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Exploring the Relationship Between Intercultural Sensitivity, Intercultural Communication Apprehension, and Perceived Stress Among Cabin Crew

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 1, 163 - 179, 30.04.2025

Arif Tuncal

https://doi.org/10.29249/selcuksbmyd.1613786

Öz

Intercultural sensitivity, communication apprehension, and perceived stress are critical factors for cabin crew, given their ongoing interaction with culturally diverse passengers. The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between intercultural sensitivity, communication apprehension, and perceived stress among cabin crew. Data were collected from 405 cabin crew members in Türkiye using a survey method and an online questionnaire. The questionnaire included a demographic form as well as the intercultural communication apprehension scale, intercultural sensitivity scale, and perceived stress scale. The findings indicated that cabin crew demonstrated a high level of intercultural sensitivity (=4.1466) while exhibiting low levels of perceived stress (=2.1262) and communication apprehension (=1.7146). Among the demographic variables examined, only gender was found to impact stress and communication apprehension significantly. Furthermore, the effects of intercultural sensitivity on stress (β= -0.264) and communication apprehension (β= -0.789) were confirmed. Additionally, perceived stress was found to mediate the relationship between intercultural sensitivity and communication apprehension (95% BCA CI [-.079, -.023]). Training programs designed to enhance intercultural sensitivity and reduce stress should be implemented for cabin crew, considering the direct role of sensitivity in reducing communication apprehension and the mediating role of stress.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Aviation Cabin Crew Intercultural Sensitivity Intercultural Communication Apprehension Perceived Stress

Kaynakça

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  • Ata, F. (2019). The Relationship Between Intercultural Communication Anxiety and Socio-Cultural Adaptation and Life Satisfaction: The Case of Hatay Mustafa Kemal University. Selçuk İletişim, 12(2), 708-735.
  • Ay, E., Kavuran, E., & Turkoglu, N. (2018). Intercultural communication apprehension scale (PRICA): Validity and reliability study in Turkish. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 11(3), 1638–1646.
  • Bangasser, D., Eck, S., & Sanchez, O. (2018). Sex differences in stress reactivity in arousal and attention systems. Neuropsychopharmacology, 44, 129-139.
  • Başçı, Y. (2019). A Study on the Role of Cultural Intelligence in Managing Cultural Differences: Research on Airline Cabin Crew (Unpublished Master's Thesis). Marmara University, Institute of Social Sciences, İstanbul.
  • Bennett, M. J. (1986). A developmental approach to training for intercultural sensitivity. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 10, 179-196.
  • Bennett, M. J. (1998). Intercultural Communication. A Current Perspective. In Milton J. Bennett (Ed.), Basic concepts of intercultural communication: Selected readings. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.
  • Bennett, S. A. (2003). Flight crew stress and fatigue in low-cost commercial air operations-an appraisal. International Journal of Risk Assessment and Management, 4(2-3), 207-231.
  • Berger, C. R., & Calabrese, R. J. (1975). Some explorations in initial interaction and beyond: Toward a developmental theory of interpersonal communication. Human Communication Research, 1, 99-112.
  • Bilge, A., Öğce, F., Genç, R. E., & Oran, N. T. (2009). Psychometric Suitability of the Turkish Version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Ege University School of Nursing Journal, 2(25), 61-72.
  • Chen, C. F., & Chen, S. C. (2012). Burnout and work engagement among cabin crew: Antecedents and consequences. The International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 22(1), 41-58.
  • Chen, F. Y., & Chang, Y. H. (2005). Examining airline service quality from a process perspective. Journal of Air Transport Management, 11(2), 79-87.
  • Chen, G. M. (2010). The impact of intercultural sensitivity on ethnocentrism and intercultural communication apprehension. Intercultural Communication Studies, 19(1), 1-9.
  • Chen, G. M., & Starosta, W. J. (1997). A review of the concept of intercultural sensitivity. Human Communication, 1, 1-16.
  • Chen, G. M., & Starosta, W. J. (2000). The development and validation of the Intercultural Sensitivity Scale. Human Communication, 3, 3–14.
  • Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385-396.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
  • Çeken, S., & Unsal, P. (2023). Cabin crew members’ silence: A qualitative study with cabin attendants. International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace, 10(3), 1-19.
  • Deardorff, D. K. (2006). Identification and assessment of intercultural competence as a student outcome of internationalization. Journal of Studies in International Education, 10(3), 241-266.
  • Defares, P., Brandjes, M., Nass, C., & Van Der Ploeg, J. (1984). Coping styles and vulnerability of women at work in residential settings. Ergonomics, 27(5), 527-545.
  • Directorate General of Civil Aviation. (2023). Activity Report 2023 of the Directorate General of Civil Aviation. Ankara: DGCA Publications. https://web.shgm.gov.tr/documents/sivilhavacilik/files/kurumsal/faaliyet/2023.pdf (Accessed date 01.01.2025).
  • Dong, Y. (2018). The impact of English language study on intercultural sensitivity, ethnocentrism, and intercultural communication apprehension among Chinese students. Master of Arts in Communication. Paper 3.
  • Elwezza, M. M., Elbadry, M., & Talaat, N. (2020). The Impact of Cabin Crew Work Stress on Costs. Journal of the Faculty of Tourism and Hotels-University of Sadat City, 4(2/2), 81-93.
  • Fantini, A. E. (2009). Assessing intercultural competence. The SAGE handbook of intercultural competence, 456-476.
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Kabin Ekiplerinde Kültürlerarası Duyarlılık, Kültürlerarası İletişim Kaygısı ve Algılanan Stres Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 1, 163 - 179, 30.04.2025

Arif Tuncal

https://doi.org/10.29249/selcuksbmyd.1613786

Öz

Uluslararası uçuşlarda farklı kültürlerden yolcularla sürekli iletişim halinde olduklarından kültürlerarası duyarlılık, kültürlerarası iletişim kaygısı ve algılanan stres kabin ekipleri için önemli faktörlerdir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, kabin ekiplerinde kültürlerarası duyarlılık, iletişim kaygısı ve algılanan stres arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesidir. Bu çalışmada, tarama yöntemi kullanılarak ve çevrimiçi anket aracılığıyla Türkiye’de görev yapan 405 kabin memurundan veri toplanmıştır. Ankette demografik bilgi formu ile birlikte kültürlerarası iletişim kaygısı, kültürlerarası duyarlılık ve algılanan stres ölçekleri yer almıştır. Bulgular, kabin ekiplerinin yüksek düzeyde kültürlerarası duyarlılık (=4.1466) sergilerken düşük düzeyde stres algısına (=2.1262) ve iletişim kaygısına (=1.7146) sahip olduğunu; bununla birlikte, yalnızca cinsiyet değişkeninin stres ve kültürlerarası iletişim kaygısında anlamlı bir farklılığa yol açtığını göstermiştir. Ayrıca, kültürlerarası duyarlılığın stres (β = -0.264) ve iletişim kaygısına (β = -0.789) etkisi doğrulanmıştır. Algılanan stresin, kültürlerarası duyarlılık ile iletişim kaygısı arasındaki ilişkide aracı bir rol oynadığı tespit edilmiştir (95% BCA CI [-.079, -.023]). Kabin ekipleri için kültürlerarası duyarlılığı artırmaya yönelik eğitimler ve stresi minimize etmeye yönelik programlar, duyarlılığın iletişim kaygısını azaltmadaki doğrudan rolü ile stresin aracı rolü göz önünde bulundurularak uygulanmalıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Havacılık Kabin Ekibi Kültürlerarası Duyarlılık Kültürlerarası İletişim Kaygısı Algılanan Stres

Kaynakça

  • Albrecht, K. (1992). The only thing that matters: Bringing the power of the customer into the center of your business. New York: HaperBusiness.
  • Alıcı, N. K. (2021). Cultural sensitivity and attitudes towards refugees of Turkish nursing students: A cross sectional descriptive study. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 80, 1-6.
  • Ata, F. (2019). The Relationship Between Intercultural Communication Anxiety and Socio-Cultural Adaptation and Life Satisfaction: The Case of Hatay Mustafa Kemal University. Selçuk İletişim, 12(2), 708-735.
  • Ay, E., Kavuran, E., & Turkoglu, N. (2018). Intercultural communication apprehension scale (PRICA): Validity and reliability study in Turkish. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 11(3), 1638–1646.
  • Bangasser, D., Eck, S., & Sanchez, O. (2018). Sex differences in stress reactivity in arousal and attention systems. Neuropsychopharmacology, 44, 129-139.
  • Başçı, Y. (2019). A Study on the Role of Cultural Intelligence in Managing Cultural Differences: Research on Airline Cabin Crew (Unpublished Master's Thesis). Marmara University, Institute of Social Sciences, İstanbul.
  • Bennett, M. J. (1986). A developmental approach to training for intercultural sensitivity. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 10, 179-196.
  • Bennett, M. J. (1998). Intercultural Communication. A Current Perspective. In Milton J. Bennett (Ed.), Basic concepts of intercultural communication: Selected readings. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.
  • Bennett, S. A. (2003). Flight crew stress and fatigue in low-cost commercial air operations-an appraisal. International Journal of Risk Assessment and Management, 4(2-3), 207-231.
  • Berger, C. R., & Calabrese, R. J. (1975). Some explorations in initial interaction and beyond: Toward a developmental theory of interpersonal communication. Human Communication Research, 1, 99-112.
  • Bilge, A., Öğce, F., Genç, R. E., & Oran, N. T. (2009). Psychometric Suitability of the Turkish Version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Ege University School of Nursing Journal, 2(25), 61-72.
  • Chen, C. F., & Chen, S. C. (2012). Burnout and work engagement among cabin crew: Antecedents and consequences. The International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 22(1), 41-58.
  • Chen, F. Y., & Chang, Y. H. (2005). Examining airline service quality from a process perspective. Journal of Air Transport Management, 11(2), 79-87.
  • Chen, G. M. (2010). The impact of intercultural sensitivity on ethnocentrism and intercultural communication apprehension. Intercultural Communication Studies, 19(1), 1-9.
  • Chen, G. M., & Starosta, W. J. (1997). A review of the concept of intercultural sensitivity. Human Communication, 1, 1-16.
  • Chen, G. M., & Starosta, W. J. (2000). The development and validation of the Intercultural Sensitivity Scale. Human Communication, 3, 3–14.
  • Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385-396.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
  • Çeken, S., & Unsal, P. (2023). Cabin crew members’ silence: A qualitative study with cabin attendants. International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace, 10(3), 1-19.
  • Deardorff, D. K. (2006). Identification and assessment of intercultural competence as a student outcome of internationalization. Journal of Studies in International Education, 10(3), 241-266.
  • Defares, P., Brandjes, M., Nass, C., & Van Der Ploeg, J. (1984). Coping styles and vulnerability of women at work in residential settings. Ergonomics, 27(5), 527-545.
  • Directorate General of Civil Aviation. (2023). Activity Report 2023 of the Directorate General of Civil Aviation. Ankara: DGCA Publications. https://web.shgm.gov.tr/documents/sivilhavacilik/files/kurumsal/faaliyet/2023.pdf (Accessed date 01.01.2025).
  • Dong, Y. (2018). The impact of English language study on intercultural sensitivity, ethnocentrism, and intercultural communication apprehension among Chinese students. Master of Arts in Communication. Paper 3.
  • Elwezza, M. M., Elbadry, M., & Talaat, N. (2020). The Impact of Cabin Crew Work Stress on Costs. Journal of the Faculty of Tourism and Hotels-University of Sadat City, 4(2/2), 81-93.
  • Fantini, A. E. (2009). Assessing intercultural competence. The SAGE handbook of intercultural competence, 456-476.
  • Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 175-191.
  • Field, A. (2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (5th ed.). SAGE Publications.
  • Friedman, R. A., Tidd, S. T., Currall, S. C., & Tsai, J. C. (2000). What goes around comes around: The impact of personal conflict style on work conflict and stress. International Journal of Conflict Management, 11(1), 32–55.
  • Goleman, D. P. (1995). Emotional intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQ for character, health and lifelong achievement. New York: Bantam Books.
  • Graf, A. (2004). Screening and training intercultural competencies: Evaluating the impact of national culture on intercultural competencies. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 15(6), 1124-1148.
  • Griffiths, R., & Powell, D. (2012). The Occupational Health and Safety of Flight Attendants. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 83, 514-521.
  • Gudykunst, W. B. (1993). Toward a theory of effective interpersonal and intergroup communication: An anxiety/uncertainty management (AUM) perspective.
  • Gudykunst, W. B. (1995). Anxiety/uncertainty management (AUM) theory. In R. L. Wiseman (Ed.), Intercultural communication theory (pp. 8-58). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
  • Gudykunst, W. B. (2005). Theories of intercultural communication. China Media Research, 1, 61-75.
  • Gudykunst, W. B., & Nishida, T. (2001). Anxiety, uncertainty, and perceived effectiveness of communication across relationships and cultures. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 25, 55-72.
  • Hammer, M. R. (2009). Solving problems in intercultural communication. Handbook of Intercultural Competence, 451–455. SAGE Publications.
  • Hammer, M. R., Bennett, M. J., & Wiseman, R. (2003). Measuring intercultural sensitivity: The intercultural development inventory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27(4), 421-443.
  • Hayes, A. F. (2022). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Third Edition. New York, The Guilford Press.
  • Heracleous, L., & Wirtz, J. (2010). Singapore Airlines’ balancing act. Harvard Business Review, 88(7/8), 145-149.
  • Hirokawa, K., Yagi, A., & Miyata, Y. (2008). Effects of Communication Skills on Stress Responses While Speaking Japanese and English. Psychological Reports, 103, 10-13.
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  • Ilie, O. A. (2019). The intercultural competence. Developing effective intercultural communication skills. Paper presented at the International Conference Knowledge-based Organization.
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  • James, M. (2008). Interculturalism: Theory and policy. The Baring Foundation.
  • Johnson, J., Lenartowicz, T., & Apud, S. (2006). Cross-Cultural Competence In International Business: Toward A Definition and A Model. Journal of International Business Studies, 37, 525–543.
  • Karatepe, O. M., & Uludag, O. (2008). Role stress, burnout and their effects on frontline hotel employees' job performance: evidence from Northern Cyprus. International Journal of Tourism Research, 10(2), 111-126.
  • Kartarı, A. (2016). Culture, Diversity, and Communication: Conceptual Foundations of Intercultural Communication. İstanbul: İletişim Publishing.
  • Kassing, J. W. (1997). Development of the intercultural willingness to communicate scale. Communication Research Reports, 14(4), 399-407.
  • Kelly, M. M., Tyrka, A. R., Anderson, G. M., Price, L. H., & Carpenter, L. L. (2008). Sex differences in emotional and physiological responses to the Trier Social Stress Test. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 39(1), 87-94.
  • Kim, S., & Prideaux, B. (2003). A Cross-cultural Study of Airline Passengers. Annals of Tourism Research, 30, 489-492.
  • Kumari, P., & Aithal, P. S. (2022). A study of stress in cabin crew members of the aviation industry. Asian Journal of Management and Commerce, 3(1), 9-11.
  • Lahti, T., Terttunen, J., Leppämäki, S., Lönnqvist, J., & Partonen, T. (2007). Field trial of timed bright light exposure for jet lag among airline cabin crew. International Journal of Circumpolar Health, 66(4), 365-369.
  • Lee, H. E. (2015). Does a server's attentiveness matter? Understanding intercultural service encounters in restaurants. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 50, 134-144.
  • Lin, Y., & Rancer, A. S. (2003). Ethnocentrism, intercultural communication apprehension, intercultural willingness-to-communicate, and intentions to participate in an intercultural dialogue program: Testing a proposed model. Communication Research Reports, 20(1), 62-72.
  • Lu, W., & Wan, J. (2012). On Treating intercultural communication anxiety of international students in China. World Journal of Education, 2(1), 55-61.
  • MacDonald, L. A., Deddens, J. A., Grajewski, B. A., Whelan, E. A., & Hurrell, J. J. (2003). Job stress among female flight attendants. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 45(7), 703-714.
  • MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., & Williams, J. (2004). Confidence limits for the indirect effect: Distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(1), 99-128.
  • Mao, Y., & Hale, C. L. (2015). Relating intercultural communication sensitivity to conflict management styles, technology use, and organizational communication satisfaction in multinational organizations in China. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 44(2), 132-150.
  • Marshall, G. (2015). A Dictionary of Sociology. Oxford University Press.
  • Martin, J. N., & Nakayama, T. K. (2010). Intercultural communication in contexts. McGraw-Hill.
  • Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P. (1997). The truth about burnout: How organizations cause personal stress and what to do about it. Jossey-Bass/Wiley.
  • Matud, M. (2004). Gender differences in stress and coping styles. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 1401-1415.
  • Mayor, E. (2015). Gender roles and traits in stress and health. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1-7.
  • McCroskey, J. C., & Richmond, V. P. (1987). Willingness to communicate. In J. McCroskey & J. A. Daly (Eds.), Personality and interpersonal communication (Vol. 6, pp. 129-156). Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications.
  • McCroskey, J. C., & Richmond, V. P. (1991). Willingness to communicate: A cognitive view. In M. Booth-Butterfield (Ed.), Communication, cognition, and anxiety (pp. 19-37). Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications.
  • McLean, C. P., Asnaani, A., Litz, B. T., & Hofmann, S. G. (2011). Gender differences in anxiety disorders: prevalence, course of illness, comorbidity and burden of illness. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45(8), 1027-1035.
  • Milhouse, V. (1996). Intercultural communication education and training goals, content, and methods. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20, 69-95.
  • Muchinsky, P. M. (2000). Psychology Applied to Work: An Introduction to Industrial and Organizational Psychology (Sixth edition). Belmont, California, U.S.: Wadsworth Publishing.
  • Nanakorn, S. (2011). Intercultural communication competence among Thai Airways cabin crew (No. 119928). Thammasat University.
  • Neuliep, J. W., & McCroskey, J. C. (1997). The Development of intercultural and interethnic communication apprehension scales. Communication Research Reports, 14(2), 145-156.
  • Neuliep, J. W., & Ryan, D. J. (1998). The influence of intercultural communication apprehension and sociocommunicative orientation on uncertainty reduction during initial cross-cultural interaction. Communication Quarterly, 46(1), 88-99.
  • Olson, C. L., & Kroeger, K. R. (2001). Global competency and intercultural sensitivity. Journal of Studies in International Education, 5(2), 116-137.
  • Paige, R. M., & Goode, M. L. (2009). Cultural Mentoring. The SAGE Handbook of Intercultural Competence (pp. 333).
  • Rosen, R., Digh, P., Singer, M., & Phillips, C. (2000). Global literacies: Lessons on business leadership and national cultures. New York: Simon & Schuster.
  • Selçuk, A. (2005). Everyday Communication Behaviors in Terms of Intercultural Communication. Selçuk University Journal of Institute of Social Sciences, 13, 1-17.
  • Semchuchot, N., Soontornnaruerangsee, W., & Bodhisuwan, W. (2021). Thai flight attendants’ intercultural sensitivity and topics in intercultural communication with Muslim passengers. LEARN Journal: Language Education and Acquisition Research Network, 14(1), 87-117.
  • Soria, K. M., & Troisi, J. (2014). Internationalization at home alternatives to study abroad: Implications for students’ development of global, international, and intercultural competencies. Journal of Studies in International Education, 18(3), 261-280.
  • Spector, P. (2019). Do Not Cross Me: Optimizing the Use of Cross-Sectional Designs. Journal of Business and Psychology, 34, 125-137.
  • Spencer-Rodgers, J., & McGovern, T. (2002). Attitudes toward the culturally different: The role of intercultural communication barriers, affective responses, consensual stereotypes, and perceived threat. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 26, 609-631.
  • Spitzberg, B. H., & Changnon, G. (2009). Conceptualizing intercultural competence. In D. K. Deardorff (Ed.), The SAGE Handbook of Intercultural Competence (pp. 2–52). SAGE Publications.
  • Sue, D. W. (1981). Counseling the culturally different: Theory and practice. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
  • Sue, V. M., & Ritter, L. A. (2012). Conducting online surveys (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications.
  • Sultan, F., & Simpson Jr, M. C. (2000). International service variants: Airline passenger expectations and perceptions of service quality. Journal of Services Marketing, 14(3), 188-216.
  • Suthatorn, P., & Charoensukmongkol, P. (2018). Cultural intelligence and airline cabin crews members' anxiety: The mediating roles of intercultural communication competence and service attentiveness. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 17(4), 423-444.
  • Thomas, D. C. (2006). Domain and Development of Cultural Intelligence: The Importance of Mindfulness. Group & Organization Management, 31(1), 78–99.
  • Ting-Toomey, S., & Chung, L. C. (2005). Understanding intercultural communication. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Tominaga, J., Gudykunst, W. B., & Ota, H. (2003). Perceptions of effective communication in the United States and Japan. Paper presented at the International Communication Association Conference, San Diego, California.
  • Türkoğlu, N., Kavuran, E., & Ay, E. (2022). Validity and Reliability Study of the Intercultural Communication Apprehension Scale: A Scale Revision [Conference Presentation]. 6th National 3rd International Intercultural Nursing Congress, Online Conference.
  • Ulrey, K. L., & Amason, P. (2001). Intercultural communication between patients and health care providers: An exploration of intercultural communication effectiveness, cultural sensitivity, stress, and anxiety. Journal of Health Communication, 13(4), 449-463.
  • Üstün, E. (2011). Factors Affecting Pre-service Teachers' Intercultural Sensitivity and Ethnocentrism Levels (Unpublished Master's Thesis). Yıldız Technical University, Institute of Social Sciences, İstanbul.
  • Wang, E. S. T., Tsai, B. K., Chen, T. L., & Chang, S. C. (2012). The influence of emotions displayed and personal selling on customer behaviour intention. The Service Industries Journal, 32(3), 353-366.
  • Warren, T. L. (2017). Cross-Cultural Communication: Perspectives in Theory and Practice. Oxon: Routledge.
  • Wattanavorakijkul, N. (2020). Measuring Intercultural Sensitivity of Thai University Students: Impact of Their Participation in the US Summer Work Travel Program. REFLections, 27(1), 81-102.
  • Wirtz, J., & Johnston, R. (2003). Singapore Airlines: What it takes to sustain service excellence–a senior management perspective. Managing Service Quality: An International Journal, 13(1), 10-19.
  • Wirtz, J., & Lovelock, C. (2016). Services Marketing: People, Technology, Strategy (8th ed.). World Scientific Publishing Co. Inc.
  • Xiaoyan, W., Zainudin, S. S. S., & Yaakup, H. S. (2024). Intercultural Communication Competence Among Higher Education International Students: A Systematic Literature Review. Migration Letters, 21(4), 712-725.
  • Yenphech, C., Phoowong, S., Som-In, S., Pongpuehee, S., Amatiratna, J., & Intanoo, K. (2022). Exploring EFL Learners’ Intercultural Sensitivity and Communication Apprehension. World, 12(6), 147-154.
Toplam 98 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Örgütsel Davranış
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Arif Tuncal 0000-0003-4343-6261

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 10 Ocak 2025
Kabul Tarihi 7 Nisan 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 28 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Tuncal, A. (2025). Exploring the Relationship Between Intercultural Sensitivity, Intercultural Communication Apprehension, and Perceived Stress Among Cabin Crew. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 28(1), 163-179. https://doi.org/10.29249/selcuksbmyd.1613786
 Kapak Resmi İndir

Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.