Effect of Smoking and Periodontitis on Adropin Level in Gingival Crevicular Fluid

Buket Özsoy; Kamile Erciyas

doi:10.22312/sdusbed.1537334

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Effect of Smoking and Periodontitis on Adropin Level in Gingival Crevicular Fluid

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1, 56 - 65, 25.04.2025

Buket Özsoy , Kamile Erciyas

https://doi.org/10.22312/sdusbed.1537334

Öz

Objectives: One of the most significant environmental risk factors, smoking, acts both locally and systemically to contribute to the pathophysiology and development of periodontal diseases. The purpose of this research is to quantify and contrast the levels of adropin in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), which have a comparable mode of action to periodontal disorders and smoking-related endothelial wall dysfunction.

Materials and methods: In total, 80 participants were enrolled in this study: 40 patients with periodontitis (20 smokers and 20 non-smokers) and 40 healthy control patients (20 smokers and 20 non-smokers). GCF samples were obtained, and clinical parameters (plaque index, gingival index, clinical attachment level, and probing pocket depth) were noted for each participant. To measure the amount of adropin, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was employed. Shapiro Wilk, Mann Whitney U, Kruskall Wallis, and Chi square tests were used to statistically analyze the clinical and biochemical parameters.

Results: Periodontitis, GCF adropin concentrations and periodontal clinical index averages were higher than healthy patients (p<0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in GCF adropin concentrations between smokers with periodontitis (PS) and nonsmokers with periodontitis (P), or between smokers who were periodontally healthy (HS) and nonsmokers who were periodontally healthy (H).

Conclusions Adropin may be a potential diagnostic tool for periodontitis, regardless of smoking. However, studies investigating different biochemical parameters in GCF are needed to help understand the interaction of adropin with other mediators.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Periodontitis, Smoking, Gingival fluid, Adropin

Kaynakça

1. Kornman KS. 2008. Mapping the Pathogenesis of Periodontitis: A New Look. J Periodontol 79(8):1560–1568.
2. Genco RJ.1996. Current view of risk factors for periodontal diseases. J Periodontol 67(10):1041–1049.
3. Bergström J, Preber H.1994. Tobacco Use as a Risk Factor. J Periodontol 65:545–550.
4. Bartold PM. 2006. Periodontal tissues in health and disease: Introduction. Periodontol 2000 40(1):7–10.
5. Grossi SG, Skrepcinski FB, DeCaro T, Zambon JJ, Cummins D, Genco RJ. 1996. Response to periodontal therapy in diabetics and smokers. J Periodontol 67(10):1094–1102.
6. Tipton DA, Dabbous MK. 1995. Effects of Nicotine on Proliferation and Extracellular Matrix Production of Human Gingival Fibroblasts In Vitro. J Periodontol 66(12):1056–1064.
7. Erol N. 2007. Vasküler Endotelyal Büyüme Faktörü ve Anti-VEGF Ajanlar. Ret-Vit 15:35–40.
8. Ng YS, Krilleke D, Shima DT. 2006. VEGF function in vascular pathogenesis. Exp Cell Res 312(5):527–537.
9. Prapulla DV, Sujatha PB, Pradeep AR. 2007. Gingival Crevicular Fluid VEGF Levels in Periodontal Health and Disease. J Periodontol 78(9):1783–1787.
10. Michaud SÉ, Dussault S, Groleau J, Haddad P, Rivard A. 2006. Cigarette smoke exposure impairs VEGF-induced endothelial cell migration: Role of NO and reactive oxygen species. J Mol Cell Cardiol 41(2):275–284.
11. Kumar KG, Trevaskis JL, Lam DD, Sutton GM, Koza RA, Chouljenko VN, Kousoulas KG, Rogers PM, Kesterson RA, Thearle M, Ferrante AW. 2008. Identification of adropin as a secreted factor linking dietary macronutrient intake with energy homeostasis and lipid metabolism. Cell Metab Elsevier Inc 8(6):468–481.
12. Kumar KG, Zhang J, Gao S, Rossi J, McGuinness OP, Halem HH, Culler MD, Mynatt RL,Butler AA. 2012. Adropin deficiency is associated with increased adiposity and insulin resistance. Obesity Nature Publishing Group 20(7):1394–1402.
13. Lovren F, Pan Y, Quan A, Singh KK, Shukla PC, Gupta M, Al-Omran M, Teoh H, Verna S. 2010. Adropin is a novel regulator of endothelial function. Circulation 122(1):185-192.
14. Armitage GC. 1999. Development of a classification system for periodontal diseases and conditions. Ann Periodontol Dec;4(1):1-6. doi:10.1902/annals.1999.4.1.1.
15. Silness J, Löe H. 1964. Periodontal disease in pregnancy II. Correlation between oral hygiene and periodontal condition. Acta Odontol Scand 22(1):121- 135.
16. Löe H, Silness J. 1963. Periodontal disease in pregnancy I. Prevalence and severity. Acta Odontol Scand 21(6):533- 551.
17. Bernaards CM, Twisk JWR, Snel J, Van Mechelen W, Kemper HCG. 2001. Is calculating pack-years retrospectively a valid method to estimate life-time tobacco smoking? A comparison between prospectively calculated pack-years and retrospectively calculated pack-years. Addiction 96(11):1653–1661.
18. Brill N, Krasse BO. 1958. The Passage of Tissue Fluid into the Clinically Healthy Gingival Pocket. Acta Odontol. Scand. 16: 233–245.
19. Ismail AI, Burt BA, Edlund SA. 1983. Epidemiologic patterns of smoking and periodontal disease in the United States. J Am Dent Assoc 106(5):617-621.
20. Zambón JJ, Grossi SG, Machtei EE, Ho AW, Dunford RG, Genco RJ. 1996. Cigarette smoking increases the risk for subgingival infection with periodontal pathogens. J Periodontol 67(10):1050–1054.
21. Feldman RS, Bravacos JS, Rose CL. 1983. Association between smoking different tobacco products and periodontal disease indexes. J Periodontol 54(8):481–487.
22. Axelsson P, Paulander J, Lindhe J. 1998. Relationship between smoking and dental status in 35-, 50-, 65-, and 75-year-old individuals. J Clin Periodontol 25(4):297–305.
23. Calsina G, Ramón JM, Echeverría JJ. 2002. Effects of smoking on periodontal tissues. J Clin Periodontol 29(8):771–776.
24. Baumert Ah MK, Johnson GK, Kaldahl WB, Patil KD, Kalkwart KL. 1994. The effect of smoking on the response to periodontal therapy. J Clin Periodontol 21(2):91–97.
25. Turnbull B. 1995. Smoking and periodontal disease. A review. JNZ Soc Periodontol 79:10–15.
26. Bergström J. 1990. Oral hygiene compliance and gingivitis expression in cigarette smokers. Scand J Dent Res 98(6):497–503.
27. Boström L, Linder LE, Bergström J. 1999. Smoking and cervicular fluid levels of IL-6 and TNF- alpha in periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol 26(6):352–357.
28. Özçaka Ö, Nalbantsoy A, Köse T, Buduneli N. 2010. Plasma osteoprotegerin levels are decreased in smoker chronic periodontitis patients. Aust Dent J 55(4):405–410.
29. Boström L, Linder LE, Bergström J. 1998. Influence of smoking on the outcome of periodontal surgery. J Clin Periodontol 25:194–201.
30. Bergstrom J, Eliasson S, Preber H. 1991. Cigarette Smoking and Periodontal Bone Loss. J Periodontol 62:242–246.
31. Cuff MJ, McQuade MJ, Scheidt MJ, Sutherland DE, Van Dyke TE. 1989. The presence of nicotine on root surfaces of periodontally diseased teeth in smokers. J Periodontol 60(10):564–569.
32. Bergström J, Eliasson S. 1987. Noxious effect of cigarette smoking on periodontal health. J Periodontal Res 22(6):513–517.
33. Kinane DF, Radvar M. 1997. The effect of smoking on mechanical and antimicrobial periodontal therapy. J Periodontol 68(5):467–472.
34. Novak KF, Novak MJ. 2006. Smoking and Periodontal Disease. In: Newman MG, Takei HH, Klockkevold PR, Carranza FA (eds), Carranza's Clinical Periodontology, 10th edn. Saunders Elsevier, pp 251–258.
35. Butler AA, Tam CS, Stanhope KL, Wolfe BM, Ali MR, O’Keeffe M, St-Onge M, Ravussin E, Havel PJ. 2012. Low circulating adropin concentrations with obesity and aging correlate with risk factors for metabolic disease and increase after gastric bypass surgery in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97(10):3783–3791.
36. Celik E, Yilmaz E, Celik O, Ulas M, Turkcuoglu I, Karaer A, Simsek Y, Minareci Y, Aydin S. 2013. Maternal and fetal adropin levels in gestational diabetes mellitus. J Perinat Med 41(4):375–380.
37. Aydin S, Kuloglu T, Aydin S. 2013. Copeptin, adropin and irisin concentrations in breast milk and plasma of healthy women and those with gestational diabetes mellitus. Peptides Elsevier Inc 47:66–70.
38. Ishisaka A, Ansai T, Soh I, Inenaga K, Yoshida A, Shigeyama C, Awano S, Hamasaki T, Sonoki K, Takata Y, Takehara T. 2007. Association of salivary levels of cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone with periodontitis in older Japanese adults. J Periodontol 78:1767–1773.
39. Mealey BL, Moritz AJ. 2003. Hormonal influences: effects of diabetes mellitus and endogenous female sex steroid hormones on the periodontium. Periodontology 2000 32:59-81.
40. Zhu J, Guo B, Gan X, Zhang L, He Y, Liu B, Chen X, Zhang S. 2017. Association of circulating leptin and adiponectin with periodontitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health 17(1):1–14.
41. Nokhbehsaim M, Keser S, Nogueira AV, Cirelli JA, Jepsen S, Jäger A, Eick S, Deschner J. 2014. Beneficial effects of adiponectin on periodontal ligament cells under normal and regenerative conditions. J Diabetes Res. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/796565.
42. Faggioni R, Fantuzzi G, Fuller J, Dinarello CA, Feingold KR, Grunfeld C. 1998. IL-1 beta mediates leptin induction during inflammation. Am J Physiol 274:204-208.
43. Sarraf P, Frederich RC, Turner EM, Ma G, Jaskowiak NT, Rivet DJ 3rd, Flier JS, Lowell BB, Fraker DL, Alexander HR. 1997. Multiple cytokines and acute inflammation raise mouse leptin levels: Potential role in inflammatory anorexia. J Exp Med 185:171-175.
44. Carlson GL, Saeed M, Little RA, Irving MH. 1999. Serum leptin concentrations and their relation to metabolic abnormalities in human sepsis. Am J Physiol 276:658-662.
45. Hoppin AG, Kaplan LM, Zurakowski D, Leichtner AM, Bousvaros A. 1998. Serum leptin in children and young adults with inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 26: 500-505.
46. Evereklioglu C, Inalöz HS, Kirtak N, Doganay S, Bülbül M, Ozerol E, Er H, Ozbek E. 2002. Serum leptin concentration is increased in patients with Behcet’s syndrome and is correlated with disease activity. Br J Dermatol 147:331-336.
47. Johnson RB, Serio FG, Dai. 1999. Vascular endothelial growth factors and progression of periodontal diseases. J Periodontol 70(8):848–852.
48. Booth V, Young S, Cruchley A, Taichman NS, Paleolog E. 1998. Vascular endothelial growth factor in human periodontal disease. J Periodontal Res 33(8):491–499.
49. Gundogar H, Ozsoy B, Uzunkaya M, Senyurt SZ, Erciyas K. 2020. Effect of peri-implant disease on adropin levels: A cross-sectional pilot study. Eur J Ther 26(1):61-65.
50. Yoshinari M, Wakisaka M, Fujishima M. 1998. Serum leptin levels in smokers with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 21: 516-517.
51. Eliasson B, Smith U. 1999. Leptin levels in smokers and long-term users of nicotine gum. Eur J Clin Invest 29: 145-152.
52. Nicklas BJ, Tomoyasu N, Muir J, Goldberg AP. 1999. Effects of cigarette smoking and its cessation on body weight and plasma leptin levels. Metabolism 48: 804-808.
53. Wright JL, Tai H, Churg A. 2004. Cigarette smoke induces persisting increases of vasoactive mediators in pulmonary arteries. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 31(5):501–509.
54. Bozkurt E, Emek A, Erol MK, Açıkel M, Altuntaş İ, Ateşal S, Tekin SB. 2001. Sigara İçenlerde ve İçmeyenlerde Nitrik Oksit Seviyeleri. Türk Kardiyol Dern Arş 29:31–35.

Sigara ve Periodontitisin Dişeti Oluğu Sıvısındaki Adropin Düzeyine Etkisi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1, 56 - 65, 25.04.2025

Buket Özsoy , Kamile Erciyas

https://doi.org/10.22312/sdusbed.1537334

Öz

Amaç: En önemli çevresel risk faktörlerinden biri olan sigara, lokal ve sistemik etki göstererek periodontal hastalıkların patogenezinde ve gelişiminde rol oynamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, benzer etki mekanizmasına sahip endotel duvarında sigara içmenin ve periodontal hastalıkların neden olduğu disfonksiyonla yakından ilişkili olan diş eti oluğu sıvısındaki (DOS) adropin düzeylerini ölçmek ve karşılaştırmaktır.

Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu çalışmaya 40 periodontitis hastası (20 sigara içen ve 20 sigara içmeyen) ve 40 sağlıklı kontrol hastası (20 sigara içen ve 20 sigara içmeyen) olmak üzere toplam 80 kişi dahil edildi. Tüm katılımcıların klinik ölçümleri (plak indeksi, diş eti indeksi, klinik ataşman seviyesi, sondalama cep derinliği kaydedildi ve DOS örnekleri toplandı. Adropin düzeyini analiz etmek için enzime bağlı immünosorbent tahlili (ELISA) tekniği kullanıldı. Klinik ve biyokimyasal parametrelerin istatistiksel analizi Shapiro Wilk, Mann Whitney U, Kruskall Wallis ve Ki kare testi kullanılarak yapıldı.

Bulgular: Periodontitis, DOS adropin konsantrasyonları ve periodontal klinik indeks ortalamaları sağlıklı hastalara göre daha yüksekti (p<0.001). Periodontitisli sigara içenler (PS) ile sigara içmeyen periodontitisli (P) veya periodontal olarak sağlıklı olan sigara içenler (HS) ile periodontal olarak sağlıklı olan sigara içmeyenler (H) arasında DOS adropin konsantrasyonları açısından istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark yoktu.

Sonuçlar: Adropin, sigara içimine bakılmaksızın periodontit için potansiyel bir teşhis aracı olabilir. Ancak adropinin diğer medyatörlerle etkileşiminin anlaşılmasına yardımcı olmak için DOS'daki farklı biyokimyasal parametreleri araştıran çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Periodontitis, Sigara, Dişeti Oluğu Sıvısı, Adropin

Kaynakça

1. Kornman KS. 2008. Mapping the Pathogenesis of Periodontitis: A New Look. J Periodontol 79(8):1560–1568.
2. Genco RJ.1996. Current view of risk factors for periodontal diseases. J Periodontol 67(10):1041–1049.
3. Bergström J, Preber H.1994. Tobacco Use as a Risk Factor. J Periodontol 65:545–550.
4. Bartold PM. 2006. Periodontal tissues in health and disease: Introduction. Periodontol 2000 40(1):7–10.
5. Grossi SG, Skrepcinski FB, DeCaro T, Zambon JJ, Cummins D, Genco RJ. 1996. Response to periodontal therapy in diabetics and smokers. J Periodontol 67(10):1094–1102.
6. Tipton DA, Dabbous MK. 1995. Effects of Nicotine on Proliferation and Extracellular Matrix Production of Human Gingival Fibroblasts In Vitro. J Periodontol 66(12):1056–1064.
7. Erol N. 2007. Vasküler Endotelyal Büyüme Faktörü ve Anti-VEGF Ajanlar. Ret-Vit 15:35–40.
8. Ng YS, Krilleke D, Shima DT. 2006. VEGF function in vascular pathogenesis. Exp Cell Res 312(5):527–537.
9. Prapulla DV, Sujatha PB, Pradeep AR. 2007. Gingival Crevicular Fluid VEGF Levels in Periodontal Health and Disease. J Periodontol 78(9):1783–1787.
10. Michaud SÉ, Dussault S, Groleau J, Haddad P, Rivard A. 2006. Cigarette smoke exposure impairs VEGF-induced endothelial cell migration: Role of NO and reactive oxygen species. J Mol Cell Cardiol 41(2):275–284.
11. Kumar KG, Trevaskis JL, Lam DD, Sutton GM, Koza RA, Chouljenko VN, Kousoulas KG, Rogers PM, Kesterson RA, Thearle M, Ferrante AW. 2008. Identification of adropin as a secreted factor linking dietary macronutrient intake with energy homeostasis and lipid metabolism. Cell Metab Elsevier Inc 8(6):468–481.
12. Kumar KG, Zhang J, Gao S, Rossi J, McGuinness OP, Halem HH, Culler MD, Mynatt RL,Butler AA. 2012. Adropin deficiency is associated with increased adiposity and insulin resistance. Obesity Nature Publishing Group 20(7):1394–1402.
13. Lovren F, Pan Y, Quan A, Singh KK, Shukla PC, Gupta M, Al-Omran M, Teoh H, Verna S. 2010. Adropin is a novel regulator of endothelial function. Circulation 122(1):185-192.
14. Armitage GC. 1999. Development of a classification system for periodontal diseases and conditions. Ann Periodontol Dec;4(1):1-6. doi:10.1902/annals.1999.4.1.1.
15. Silness J, Löe H. 1964. Periodontal disease in pregnancy II. Correlation between oral hygiene and periodontal condition. Acta Odontol Scand 22(1):121- 135.
16. Löe H, Silness J. 1963. Periodontal disease in pregnancy I. Prevalence and severity. Acta Odontol Scand 21(6):533- 551.
17. Bernaards CM, Twisk JWR, Snel J, Van Mechelen W, Kemper HCG. 2001. Is calculating pack-years retrospectively a valid method to estimate life-time tobacco smoking? A comparison between prospectively calculated pack-years and retrospectively calculated pack-years. Addiction 96(11):1653–1661.
18. Brill N, Krasse BO. 1958. The Passage of Tissue Fluid into the Clinically Healthy Gingival Pocket. Acta Odontol. Scand. 16: 233–245.
19. Ismail AI, Burt BA, Edlund SA. 1983. Epidemiologic patterns of smoking and periodontal disease in the United States. J Am Dent Assoc 106(5):617-621.
20. Zambón JJ, Grossi SG, Machtei EE, Ho AW, Dunford RG, Genco RJ. 1996. Cigarette smoking increases the risk for subgingival infection with periodontal pathogens. J Periodontol 67(10):1050–1054.
21. Feldman RS, Bravacos JS, Rose CL. 1983. Association between smoking different tobacco products and periodontal disease indexes. J Periodontol 54(8):481–487.
22. Axelsson P, Paulander J, Lindhe J. 1998. Relationship between smoking and dental status in 35-, 50-, 65-, and 75-year-old individuals. J Clin Periodontol 25(4):297–305.
23. Calsina G, Ramón JM, Echeverría JJ. 2002. Effects of smoking on periodontal tissues. J Clin Periodontol 29(8):771–776.
24. Baumert Ah MK, Johnson GK, Kaldahl WB, Patil KD, Kalkwart KL. 1994. The effect of smoking on the response to periodontal therapy. J Clin Periodontol 21(2):91–97.
25. Turnbull B. 1995. Smoking and periodontal disease. A review. JNZ Soc Periodontol 79:10–15.
26. Bergström J. 1990. Oral hygiene compliance and gingivitis expression in cigarette smokers. Scand J Dent Res 98(6):497–503.
27. Boström L, Linder LE, Bergström J. 1999. Smoking and cervicular fluid levels of IL-6 and TNF- alpha in periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol 26(6):352–357.
28. Özçaka Ö, Nalbantsoy A, Köse T, Buduneli N. 2010. Plasma osteoprotegerin levels are decreased in smoker chronic periodontitis patients. Aust Dent J 55(4):405–410.
29. Boström L, Linder LE, Bergström J. 1998. Influence of smoking on the outcome of periodontal surgery. J Clin Periodontol 25:194–201.
30. Bergstrom J, Eliasson S, Preber H. 1991. Cigarette Smoking and Periodontal Bone Loss. J Periodontol 62:242–246.
31. Cuff MJ, McQuade MJ, Scheidt MJ, Sutherland DE, Van Dyke TE. 1989. The presence of nicotine on root surfaces of periodontally diseased teeth in smokers. J Periodontol 60(10):564–569.
32. Bergström J, Eliasson S. 1987. Noxious effect of cigarette smoking on periodontal health. J Periodontal Res 22(6):513–517.
33. Kinane DF, Radvar M. 1997. The effect of smoking on mechanical and antimicrobial periodontal therapy. J Periodontol 68(5):467–472.
34. Novak KF, Novak MJ. 2006. Smoking and Periodontal Disease. In: Newman MG, Takei HH, Klockkevold PR, Carranza FA (eds), Carranza's Clinical Periodontology, 10th edn. Saunders Elsevier, pp 251–258.
35. Butler AA, Tam CS, Stanhope KL, Wolfe BM, Ali MR, O’Keeffe M, St-Onge M, Ravussin E, Havel PJ. 2012. Low circulating adropin concentrations with obesity and aging correlate with risk factors for metabolic disease and increase after gastric bypass surgery in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97(10):3783–3791.
36. Celik E, Yilmaz E, Celik O, Ulas M, Turkcuoglu I, Karaer A, Simsek Y, Minareci Y, Aydin S. 2013. Maternal and fetal adropin levels in gestational diabetes mellitus. J Perinat Med 41(4):375–380.
37. Aydin S, Kuloglu T, Aydin S. 2013. Copeptin, adropin and irisin concentrations in breast milk and plasma of healthy women and those with gestational diabetes mellitus. Peptides Elsevier Inc 47:66–70.
38. Ishisaka A, Ansai T, Soh I, Inenaga K, Yoshida A, Shigeyama C, Awano S, Hamasaki T, Sonoki K, Takata Y, Takehara T. 2007. Association of salivary levels of cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone with periodontitis in older Japanese adults. J Periodontol 78:1767–1773.
39. Mealey BL, Moritz AJ. 2003. Hormonal influences: effects of diabetes mellitus and endogenous female sex steroid hormones on the periodontium. Periodontology 2000 32:59-81.
40. Zhu J, Guo B, Gan X, Zhang L, He Y, Liu B, Chen X, Zhang S. 2017. Association of circulating leptin and adiponectin with periodontitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health 17(1):1–14.
41. Nokhbehsaim M, Keser S, Nogueira AV, Cirelli JA, Jepsen S, Jäger A, Eick S, Deschner J. 2014. Beneficial effects of adiponectin on periodontal ligament cells under normal and regenerative conditions. J Diabetes Res. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/796565.
42. Faggioni R, Fantuzzi G, Fuller J, Dinarello CA, Feingold KR, Grunfeld C. 1998. IL-1 beta mediates leptin induction during inflammation. Am J Physiol 274:204-208.
43. Sarraf P, Frederich RC, Turner EM, Ma G, Jaskowiak NT, Rivet DJ 3rd, Flier JS, Lowell BB, Fraker DL, Alexander HR. 1997. Multiple cytokines and acute inflammation raise mouse leptin levels: Potential role in inflammatory anorexia. J Exp Med 185:171-175.
44. Carlson GL, Saeed M, Little RA, Irving MH. 1999. Serum leptin concentrations and their relation to metabolic abnormalities in human sepsis. Am J Physiol 276:658-662.
45. Hoppin AG, Kaplan LM, Zurakowski D, Leichtner AM, Bousvaros A. 1998. Serum leptin in children and young adults with inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 26: 500-505.
46. Evereklioglu C, Inalöz HS, Kirtak N, Doganay S, Bülbül M, Ozerol E, Er H, Ozbek E. 2002. Serum leptin concentration is increased in patients with Behcet’s syndrome and is correlated with disease activity. Br J Dermatol 147:331-336.
47. Johnson RB, Serio FG, Dai. 1999. Vascular endothelial growth factors and progression of periodontal diseases. J Periodontol 70(8):848–852.
48. Booth V, Young S, Cruchley A, Taichman NS, Paleolog E. 1998. Vascular endothelial growth factor in human periodontal disease. J Periodontal Res 33(8):491–499.
49. Gundogar H, Ozsoy B, Uzunkaya M, Senyurt SZ, Erciyas K. 2020. Effect of peri-implant disease on adropin levels: A cross-sectional pilot study. Eur J Ther 26(1):61-65.
50. Yoshinari M, Wakisaka M, Fujishima M. 1998. Serum leptin levels in smokers with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 21: 516-517.
51. Eliasson B, Smith U. 1999. Leptin levels in smokers and long-term users of nicotine gum. Eur J Clin Invest 29: 145-152.
52. Nicklas BJ, Tomoyasu N, Muir J, Goldberg AP. 1999. Effects of cigarette smoking and its cessation on body weight and plasma leptin levels. Metabolism 48: 804-808.
53. Wright JL, Tai H, Churg A. 2004. Cigarette smoke induces persisting increases of vasoactive mediators in pulmonary arteries. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 31(5):501–509.
54. Bozkurt E, Emek A, Erol MK, Açıkel M, Altuntaş İ, Ateşal S, Tekin SB. 2001. Sigara İçenlerde ve İçmeyenlerde Nitrik Oksit Seviyeleri. Türk Kardiyol Dern Arş 29:31–35.

Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	İngilizce
Konular	Periodontoloji
Bölüm	Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar	Buket Özsoy 0000-0001-6582-9299 Kamile Erciyas 0000-0001-9940-0423
Yayımlanma Tarihi	25 Nisan 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi	22 Ağustos 2024
Kabul Tarihi	11 Ekim 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2025 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver	Özsoy B, Erciyas K. Effect of Smoking and Periodontitis on Adropin Level in Gingival Crevicular Fluid. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2025;16(1):56-65.

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