklı, Ö. D. (2025). Roman Glass Artefacts from the Northern Necropolis of Aizanoi (2012-2017): An Assessment in Social and Economic Context, Arkhaia Anatolika, 8, 1-31. https://doi.org/10.32949/Arkhaia.2025.68
- Fleming, S. J. (1997). Late Roman Glass at the University of Pennsylvania Museum, Expedition, 39(2), 25-41.
- Foy, D. (2014). La verrerie des nécropoles romaines de Cimiez (Nice), Bulletin de l’Association Française pour l’Archéologie du Verre, 36-49.
- Gawlikowska, K. (2015). A New Look on Some Old Glass Finds from Palmyra, Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 24(1), 779-789.
- Grall, M., Morado, M. A., Le Martret, A., & Brunet, V. (2023). Les Pratiques Funéraires de la Nécropole Antique de Vannes (Morbihan) Révélées par l’étude du Mobilier Céramique et du Verre, Revue archéologique de l'Ouest, 29. https://journals.openedition.org/rao/9364
- Hobson, M. S. (2015). Roman Carlisle and the Cumbria House excavations. Life and Death in Roman Carlisle: Excavations at 107-117 Botchergate, 1-17. Archaeopress Archaeology. Institut National de Recherches Archéologiques Préventives (INRAP). (n.d.). Les résultats de l’exceptionnelle fouille de la nécropole du Haut-Empire de la 17968. Retrieved from https://www.inrap.fr/les-resultats-de-l-exceptionnelle-fouille-de-la-necropole-du-haut-empire-de-la-17968
- Isings, C. (1957). Roman Glass from Dated Finds, Groningen.
- Klein, D & Lloyd, W. (2000). The History of Glass, Little. Brown and Company.
- Klein, M. J. (1999). Römische Glasskunst und Wandmalerei. Verlag Philipp von Zabern.
- Koyuncu, C. (2019). Antik Yunan ve Roma Edebiyatında Ölü Gömme Adetleri, In E. Özer (Ed.), Aizanoi IV: Anadolu’da Hellenistik ve Roma Dönemlerinde Ölü Gömme Adetleri (pp. 233-253). Bilgin Kültür ve Sanat.
- Lazar, I. (2021), A Look Through the Glass: Glass Material from the Roman Necropolis of Budva in the Social and Economic Context of the Empire, In. D. Medin, Antička Budva, Zbornik radova s Meðunarodnog multidisciplinarnog naučnog simpozijuma po pozivu održanog u Budvi 28–30. novembra 2018. Godine, Budva, 252-273.
- Lightfoot, C. (2003), From East to West: The Early Roman Glass Industry; Échanges et commerce du verre dans le monde antique: actes du colloque de l'Association Française pour l'Archéologie du Verre, Aix-en-Provence et Marseille, 7-9 juin 2001 (pp.341-347) Montagnac: Mergoil,
- Lightfoot, C. (2007). Ancient Glass, Cambridge Printing, National Museums of Scotland.
- Lightfoot, C.& Pilosi, L. & Wypyski, M. T. (2010) The Purple Agate Vase in The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Journal of Glass Studies, Vol.52, 240-243.
- Montevecchi, G., & Leoni, C. (1999). Una necropoli romana rinvenuta a Ravenna tra Via dei Poggi e Via Romea Sud: Gli oggetti in vetro nelle sepolture. In Atti della III Giornata Nazionale di Studio Il vetro fra antico e moderno, Milano 31 ottobre 1997 (pp. 23-28). Milano.
- Özer, E. (2019). Aizanoi Kuzey Nekropolis’te Bulunan Çocuk Mezarları; In E. Özer (Ed.), Aizanoi IV: Anadolu’da Hellenistik ve Roma Dönemlerinde Ölü Gömme Adetleri (pp. 375-392). Bilgin Kültür ve Sanat.
- Perna, S. (2012). The Colours of Death: Roman Cinerary Urns in Coloured Stone; In A. Gutiérrez Garcia-M., M. P. Lapuente Mercadal, & I. Rodà (Eds.), Interdisciplinary studies on ancient stone: Proceedings of the IX ASMOSIA Conference (Tarragona, 8-13 June 2009) (pp. 787-800). Institut Català d’Arqueologia Clàssica.
- Price, J. D., & Cottam, S. (1998). Romano-British Glass Vessels: A Handbook. Council for British Archaeology.
- Robinson, H. S. (1959). Pottery of the Roman period: Chronology. In The Athenian Agora (Vol. 5). American School of Classical Studies at Athens.
- Scatozza Hôricht, L. A. (1991). Syrian Elements Among the Glass from Pompeii and Herculaneum; In M. Newby & K. Painter (Eds.), Roman glass: Two centuries of art and invention (pp. 76-85). Society of Antiquaries of London.
- Stern, E. M. (1999). Roman Glassblowing in a Cultural Context. American Journal of Archaeology, 103(3), 441-484.
- Suárez, A. A., & Blázquez-Cerrato, C. (2019). Coin Finds in Roman Child Burials. The Journal of Archaeological Numismatics, 9, 69-89.
- Tait, H. (2004). Five thousand years of glass. University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Tek, A. T. (2001). Prismatic Glass Bottles with Greek Inscriptions from Arykanda in Lykia; Annales du 15e Congrès de l'Association Internationale pour l'Histoire du Verre, New York, 82-97.
- Todman, D. (2007). Childbirth in ancient Rome: From Traditional Folklore to Obstetrics. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 47(2), 82-85. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-828X.2007.00691.x Weinberg, G. D., & Stern, E. M. (2009). Vessel Glass. The Athenian Agora, 34. American School of Classical Studies at Athens.
- Wiseman, J. (1969). Excavations in Corinth, the Gymnasium Area, 1967-1968. Hesperia, 38, 64-106.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Arkeoloji (Diğer) |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Nisan 2025 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 1 Nisan 2025 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 26 Nisan 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1 |
