Öz
Lubok baskıresmi, 17. yüzyılda ortaya çıkarak Rus sanatında ve kültüründe önemli bir
yer edinmiştir. Okuma yazma bilmeyen ve maddi gücü yetersiz halk için üretilen bu baskılar,
kısa sürede popülerleşmiş ve tüm Rusya’ya yayılmıştır. Başlangıçta dini temalar ve
halk söylencelerine odaklanan lubok baskıresimleri, 19. yüzyılda politik bir araç haline
gelerek iktidarın kontrolüne girmiş ve propaganda amacıyla yoğun şekilde kullanılmıştır.
Hem Çarlık hem de Komünist rejim, lubok baskıresimlerinin basit ve etkili anlatım dilini
halk kitlelerine ulaşmada bir araç olarak görmüştür. Bu baskılar, mesaj iletimindeki gücü
sayesinde rejimlerin siyasi dönüşümlerinde başat bir rol oynamıştır. Sanatçılar tarafından
da ilgi gören lubok baskıresimleri, Rus kültürel ve siyasi tarihinde derin bir etki yaratmıştır.
Lubok baskıresimlerinin yalın dili ve mesajın etkili iletimi, sanatsal ve siyasal dönüşümler
boyunca etkisini sürdürmesini sağlamış ve 20. yüzyılın ikinci yarısına kadar aktif bir şekilde
varlığını korumuştur. I. Ve II. Dünya savaşları sırasında ortaya çıkan Sovyet politik
posterlerinde kullanılan görsel dilin temelini oluşturan Lubok baskıresimleri, 20. yüzyılın
başına tarihlenen avangard sanat akımları içerisinde de kendisine yer bulmuştur. Çalışma,
lubok baskıresimlerinin tarihsel dönüşümlerini ve politik etkilerini ele almıştır. Bu bağlamda
konuya ilişkin kapsamlı bir literatür taraması yapılmış, nitel araştırma yöntemi
kullanılarak toplanan bulgularla sonuca ulaşılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- A Sausage Maker Came to Lodz. We Said to Him: “Welcome, Sir! (t.y.). Library of Congress. 12.05.2024 tarihinde https://www.loc.gov/item/2021669081/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
- Aleksandr Rodchenk Poster for a Russian state airline, Dobrolet t.y.). Museum of Modern Art. 01.07.2024 tarihinde https://www.moma.org/collection/works/7269?locale=en adresinden erişilmiştir.
- Arbuthnot, M. (2019). The People and the Poster: Theorizing the Soviet Viewer, 1920–1931. Slavic Review, 78(3), sf:717–737. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26844322.
- Bonnell, V. E. (1988). The Representation of Politics and the Politics of Representation of Sovetskii politicheskii plakat. Iz kollektsii Gosudarstvennoi biblioteki SSSR imeni V. I. Lenina; The Soviet Political Poster 1917-1980 from the USSR Lenin Library Collection, by N. I. Baburina]. The Russian Review, 47(3), sf:315–322. https://doi.org/10.2307/130593.
- Brooks, J. (2010). The Russian Nation Imagined: The Peoples Of Russia As Seen In Popular Imagery, 1860s-1890s. Journal of Social History, 43(3). http://www.jstor.org/stable/20685424 sf:537.
- The French Allies Have a Cart Filled with Captured Germans, (t.y.). Library of Congress. Photo, Print, Drawing. 12.05.2024 tarihinde https://www.loc.gov/item/2021669082/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
- Cheauré, E. (2014). Napoleon and the 1812 Patriotic War in Russian Humour. In E. Cheauré & R. Nohejl (Ed.), Humour and Laughter in History: Transcultural Perspectives Bielefeld: transcript Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1515/transcript.9783839428580.15 sf:20.
- Fareler Kediyi Nasıl Gömdü, (1725). Ağaç baskı gravür üzerine elle suluboya renklendirme, 32,8 х 57,3 cm. 01.07.2024 tarihinde https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mice-burying-the-cat.jpg adresinden erişilmiştir.
- Goldstein, R.J. & Nedd, A.M. (2015). Political censorship of the visual arts in nineteenth-century Europe: Arresting images. 10.1057/9781137316493. sf:3.
- Hedo, A. (2021). Russian Propaganda During the First World War: Technologies and Forms. https://doi.org/10.53656/his2021-6-3-russ.
- ANADOLU ÜNİVERSİTESİ SANAT & TASARIM DERGİSİ 443
- Sanat&Tasarım Dergisi,15 (1), 2025: 425-444
- Husband, W. (2016). Soviet Propaganda Posters Collection, Oregon State University Special Collections and Archives Research Center, 05.05.2024 tarihinde https://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv97839/op=fstyle.aspx?t=i&q=0&f_subjects=Posters%2C+Soviet.#scopecontentID adresinden erişilmiştir.
- Karoyeva, T. (2021). “A Repertoire of Lubok Books Covering Ukrainian History (1830s – 1910s).” Taylor & Francis, vol. 22, no. 2, 3 April. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228886.2021.1917063.
- Koren, V. (1750). Kazan’ın Büyük Kedisi, Ağaç Baskı, 35x27 cm 01.07.2024 tarihinde https://www.dominicwinter.co.uk/Auction/Lot/402-russian-lubok-of-peter-the-great the-cat-from-kazan-1750-or-later/?lot=348195&sd=1 adresinden erişilmiştir.
- Kosynkina, D. (2023). Lubok fairy tales by Knebel’s Publishing House, Attending Ilya Glazunov Gallery exhibition, 11 Aralık 2023 tarihinde https://www.mos.ru/en/news/item/127959073/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
- Litizdat (Literary and Publishing Department of the Political Directorate of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic). (t.y.). 05.05.2024 tarihinde https://www.posterplakat.com/the-collection/publishers/litizdat-literary-and-publishing-department-of-the-political-directorate-of-the-revolutionary-military-council-of-the-republic adresinden erişilmiştir.
- Margolin, V. (1984). Constructivism and the Modern Poster, Art Journal, 44(1). https://doi.org/10.2307/776670 sf28.
- Moore C. (2010). Propaganda Prints: A History of Art in the Service of Social and Political Change, A&C Black Publisher Limited, London, s:126.
- National Museum of American History. (t.y.). 05.05.2024 tarihinde https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search?edan_q=guid:ark:/65665/ng49ca746a5e9f9704be05315f76fa0b4fa adresinden erişilmiştir.
- Norris, M. S. (2006) A War of Images: Russian Popular Prints, Wartime Culture, and National Identity, 1812–1945”. Northern Illinois University Press. sf:9-10-52.
- Parppei, K. (2021). “This Battle Started Long Before Our Days …” The Historical and Political Context of the Russo-Turkish War in Russian Popular Publications, 1877–78. Nationalities Papers. 2021;49(1):162-179. doi:10.1017/nps.2019.117.
- Pisch, A. (2016). The rise of the Stalin personality cult. In The personality cult of Stalin in Soviet posters, 1929–1953: Archetypes, inventions and fabrications. ANU Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1q1crzp.8 sf 101.
- ANADOLU ÜNİVERSİTESİ SANAT & TASARIM DERGİSİ 444
- Sanat&Tasarım Dergisi,15 (1), 2025: 425-444
- Pletneva, A. (2021). Whom are the mice burying? the interpretation of the lubok print the mice are burying the cat. Slovene, 10(2), sf:97-123. https://doi.org/10.31168/2305-6754.2021.10.2.5.
- Roatcap, A. (2004). Parenthesis 10 [electronic resource] Lubki, the Wood Engravings of Old Russia. 01.05.2024 tarihinde https://fpba.com/parenthesis/selected-articles/p10_lubki/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
- Ruder, A. (2003). Art and the shaping of society [electronic resource] : Russian posters and constructivism, 1917-1924 /. sf 42.
- Otechestvennaya Voyna “1812 The Patriotic War Of 1812”,(2023). Hermitage Fine Art Monaco. 01.05.2024 tarihinde https://hermitagefineart.com/en/lots/2023-june-manuscripts/768/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
- The Library & Picture Collection of the late Martin Woolf Orskey, (2019). Dominic Winter Auctioneers. 01.07.2024 tarihinde https://www.dominicwinter.co.uk/Auction/Lot/402-russian-lubok-of-peter-the-great-the-cat-from-kazan-1750-or-later/?lot=348195&sd=1 adresinden erişilmiştir.
- The French Allies, (t.y). Library of Congress. 12.05.2024 tarihinde https://www.loc.gov/item/2021669082/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
- Yesyunin, Y. A. (2022). Lubok in the Soviet Political Poster of the Civil War, Hudožestvennaâ kultura, Issue 2.
Öz
Lubok printmaking emerged in the 17th century and gained an important place in Russian
art and culture. Produced for the illiterate and financially weak, these prints quickly became
popular and spread throughout Russia. Initially focusing on religious themes and folk
legends, lubok printmaking became a political tool in the 19th century and came under the
control of the government. Lubok printmaking was used extensively for propaganda purposes
during the Tsarist regime, World War I and the Communist Party. Both the Tsarist and
Communist regimes saw the simple and effective narrative language of lubok printmaking
as a tool to reach the masses. These prints played a leading role in the political transformations
of the regimes thanks to their power in conveying messages. Lubok printmaking,
which also attracted the attention of artists, had a deep impact on Russian cultural and
political history. The simple language and powerful narrative of lubok printmaking ensured
its continued influence throughout artistic and political transformations and maintained
its active existence until the second half of the 20th century. In this study, the historical
transformations and political effects of lubok printmaking were discussed, and the subject
was investigated within this framework and a conclusion was reached.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Russian printmaking Political printmaking Propaganda posters.
Kaynakça
- A Sausage Maker Came to Lodz. We Said to Him: “Welcome, Sir! (t.y.). Library of Congress. 12.05.2024 tarihinde https://www.loc.gov/item/2021669081/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
- Aleksandr Rodchenk Poster for a Russian state airline, Dobrolet t.y.). Museum of Modern Art. 01.07.2024 tarihinde https://www.moma.org/collection/works/7269?locale=en adresinden erişilmiştir.
- Arbuthnot, M. (2019). The People and the Poster: Theorizing the Soviet Viewer, 1920–1931. Slavic Review, 78(3), sf:717–737. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26844322.
- Bonnell, V. E. (1988). The Representation of Politics and the Politics of Representation of Sovetskii politicheskii plakat. Iz kollektsii Gosudarstvennoi biblioteki SSSR imeni V. I. Lenina; The Soviet Political Poster 1917-1980 from the USSR Lenin Library Collection, by N. I. Baburina]. The Russian Review, 47(3), sf:315–322. https://doi.org/10.2307/130593.
- Brooks, J. (2010). The Russian Nation Imagined: The Peoples Of Russia As Seen In Popular Imagery, 1860s-1890s. Journal of Social History, 43(3). http://www.jstor.org/stable/20685424 sf:537.
- The French Allies Have a Cart Filled with Captured Germans, (t.y.). Library of Congress. Photo, Print, Drawing. 12.05.2024 tarihinde https://www.loc.gov/item/2021669082/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
- Cheauré, E. (2014). Napoleon and the 1812 Patriotic War in Russian Humour. In E. Cheauré & R. Nohejl (Ed.), Humour and Laughter in History: Transcultural Perspectives Bielefeld: transcript Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1515/transcript.9783839428580.15 sf:20.
- Fareler Kediyi Nasıl Gömdü, (1725). Ağaç baskı gravür üzerine elle suluboya renklendirme, 32,8 х 57,3 cm. 01.07.2024 tarihinde https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mice-burying-the-cat.jpg adresinden erişilmiştir.
- Goldstein, R.J. & Nedd, A.M. (2015). Political censorship of the visual arts in nineteenth-century Europe: Arresting images. 10.1057/9781137316493. sf:3.
- Hedo, A. (2021). Russian Propaganda During the First World War: Technologies and Forms. https://doi.org/10.53656/his2021-6-3-russ.
- ANADOLU ÜNİVERSİTESİ SANAT & TASARIM DERGİSİ 443
- Sanat&Tasarım Dergisi,15 (1), 2025: 425-444
- Husband, W. (2016). Soviet Propaganda Posters Collection, Oregon State University Special Collections and Archives Research Center, 05.05.2024 tarihinde https://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv97839/op=fstyle.aspx?t=i&q=0&f_subjects=Posters%2C+Soviet.#scopecontentID adresinden erişilmiştir.
- Karoyeva, T. (2021). “A Repertoire of Lubok Books Covering Ukrainian History (1830s – 1910s).” Taylor & Francis, vol. 22, no. 2, 3 April. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228886.2021.1917063.
- Koren, V. (1750). Kazan’ın Büyük Kedisi, Ağaç Baskı, 35x27 cm 01.07.2024 tarihinde https://www.dominicwinter.co.uk/Auction/Lot/402-russian-lubok-of-peter-the-great the-cat-from-kazan-1750-or-later/?lot=348195&sd=1 adresinden erişilmiştir.
- Kosynkina, D. (2023). Lubok fairy tales by Knebel’s Publishing House, Attending Ilya Glazunov Gallery exhibition, 11 Aralık 2023 tarihinde https://www.mos.ru/en/news/item/127959073/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
- Litizdat (Literary and Publishing Department of the Political Directorate of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic). (t.y.). 05.05.2024 tarihinde https://www.posterplakat.com/the-collection/publishers/litizdat-literary-and-publishing-department-of-the-political-directorate-of-the-revolutionary-military-council-of-the-republic adresinden erişilmiştir.
- Margolin, V. (1984). Constructivism and the Modern Poster, Art Journal, 44(1). https://doi.org/10.2307/776670 sf28.
- Moore C. (2010). Propaganda Prints: A History of Art in the Service of Social and Political Change, A&C Black Publisher Limited, London, s:126.
- National Museum of American History. (t.y.). 05.05.2024 tarihinde https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search?edan_q=guid:ark:/65665/ng49ca746a5e9f9704be05315f76fa0b4fa adresinden erişilmiştir.
- Norris, M. S. (2006) A War of Images: Russian Popular Prints, Wartime Culture, and National Identity, 1812–1945”. Northern Illinois University Press. sf:9-10-52.
- Parppei, K. (2021). “This Battle Started Long Before Our Days …” The Historical and Political Context of the Russo-Turkish War in Russian Popular Publications, 1877–78. Nationalities Papers. 2021;49(1):162-179. doi:10.1017/nps.2019.117.
- Pisch, A. (2016). The rise of the Stalin personality cult. In The personality cult of Stalin in Soviet posters, 1929–1953: Archetypes, inventions and fabrications. ANU Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1q1crzp.8 sf 101.
- ANADOLU ÜNİVERSİTESİ SANAT & TASARIM DERGİSİ 444
- Sanat&Tasarım Dergisi,15 (1), 2025: 425-444
- Pletneva, A. (2021). Whom are the mice burying? the interpretation of the lubok print the mice are burying the cat. Slovene, 10(2), sf:97-123. https://doi.org/10.31168/2305-6754.2021.10.2.5.
- Roatcap, A. (2004). Parenthesis 10 [electronic resource] Lubki, the Wood Engravings of Old Russia. 01.05.2024 tarihinde https://fpba.com/parenthesis/selected-articles/p10_lubki/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
- Ruder, A. (2003). Art and the shaping of society [electronic resource] : Russian posters and constructivism, 1917-1924 /. sf 42.
- Otechestvennaya Voyna “1812 The Patriotic War Of 1812”,(2023). Hermitage Fine Art Monaco. 01.05.2024 tarihinde https://hermitagefineart.com/en/lots/2023-june-manuscripts/768/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
- The Library & Picture Collection of the late Martin Woolf Orskey, (2019). Dominic Winter Auctioneers. 01.07.2024 tarihinde https://www.dominicwinter.co.uk/Auction/Lot/402-russian-lubok-of-peter-the-great-the-cat-from-kazan-1750-or-later/?lot=348195&sd=1 adresinden erişilmiştir.
- The French Allies, (t.y). Library of Congress. 12.05.2024 tarihinde https://www.loc.gov/item/2021669082/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
- Yesyunin, Y. A. (2022). Lubok in the Soviet Political Poster of the Civil War, Hudožestvennaâ kultura, Issue 2.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Baskı Resim |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 20 Haziran 2025 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 16 Ekim 2024 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 13 Ocak 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1 |
