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Bireysel Emeklilik Sistemi ve Türkiye’deki Mevcut Duruma Dair Bir İnceleme

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 207 - 224, 13.11.2024

Abdüsselam Sağın

Öz

Bu çalışma, tasarrufun bireysel ve toplumsal düzeydeki kritik etkilerini analiz ederek özellikle gelişmekte olan ekonomilerdeki sermaye birikiminin ve yurtiçi yatırımların finansmanı için önemini vurgular. Finans piyasasının gelişmesi ile çeşitlenen finansal araçlar, bireylerin tasarruf yapabilme imkanını arttırmaktadır. Bireysel Emeklilik Sistemi (BES) de Türkiye’de son yıllarda önemli bir yatırım aracı olarak finans piyasalarda öne çıkmaktadır. Çalışma, BES’in bireysel faydalarını, emeklilik döneminde gelir güvenliği sağlaması, tüketim düzleştirmesi yapma olanağı sunması ve vergi avantajları ile tasarruf motivasyonunu güçlendirmesi açısından ele alır. BES, bireylerin finansal disiplinini geliştirerek uzun vadeli tasarruf alışkanlıklarını pekiştirir. Toplumsal düzeyde ise BES, Türkiye’de sermaye birikimini destekler, sermaye piyasalarının derinleşmesine katkıda bulunur ve sosyal güvenlik sistemi üzerindeki yükü azaltır. BES’in, yaşlanan nüfus yapısına sahip toplumlar için özellikle önemli bir güvenlik ağı sunduğu da belirtilmelidir. Yaşlı bireylerin emeklilik döneminde yaşam kalitesini sürdürmelerine destek olan bu sistem, kamu emeklilik sistemlerine duyulan ihtiyacı azaltarak bireylerin ek gelir elde etmesine de olanak sağlar. Araştırmalar, güvenilir bir gelir kaynağına sahip olmanın yaşlılar arasında kaygıyı azalttığını, yaşam memnuniyetini artırdığını ve sosyal katılımı desteklediğini ortaya koymaktadır. BES, yaşlı bireylerin onurlu ve tatmin edici bir yaşam sürebilmesine katkı sağlayarak hem finansal güvenliği hem de sosyal uyumu artırır. Bu özellikleriyle BES, toplumların demografik değişimlere uyum sağlamasında önemli bir rol oynar ve gelecekteki yaşlı nüfusa yönelik sürdürülebilir çözümler sunar.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Finansal piyasalar Tasarruf Bireysel emeklilik sistemi Türkiye ekonomisi

Kaynakça

  • Ando, A., & Modigliani, F. (1963). The “life cycle” hypothesis of saving: Aggregate implications and tests. In F. Modigliani (Ed.), The Collected Papers of Franco Modigliani (V 6, pp. 55-84). The MIT Press. google scholar
  • Andreou, M., & Pashardes, P. (2005). Income inequality, poverty and the impact of the pension reform. Cyprus Economic Policy Review, 3(2), 41-55. google scholar
  • Apak, S., & Taşçıyan, K. H. (2010). Türkiye’de bireysel emeklilik sisteminin gelişimi. Ekonomi Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2), 121-129. google scholar
  • Bikker, J. A., Broeders, D. W. G. A., Hollanders, D. A., & Ponds, E. H. M. (2012). Pension funds’ asset allocation and participant age: A test of the life-cycle model. Journal of Risk and Insurance, 79(3), 595-618. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6975.2011.01435.x google scholar
  • Bret Jr., W. N. (1960). The tax advantage of trusteed pension funds. 9 Proceedings of the Annual Tulane Tax Institute, 305. google scholar
  • Broeders, D., Hollanders, D., Ponds, E. H., & Bikker, J. A. (2009). Pension funds’ asset allocation andparticipant age: A test of the life-cycle model (Discussion Paper 09/2009-032) https://papers. ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1508377 google scholar
  • Chen, A. H., & Reichenstein, W. (1992). Taxes and pension fund asset allocation. Journal of Portfolio Management, 18(4), 24. google scholar
  • Chen, T., & Turner, J. (2021). China’s development of a multi-tier pension system. International Social Security Review, 74(1), 35-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/issr.12256 google scholar
  • Cuccia, A. D., Doxey, M. M., & Stinson, S. R. (2022). The impact of tax incentive structure on taxpayers’ retirement savings decisions. Journal of the American Taxation Association, 44(1), 23-47. https://doi.org/10.2308/JATA-2020-001 google scholar
  • Danquah, V. (2019). The effect of pension funds on emerging economy of Ghana: A case of social security and national insurance trust (SSNIT). Texila International Journal of Management, 5(2), 66-76. https://doi.org/10.21522/tijmg.2015.05.02.art008 google scholar
  • Deng, B. (2023). Pension’s impact on the subjective well-being of retirees. Journal of Education Humanities and Social Sciences, 24, 366-371. https://doi.org/10.54097/3fa95k40 google scholar
  • Docquier, F., & Paddison, O. (2000). Growth and equality effects of pension plans (CORE Discussion Papers, 2000/36). Üniversite Catholique de Louvain Center for Operations Research. http://hdl. handle.net/2078.1/4125 google scholar
  • Emeklilik Gözetim Merkezi. (2024). Bireysel emeklilik nedir? https://www.egm.org.tr/bireysel-emeklilik/bireysel-emeklilik-nedir/ google scholar
  • Enache, C., Miloş, L. R., & Miloş, M. C. (2015). Pension reform and capital market development in Central and Eastern European countries. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istrazivanja, 28(1), 75-84. google scholar
  • Feldstein, M. (1976). Social security and saving: The extended life cycle theory. The American Economic Review, 66(2), 77-86. google scholar
  • Goudswaard, K., Vliet, O. V., Been, J., & Caminada, K. (2012). Pensions and income inequality in old age (CESifo DICE Report 4/2012). https://www.ifo.de/DocDL/dicereport412-forum4.pdf google scholar
  • Guerineau, S., & Sawadogo, R. (2015). On the determinants of life insurance development in Sub-Saharan Africa: The role of the institutions quality in the effect of economic development (Etudes et Documents, n°19, CERDI). http://cerdi.org/production/show/id/1717/type_production_id/1 google scholar
  • Guo, J., Li, W., & Wen-hao, L. (2023). Community construction and development path analysis of ecological environment-friendly elderly care service. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2023, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/1982767 google scholar
  • Guo, Y., Cui, M., & Chang, L. (2022). Analyzing the heterogeneous impact of rural social pension on elderly people’s health in China from the perspective of collectivist household decision-making. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2295794/v1 google scholar
  • Gürbüz, O., & Ekinci, S. (2003). Bireysel emeklilik sistemi ve sermaye piyasalarında beklenen etkiler. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 18(1), 205-228. google scholar
  • Han, J., Zhang, X., & Meng, Y. (2020). The impact of old-age pensions on the happiness level of elderly people - Evidence from China. Ageing and Society, 42(5), 1079-1099. https://doi. org/10.1017/s0144686x20001452 google scholar
  • History of Social Security in Switzerland. (2024). Pension funds. https://www.historyofsocialsecurity. ch/institutions/insurance-funds/pension-funds google scholar
  • Hodzic, S., Dumancic, L., & Becic, E. (2019). Financial stability of pension system in the European Union member states. https://doi.org/10.20472/iac.2019.052.026 google scholar
  • Hung, L., Kempen, G., & Vries, N. (2010). Cross-cultural comparison between academic and lay views of healthy ageing: A literatüre review. Ageing andSociety, 30(8), 1373-1391. https://doi. org/10.1017/s0144686x10000589 google scholar
  • Hyde, M., & Dixon, J. (2009). A jüst retirement pension system: Beyond neoliberalism. Poverty & Public Policy, 1(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.2202/1944-2858.1000 google scholar
  • Kabataş, Y., & Gülay, A. (2022). Devlet katkısı üygülamasının Türkiye bireysel emeklilik sistemi üzerindeki etkisi. Öneri Dergisi, 17(58), Article 58. https://doi.org/10.14783/marüoneri.1103122 google scholar
  • Kaüshal, N. (2013). How püblic pension affects elderly labor süpply and well-being: Evidence from India. https://doi.org/10.3386/w19088 google scholar
  • Kiloğlü, M. (2007). Türk sosyal güvenlik sistemi içinde bireysel emeklilik sisteminin yapısı ve işlevi (Yüksek lisans tezi, Doküz Eylül Üniversitesi, İzmir). https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlüsalTezMerkezi/ google scholar Koval, N., Priamühina, N., & Zhmürko, I. (2020). Analysis of economic-financial experience of the world coüntries in the system of pension insürance. Baltic Journal of Economic Studies, 6(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2020-6-1-1-8 google scholar
  • Macünlüoğlü, Ö. U. (2021). Bireysel emeklilik sisteminin yürt içi tasarrüflar üzerindeki etkisi: Türkiye örneği. Haliç Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4(2), 215-241. google scholar
  • Marcinkiewicz, E., & Chybalski, F. (2022). Is there a trade-off between housing and pension system generosity? Empirical evidence from the Lüxemboürg Wealth Stüdy. Social Policy and Administration, 57(3), 349-366. https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12865 google scholar
  • Murray, R. F. (1952). Investment aspects of the accumulation of pension funds. The Journal of Finance, 7(2), 252-259. google scholar
  • Narayana, M. (2019). Old age pension scheme in India: Distributional impacts. South Asia Research, 39(2), 143-165. https://doi.org/10.1177/0262728019842016 google scholar
  • Nyqvist, A. (2015). Insecurity in an orange envelope: National pension system reform in Sweden. Polar Political and Legal Anthropology Review, 38(2), 265-278. https://doi.org/10.1111/plar.12110 google scholar
  • Oktayer, N., & Oktayer, A. (2007). Özel emeklilik fonlarının finansal piyasaların gelişimine etkileri. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(2), 55-80. google scholar
  • Önder, F., & Karabulut, T. (2017). Bireysel emeklilik sisteminin finansal derinleşmeye etkisinin ekonometrik analizi. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(2), 237-256. google scholar
  • Özbek, A. (2020). Tasarruf davranışına alternatif olan bireysel emeklilik sistemi üzerinde finansal okuryazarlığın etkisi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 11(28), 655-664. google scholar
  • Pension Access. (2023, Şubat 22). The Pension Timeline—The history of pensions. https:// pensionaccess.co.uk/the-pension-timeline/ google scholar
  • Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation. (2023). History of PBGC. https://www.pbgc.gov/about/ who-we-are/pg/history-of-pbgc google scholar
  • Quinn, J., & Cahill, K. (2016). The new world of retirement income security in America. American Psychologist, 71(4), 321-333. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0040276 google scholar
  • Reshetnikova, L., Boldyreva, N., Perevalova, M., Kalayda, S., & Pisarenko, Z. (2021). Conditions for the growth of the “silver economy” in the context of sustainable development goals: Peculiarities of Russia. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 14(9), 401. https://doi.org/10.3390/ jrfm14090401 google scholar
  • Sasaki, I., Kondo, K., Kondo, N., Aida, J., Kusumi, T., Sueishi, N., ... & Imanaka, Y (2018). Are pension types associated with happiness in Japanese older people? JAGES cross-sectional study. Plos One, 13(5), e0197423. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197423 google scholar
  • Şener, O., & Akın, F. (2010). Özel emeklilik fonları ve Türkiye’de bireylerin bireysel emeklilik sistemine giriş kararlarını etkileyen faktörlerin belirlenmesi üzerine bir araştırma. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 29(2), 291-321. google scholar
  • Shcherbyna, V. (2023). European experience in the field of pension provision. Intereulaweast Journal for the International and European Law Economics and Market Integrations, 10(1), 241263. https://doi.org/10.22598/iele.2023.10.1.13 google scholar
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A Review of the Private Pension System and the Current Situation in Türkiye

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 207 - 224, 13.11.2024

Abdüsselam Sağın

Öz

This study examines the central role of saving at the individual and societal levels, underscoring its importance for capital accumulation and domestic investment, particularly in developing countries. This study examines the individual benefits of the Private Pension System in terms of providing income security in retirement, smoothing consumption, and increasing the incentive to save through tax benefits. The Private Pension System serves to strengthen long-term saving habits and thus financial discipline among individuals. From a societal perspective, the Private Pension System plays a key role in capital accumulation in Türkiye, promoting the deepening of capital markets and reducing the burden on the social security system. It is also important to note that the PPS provides a crucial safety net for societies with aging populations. Evidence suggests that a reliable source of income has a positive impact on the mental well-being of older people, leading to greater life satisfaction and social participation. PPS contributes to a dignified and satisfying life for the elderly, increasing both financial security and social harmony. With these features, PPS plays an important role in the adaptation of societies to demographic changes and offers sustainable solutions for the future elderly population.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Financial markets Saving Private pension system Turkish economy

Kaynakça

  • Ando, A., & Modigliani, F. (1963). The “life cycle” hypothesis of saving: Aggregate implications and tests. In F. Modigliani (Ed.), The Collected Papers of Franco Modigliani (V 6, pp. 55-84). The MIT Press. google scholar
  • Andreou, M., & Pashardes, P. (2005). Income inequality, poverty and the impact of the pension reform. Cyprus Economic Policy Review, 3(2), 41-55. google scholar
  • Apak, S., & Taşçıyan, K. H. (2010). Türkiye’de bireysel emeklilik sisteminin gelişimi. Ekonomi Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2), 121-129. google scholar
  • Bikker, J. A., Broeders, D. W. G. A., Hollanders, D. A., & Ponds, E. H. M. (2012). Pension funds’ asset allocation and participant age: A test of the life-cycle model. Journal of Risk and Insurance, 79(3), 595-618. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6975.2011.01435.x google scholar
  • Bret Jr., W. N. (1960). The tax advantage of trusteed pension funds. 9 Proceedings of the Annual Tulane Tax Institute, 305. google scholar
  • Broeders, D., Hollanders, D., Ponds, E. H., & Bikker, J. A. (2009). Pension funds’ asset allocation andparticipant age: A test of the life-cycle model (Discussion Paper 09/2009-032) https://papers. ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1508377 google scholar
  • Chen, A. H., & Reichenstein, W. (1992). Taxes and pension fund asset allocation. Journal of Portfolio Management, 18(4), 24. google scholar
  • Chen, T., & Turner, J. (2021). China’s development of a multi-tier pension system. International Social Security Review, 74(1), 35-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/issr.12256 google scholar
  • Cuccia, A. D., Doxey, M. M., & Stinson, S. R. (2022). The impact of tax incentive structure on taxpayers’ retirement savings decisions. Journal of the American Taxation Association, 44(1), 23-47. https://doi.org/10.2308/JATA-2020-001 google scholar
  • Danquah, V. (2019). The effect of pension funds on emerging economy of Ghana: A case of social security and national insurance trust (SSNIT). Texila International Journal of Management, 5(2), 66-76. https://doi.org/10.21522/tijmg.2015.05.02.art008 google scholar
  • Deng, B. (2023). Pension’s impact on the subjective well-being of retirees. Journal of Education Humanities and Social Sciences, 24, 366-371. https://doi.org/10.54097/3fa95k40 google scholar
  • Docquier, F., & Paddison, O. (2000). Growth and equality effects of pension plans (CORE Discussion Papers, 2000/36). Üniversite Catholique de Louvain Center for Operations Research. http://hdl. handle.net/2078.1/4125 google scholar
  • Emeklilik Gözetim Merkezi. (2024). Bireysel emeklilik nedir? https://www.egm.org.tr/bireysel-emeklilik/bireysel-emeklilik-nedir/ google scholar
  • Enache, C., Miloş, L. R., & Miloş, M. C. (2015). Pension reform and capital market development in Central and Eastern European countries. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istrazivanja, 28(1), 75-84. google scholar
  • Feldstein, M. (1976). Social security and saving: The extended life cycle theory. The American Economic Review, 66(2), 77-86. google scholar
  • Goudswaard, K., Vliet, O. V., Been, J., & Caminada, K. (2012). Pensions and income inequality in old age (CESifo DICE Report 4/2012). https://www.ifo.de/DocDL/dicereport412-forum4.pdf google scholar
  • Guerineau, S., & Sawadogo, R. (2015). On the determinants of life insurance development in Sub-Saharan Africa: The role of the institutions quality in the effect of economic development (Etudes et Documents, n°19, CERDI). http://cerdi.org/production/show/id/1717/type_production_id/1 google scholar
  • Guo, J., Li, W., & Wen-hao, L. (2023). Community construction and development path analysis of ecological environment-friendly elderly care service. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2023, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/1982767 google scholar
  • Guo, Y., Cui, M., & Chang, L. (2022). Analyzing the heterogeneous impact of rural social pension on elderly people’s health in China from the perspective of collectivist household decision-making. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2295794/v1 google scholar
  • Gürbüz, O., & Ekinci, S. (2003). Bireysel emeklilik sistemi ve sermaye piyasalarında beklenen etkiler. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 18(1), 205-228. google scholar
  • Han, J., Zhang, X., & Meng, Y. (2020). The impact of old-age pensions on the happiness level of elderly people - Evidence from China. Ageing and Society, 42(5), 1079-1099. https://doi. org/10.1017/s0144686x20001452 google scholar
  • History of Social Security in Switzerland. (2024). Pension funds. https://www.historyofsocialsecurity. ch/institutions/insurance-funds/pension-funds google scholar
  • Hodzic, S., Dumancic, L., & Becic, E. (2019). Financial stability of pension system in the European Union member states. https://doi.org/10.20472/iac.2019.052.026 google scholar
  • Hung, L., Kempen, G., & Vries, N. (2010). Cross-cultural comparison between academic and lay views of healthy ageing: A literatüre review. Ageing andSociety, 30(8), 1373-1391. https://doi. org/10.1017/s0144686x10000589 google scholar
  • Hyde, M., & Dixon, J. (2009). A jüst retirement pension system: Beyond neoliberalism. Poverty & Public Policy, 1(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.2202/1944-2858.1000 google scholar
  • Kabataş, Y., & Gülay, A. (2022). Devlet katkısı üygülamasının Türkiye bireysel emeklilik sistemi üzerindeki etkisi. Öneri Dergisi, 17(58), Article 58. https://doi.org/10.14783/marüoneri.1103122 google scholar
  • Kaüshal, N. (2013). How püblic pension affects elderly labor süpply and well-being: Evidence from India. https://doi.org/10.3386/w19088 google scholar
  • Kiloğlü, M. (2007). Türk sosyal güvenlik sistemi içinde bireysel emeklilik sisteminin yapısı ve işlevi (Yüksek lisans tezi, Doküz Eylül Üniversitesi, İzmir). https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlüsalTezMerkezi/ google scholar Koval, N., Priamühina, N., & Zhmürko, I. (2020). Analysis of economic-financial experience of the world coüntries in the system of pension insürance. Baltic Journal of Economic Studies, 6(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2020-6-1-1-8 google scholar
  • Macünlüoğlü, Ö. U. (2021). Bireysel emeklilik sisteminin yürt içi tasarrüflar üzerindeki etkisi: Türkiye örneği. Haliç Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4(2), 215-241. google scholar
  • Marcinkiewicz, E., & Chybalski, F. (2022). Is there a trade-off between housing and pension system generosity? Empirical evidence from the Lüxemboürg Wealth Stüdy. Social Policy and Administration, 57(3), 349-366. https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12865 google scholar
  • Murray, R. F. (1952). Investment aspects of the accumulation of pension funds. The Journal of Finance, 7(2), 252-259. google scholar
  • Narayana, M. (2019). Old age pension scheme in India: Distributional impacts. South Asia Research, 39(2), 143-165. https://doi.org/10.1177/0262728019842016 google scholar
  • Nyqvist, A. (2015). Insecurity in an orange envelope: National pension system reform in Sweden. Polar Political and Legal Anthropology Review, 38(2), 265-278. https://doi.org/10.1111/plar.12110 google scholar
  • Oktayer, N., & Oktayer, A. (2007). Özel emeklilik fonlarının finansal piyasaların gelişimine etkileri. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(2), 55-80. google scholar
  • Önder, F., & Karabulut, T. (2017). Bireysel emeklilik sisteminin finansal derinleşmeye etkisinin ekonometrik analizi. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(2), 237-256. google scholar
  • Özbek, A. (2020). Tasarruf davranışına alternatif olan bireysel emeklilik sistemi üzerinde finansal okuryazarlığın etkisi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 11(28), 655-664. google scholar
  • Pension Access. (2023, Şubat 22). The Pension Timeline—The history of pensions. https:// pensionaccess.co.uk/the-pension-timeline/ google scholar
  • Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation. (2023). History of PBGC. https://www.pbgc.gov/about/ who-we-are/pg/history-of-pbgc google scholar
  • Quinn, J., & Cahill, K. (2016). The new world of retirement income security in America. American Psychologist, 71(4), 321-333. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0040276 google scholar
  • Reshetnikova, L., Boldyreva, N., Perevalova, M., Kalayda, S., & Pisarenko, Z. (2021). Conditions for the growth of the “silver economy” in the context of sustainable development goals: Peculiarities of Russia. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 14(9), 401. https://doi.org/10.3390/ jrfm14090401 google scholar
  • Sasaki, I., Kondo, K., Kondo, N., Aida, J., Kusumi, T., Sueishi, N., ... & Imanaka, Y (2018). Are pension types associated with happiness in Japanese older people? JAGES cross-sectional study. Plos One, 13(5), e0197423. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197423 google scholar
  • Şener, O., & Akın, F. (2010). Özel emeklilik fonları ve Türkiye’de bireylerin bireysel emeklilik sistemine giriş kararlarını etkileyen faktörlerin belirlenmesi üzerine bir araştırma. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 29(2), 291-321. google scholar
  • Shcherbyna, V. (2023). European experience in the field of pension provision. Intereulaweast Journal for the International and European Law Economics and Market Integrations, 10(1), 241263. https://doi.org/10.22598/iele.2023.10.1.13 google scholar
  • Shefrin, H. M., & Thaler, R. H. (1988). The behavioral life-cycle hypothesis. Economic Inquiry, 26(4), 609-643. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.1988.tb01520.x google scholar
  • Silva, D., Morrone, H., & Kappes, S. (2022). Assessing pension system outcomes in Brazil. Brazilian Keynesian Review, 7(2), 243-271. https://doi.org/10.33834/bkr.v7i2.249 google scholar
  • Sümer, Ü. S. (2023). Emekli bireylerin finansal güvenlik farkındalığı. Mali Çözüm Dergisi, 33(178). 1083-1102. google scholar
  • Turgut, M. (2021). Devlet destekli bireysel emeklilik sistemi ve makro düzeyde ekonomik yansımaları. Uluslararası Bankacılık Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 76-97. google scholar
  • Uğur, S. (2004). Sosyal güvenlik sistemlerinde özel emeklilik programlarının yeri ve gelişimi (Doktora tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, İzmir). https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/ google scholar
  • Waga, C., Memba, F., & Muriithi, J. (2021). Financial knowledge and retirement planning among pension scheme members in Kenya. RJFA. https://doi.org/10.7176/rjfa/12-14-03 google scholar
  • Whitehouse, E. (2009). Pensions during the crisis: Impact on retirement income systems and policy responses. The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance Issues and Practice, 34(4), 536-547. https:// doi.org/10.1057/gpp.2009.25 google scholar
  • Zhang, W., & Liu, G. (2007). Childlessness, psychological well-being, and life satisfaction among the elderly in China. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 22(2), 185-203. https://doi. org/10.1007/s10823-007-9037-3 google scholar
Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Yaşlılık Sosyolojisi
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Abdüsselam Sağın 0000-0002-0693-1485

Yayımlanma Tarihi 13 Kasım 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 4 Haziran 2024
Kabul Tarihi 29 Ağustos 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Sağın, A. (2024). Bireysel Emeklilik Sistemi ve Türkiye’deki Mevcut Duruma Dair Bir İnceleme. Senectus, 2(2), 207-224. https://doi.org/10.26650/senectus.2024.2.2.0032
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