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RELIGION AND STATE RELATIONS IN POST-COLONIAL WEST AFRICA: PERCEPTION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SECULARISM IN MALI, BURKINA FASO, AND IVORY COAST

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 2, 418 - 435, 30.07.2025

Selman Yılmaz , Ousmane Sylla

Öz

Secularism, as a principle that seeks to define the boundaries between religion and the state, took shape in the West, particularly from the 18th century onward, and was transmitted to different societies through modernization processes. Enlightenment thought aimed to detach political and social spheres from religious authority and viewed secularism as a crucial tool for this transformation. With modernization, the West presented secularism as a cultural norm, and this approach was extended to various regions during the colonial era. This article examines the formation, development, and current state of secularism in the former French colonies of Mali, Burkina Faso, and Ivory Coast in West Africa through a comparative lens. By analyzing the religious and socio-demographic structures of these three countries, the study explores how secularism has evolved. It evaluates constitutional texts, the relationship between religion and politics, the impact of secularism on education, perceptions of secularism among different religious groups, and the role of religion in public life within a comparative framework. Methodologically, the study employs historical, descriptive, and critical analysis methods. The findings indicate that cultural, historical, and political dynamics significantly complicate the implementation of secularism. In Mali, Islam has historically deeply influenced social and political structures and continues to play a decisive role in state policies today. In contrast, in Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast, the Catholic Church exerts a strong influence on political and public life. This comparative analysis aims to shed light on how secularism has evolved in the post-colonial state-building process and to open a new discussion on the applicability of secularism in societies with different religious traditions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Secularism Secularization Colonial Legacy Religious Pluralism Religion in West Africa

Kaynakça

  • Abdul-Hamid, M. (2011). Christian-Muslim relations in Ghana: A model for world dialogue and peace. Ilorin Journal of Religious Studies, 1(1), 21-32. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijrs/article/view/90912/80333
  • Abdurrezzak, A., & el Cemîl, Ş. (2002). Tarih Afrikya’l Hadis ve’l Muasır. Riyad: Dar Zehra li'Neşr ve Tevzi'i. Abidjan.net. (2025, Ocak 2). Enseignement catholique: Un évêque réclame trois ans d’arriérés de subvention à l’État. https://news.abidjan.net/articles/463673/enseignement-catholique-un-eveque-reclame-trois-ans-darrieres-de-subvention-a-letat
  • Académie de Police. (2025, Ocak 11). Loi N° 079-2015/CNT portant institution de fêtes légales et événements à caractère historique au Burkina Faso. https://academiedepolice.bf/index.php/telechargement/category/51-autres-textes-legislatifs-et-reglementaires?download=83:loi-portant-de-fetes-legales-et-evenements-a-caractere-historique-au-burkina-faso al-Akhbar. (2025, Ocak 25). El-isti’mar ve el-İslam el-Esved: an siyasât Faransa fî Garb Afrika. https://www.al-akhbar.com/Opinion/329388?utm
  • Asad, T. (2003). Formations of the secular: Christianity, Islam, modernity. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Başgil, A. F. (1962). Din ve lâiklik. Sönmez Neşriyat ve Matbaacılık.
  • Baubérot, J. (2003). Avrupa Birliği ülkelerinde dinler ve laiklik (F. Arabacı, Çev., 2. basım). Ufuk Kitapları.
  • Binate, I. (2016). La réforme contemporaine des médersas en Côte d'Ivoire. Autrepart, 4(80), 123-144. https://doi.org/10.3917/autr.080.0123
  • Bolly, A. A. (2023). El Zadu’l İlmî lil’Eimmeti ve Duati fi Muharabati’l Almaniye fi Mali (2. basım). Bamako: Konta Technologie.
  • Britannica. (2025, Ocak 25). Secularism. Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/secularism Cellule Nationale de Traitement des Informations Financières (Centif.Ci). (2025, Ocak 11). La Constitution Ivoirienne (Édition 2016). https://www.centif.ci/images/lois/caf6428781fcfabd787165779f7f08a0.pdf
  • Digithèque de Matériaux Juridiques et Politiques (Digithèque MJP). (2025, Ocak 11). Burkina Faso Constitution du 11 juin 1991 (version de 2024). https://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/bf2024.htm
  • Diop, C. A. (1974). The African origin of civilization: Myth or reality (M. Cook, Çev.). New York: Lawrence Hill & Company.
  • Direction des Ressources Humaines du Ministère des Finances et du Budget (DRH.MFB). (2025, Ocak 11). Décret n°2011-371 du 4 novembre 2011. http://drh.finances.gouv.ci/assets/documentations_pdf/decret_n_2011_371_du_4_novembre.pdf
  • Djagba, Y. (2021, Haziran). Laïcité et maintien de la paix dans l’espace francophone subsaharien: le cas du Mali et du Burkina Faso. Revue internationale des francophonies, 9. https://publications-prairial.fr/rif/index.php?id=1276
  • Ertit, V. (2014). Birbirinin yerine kullanılan iki farklı kavram: Sekülerleşme ve laiklik. Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, 9(1), 103-124. https://doi.org/10.17550/aid.01254
  • Esquieu, P., & Péano, S. (1996). Rapport de recherche de l’IIPE No. 106: Fonctionnement et financement de l'enseignement fondamental malien. UNESCO: Institut International de Planification de l'Éducation. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/in/rest/annotationSVC/DownloadWatermarkedAttachment/attach_import_48eb4602-fda9-4d0c-9de1-ad71983abada?_=104452freo.pdf&to=138&from=1
  • Guinness World Records. (2024, Aralık 31). Largest church. https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/69145-largest-church
  • Gunn, T. J. (2014). Din özgürlüğü ve laiklik: ABD ile Fransa arasında bir karşılaştırma (H. Bal & Ö. F. Altıntaş, Çev., 2. basım). Liberte Yayınları.
  • Gündüz, T., & Kılınç, M. (2019). Fransa’nın Alsace-Moselle bölgesi devlet okullarında din eğitimi. Amasya İlahiyat Dergisi, 13, 323-355. https://doi.org/10.18498/amailad.593403
  • Human Rights Watch. (2025, Ocak 25). Burkina Faso: Islamist armed groups terrorize civilians. https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/09/18/burkina-faso-islamist-armed-groups-terrorize-civilians?utm_source=chatgpt.com
  • Human Rights Watch. (2025, Ocak 25). Mali: Islamist armed groups, ethnic militias commit atrocities. https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/05/08/mali-islamist-armed-groups-ethnic-militias-commit-atrocities Institut National de La Statistique (Ins.ci). (2025, Ocak 11). Recensement général de la population et de l'habitat 2021. https://www.ins.ci/RGPH2021/RESULTATS%20DEFINITIFSRP21.pdf
  • Institut National de la Statistique du Mali (İnstat-Mali). (2025, Ocak 11). Septième enquête démographique et de santé (EDSM-VII) 2023-24. https://www.instat-mali.org/laravel-filemanager/files/shares/pub/eds7-24-ind-cle_pub.pdf
  • Institut National de la Statistique et de la Démographie (Insd). (2025, Ocak 11). Rapport résultats définitifs RGPH. https://www.insd.bf/fr/file-download/download/public/2071
  • Ismail, M.-B. A. (2013). Verfassung und Recht in Übersee / Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America. JSTOR, 46(3), 342-349. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43239702
  • Kuru, A. T., & Stepan, A. (2012). Democracy, Islam, and secularism in Turkey. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Le Monde. (2025, Ocak 4). Au Mali, des associations font front commun contre la laïcité dans la Constitution. https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/05/08/au-mali-des-associations-font-front-commun-contre-la-laicite-dans-la-constitution_6172505_3212.html
  • Mali Dışişleri Bakanlığı. (2022, Ağustos 15). Mektup No. 00444/MAECI.
  • Mara, M. (2025, Ocak 11). Laïcité: Comprenons là pour mieux l’utiliser. Moussa Mara. https://moussamara.com/laicite/
  • Martin, G. (2017). Terörizm: Kavramlar ve kuramlar (İ. Çapcıoğlu & B. Metin, Çev.). Ankara: Adres Yayınları.
  • Moritanya Başbakanlık. (2025, Ocak 11). Constitution de la République Islamique de Mauritanie. https://primature.gov.mr/sites/default/files/2023-06/Constitution_consolid%C3%A9e_fr.pdf
  • Nabli, B. (2019). État, République et laïcité: Une sainte trinité. L'ENA hors les murs, 4(496), 32-33. https://shs.cairn.info/revue-l-ena-hors-les-murs-2019-4-page-32?lang=fr
  • Observatoire International du Religieux (Obsreligion). (2024, Aralık 31). Note N°06 Septembre 2018: Religion et politique en Côte d’Ivoire: Un demi-siècle d’intimités ambivalentes. https://obsreligion.cnrs.fr/note/religion-et-politique-en-cote-divoire-un-demi-siecle-dintimites-ambivalentes/
  • Ololajulo, B. O. (2016, Mart). Eating with one spoon: Zoning, power rotation and political corruption in Nigeria. African Studies, 75(1), 153-169. https://doi.org/10.1080/00020184.2015.1129139
  • Ouest-France. (2025, Ocak 25). Mali: Manifestation contre un manuel scolaire évoquant l'homosexualité, pourtant abandonné. https://www.ouest-france.fr/monde/mali/mali-manifestation-contre-un-manuel-scolaire-evoquant-l-homosexualite-pourtant-abandonne-6147499
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POST-KOLONYAL BATI AFRİKA’DA DİN VE DEVLET İLİŞKİLERİ: MALİ, BURKİNA FASO VE FİLDİŞİ SAHİLİ’NDE LAİKLİK ALGISI VE UYGULAMALARI

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 2, 418 - 435, 30.07.2025

Selman Yılmaz , Ousmane Sylla

Öz

Laiklik, din ve devlet arasındaki sınırları belirlemeye çalışan bir ilke olarak Batı’da özellikle 18. yüzyıldan itibaren şekillenmiş, modernleşme süreçleriyle birlikte farklı toplumlara aktarılmıştır. Aydınlanma düşüncesi, siyasal ve toplumsal alanları dini otoriteden bağımsızlaştırmayı hedeflemiş ve bu çerçevede laikliği önemli bir dönüşüm aracı olarak görmüştür. Batı, modernleşmeyle birlikte laikliği de kültürel bir norm olarak sunmuş ve bu yaklaşım, sömürgecilik döneminde farklı coğrafyalara taşınmıştır. Bu makale, Batı Afrika’da eski Fransız sömürgeleri olan Mali, Burkina Faso ve Fildişi Sahili’nde laikliğin oluşumu, gelişimi ve günümüzdeki durumunu karşılaştırmalı olarak ele almaktadır. Bu üç ülkenin dini ve sosyo-demografik yapıları incelenerek laikliğin nasıl şekillendiği analiz edilecektir. Çalışmada anayasa metinleri, din ve siyaset ilişkisi, laikliğin eğitim üzerindeki etkileri, farklı dini grupların laiklik algısı ve dinin kamusal yaşam üzerindeki yeri gibi konular karşılaştırmalı bir çerçevede değerlendirilecektir. Metodolojik olarak tarihsel, betimsel ve eleştirel analiz yöntemleri kullanılacaktır. Çalışmanın bulguları, kültürel, tarihsel ve siyasi dinamiklerin laiklik uygulamalarını önemli ölçüde zorlaştırdığını göstermektedir. Mali’de İslam, tarihsel olarak toplumsal ve siyasal yapıyı derinden etkilemiş ve günümüzde de devlet politikalarında belirleyici bir rol oynamaktadır. Buna karşılık, Burkina Faso ve Fildişi Sahili’nde Katolik Kilisesi, siyasi ve kamusal yaşam üzerinde güçlü bir etkiye sahiptir. Bu karşılaştırmalı analiz, laikliğin sömürge sonrası devlet inşası sürecinde nasıl evrildiğini ortaya koyarak, farklı dini geleneklere sahip toplumlarda laikliğin uygulanabilirliği üzerine yeni bir tartışma açmayı hedeflemektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Laiklik Sekülerleşme Kolonyal Miras Dini Çoğulculuk Batı Afrika’da Din

Kaynakça

  • Abdul-Hamid, M. (2011). Christian-Muslim relations in Ghana: A model for world dialogue and peace. Ilorin Journal of Religious Studies, 1(1), 21-32. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijrs/article/view/90912/80333
  • Abdurrezzak, A., & el Cemîl, Ş. (2002). Tarih Afrikya’l Hadis ve’l Muasır. Riyad: Dar Zehra li'Neşr ve Tevzi'i. Abidjan.net. (2025, Ocak 2). Enseignement catholique: Un évêque réclame trois ans d’arriérés de subvention à l’État. https://news.abidjan.net/articles/463673/enseignement-catholique-un-eveque-reclame-trois-ans-darrieres-de-subvention-a-letat
  • Académie de Police. (2025, Ocak 11). Loi N° 079-2015/CNT portant institution de fêtes légales et événements à caractère historique au Burkina Faso. https://academiedepolice.bf/index.php/telechargement/category/51-autres-textes-legislatifs-et-reglementaires?download=83:loi-portant-de-fetes-legales-et-evenements-a-caractere-historique-au-burkina-faso al-Akhbar. (2025, Ocak 25). El-isti’mar ve el-İslam el-Esved: an siyasât Faransa fî Garb Afrika. https://www.al-akhbar.com/Opinion/329388?utm
  • Asad, T. (2003). Formations of the secular: Christianity, Islam, modernity. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Başgil, A. F. (1962). Din ve lâiklik. Sönmez Neşriyat ve Matbaacılık.
  • Baubérot, J. (2003). Avrupa Birliği ülkelerinde dinler ve laiklik (F. Arabacı, Çev., 2. basım). Ufuk Kitapları.
  • Binate, I. (2016). La réforme contemporaine des médersas en Côte d'Ivoire. Autrepart, 4(80), 123-144. https://doi.org/10.3917/autr.080.0123
  • Bolly, A. A. (2023). El Zadu’l İlmî lil’Eimmeti ve Duati fi Muharabati’l Almaniye fi Mali (2. basım). Bamako: Konta Technologie.
  • Britannica. (2025, Ocak 25). Secularism. Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/secularism Cellule Nationale de Traitement des Informations Financières (Centif.Ci). (2025, Ocak 11). La Constitution Ivoirienne (Édition 2016). https://www.centif.ci/images/lois/caf6428781fcfabd787165779f7f08a0.pdf
  • Digithèque de Matériaux Juridiques et Politiques (Digithèque MJP). (2025, Ocak 11). Burkina Faso Constitution du 11 juin 1991 (version de 2024). https://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/bf2024.htm
  • Diop, C. A. (1974). The African origin of civilization: Myth or reality (M. Cook, Çev.). New York: Lawrence Hill & Company.
  • Direction des Ressources Humaines du Ministère des Finances et du Budget (DRH.MFB). (2025, Ocak 11). Décret n°2011-371 du 4 novembre 2011. http://drh.finances.gouv.ci/assets/documentations_pdf/decret_n_2011_371_du_4_novembre.pdf
  • Djagba, Y. (2021, Haziran). Laïcité et maintien de la paix dans l’espace francophone subsaharien: le cas du Mali et du Burkina Faso. Revue internationale des francophonies, 9. https://publications-prairial.fr/rif/index.php?id=1276
  • Ertit, V. (2014). Birbirinin yerine kullanılan iki farklı kavram: Sekülerleşme ve laiklik. Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, 9(1), 103-124. https://doi.org/10.17550/aid.01254
  • Esquieu, P., & Péano, S. (1996). Rapport de recherche de l’IIPE No. 106: Fonctionnement et financement de l'enseignement fondamental malien. UNESCO: Institut International de Planification de l'Éducation. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/in/rest/annotationSVC/DownloadWatermarkedAttachment/attach_import_48eb4602-fda9-4d0c-9de1-ad71983abada?_=104452freo.pdf&to=138&from=1
  • Guinness World Records. (2024, Aralık 31). Largest church. https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/69145-largest-church
  • Gunn, T. J. (2014). Din özgürlüğü ve laiklik: ABD ile Fransa arasında bir karşılaştırma (H. Bal & Ö. F. Altıntaş, Çev., 2. basım). Liberte Yayınları.
  • Gündüz, T., & Kılınç, M. (2019). Fransa’nın Alsace-Moselle bölgesi devlet okullarında din eğitimi. Amasya İlahiyat Dergisi, 13, 323-355. https://doi.org/10.18498/amailad.593403
  • Human Rights Watch. (2025, Ocak 25). Burkina Faso: Islamist armed groups terrorize civilians. https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/09/18/burkina-faso-islamist-armed-groups-terrorize-civilians?utm_source=chatgpt.com
  • Human Rights Watch. (2025, Ocak 25). Mali: Islamist armed groups, ethnic militias commit atrocities. https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/05/08/mali-islamist-armed-groups-ethnic-militias-commit-atrocities Institut National de La Statistique (Ins.ci). (2025, Ocak 11). Recensement général de la population et de l'habitat 2021. https://www.ins.ci/RGPH2021/RESULTATS%20DEFINITIFSRP21.pdf
  • Institut National de la Statistique du Mali (İnstat-Mali). (2025, Ocak 11). Septième enquête démographique et de santé (EDSM-VII) 2023-24. https://www.instat-mali.org/laravel-filemanager/files/shares/pub/eds7-24-ind-cle_pub.pdf
  • Institut National de la Statistique et de la Démographie (Insd). (2025, Ocak 11). Rapport résultats définitifs RGPH. https://www.insd.bf/fr/file-download/download/public/2071
  • Ismail, M.-B. A. (2013). Verfassung und Recht in Übersee / Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America. JSTOR, 46(3), 342-349. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43239702
  • Kuru, A. T., & Stepan, A. (2012). Democracy, Islam, and secularism in Turkey. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Le Monde. (2025, Ocak 4). Au Mali, des associations font front commun contre la laïcité dans la Constitution. https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/05/08/au-mali-des-associations-font-front-commun-contre-la-laicite-dans-la-constitution_6172505_3212.html
  • Mali Dışişleri Bakanlığı. (2022, Ağustos 15). Mektup No. 00444/MAECI.
  • Mara, M. (2025, Ocak 11). Laïcité: Comprenons là pour mieux l’utiliser. Moussa Mara. https://moussamara.com/laicite/
  • Martin, G. (2017). Terörizm: Kavramlar ve kuramlar (İ. Çapcıoğlu & B. Metin, Çev.). Ankara: Adres Yayınları.
  • Moritanya Başbakanlık. (2025, Ocak 11). Constitution de la République Islamique de Mauritanie. https://primature.gov.mr/sites/default/files/2023-06/Constitution_consolid%C3%A9e_fr.pdf
  • Nabli, B. (2019). État, République et laïcité: Une sainte trinité. L'ENA hors les murs, 4(496), 32-33. https://shs.cairn.info/revue-l-ena-hors-les-murs-2019-4-page-32?lang=fr
  • Observatoire International du Religieux (Obsreligion). (2024, Aralık 31). Note N°06 Septembre 2018: Religion et politique en Côte d’Ivoire: Un demi-siècle d’intimités ambivalentes. https://obsreligion.cnrs.fr/note/religion-et-politique-en-cote-divoire-un-demi-siecle-dintimites-ambivalentes/
  • Ololajulo, B. O. (2016, Mart). Eating with one spoon: Zoning, power rotation and political corruption in Nigeria. African Studies, 75(1), 153-169. https://doi.org/10.1080/00020184.2015.1129139
  • Ouest-France. (2025, Ocak 25). Mali: Manifestation contre un manuel scolaire évoquant l'homosexualité, pourtant abandonné. https://www.ouest-france.fr/monde/mali/mali-manifestation-contre-un-manuel-scolaire-evoquant-l-homosexualite-pourtant-abandonne-6147499
  • Öğüt Marangoz, A., & Uluç, N. (2021). Sekülerizmin kavramsal, kuramsal ve tarihsel gelişimi. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(2), 335-345. https://doi.org/10.47948/efad.1022631
  • Pew Research Center. (2025, Ocak 11). Many countries favor specific religions, officially or unofficially. https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2017/10/03/many-countries-favor-specific-religions-officially-or-unofficially/ Pew Research Center. (2025, Ocak 25). Religious composition by country, 2010-2050. https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/interactives/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/
  • Qiraat Africa. (2025, Ocak 11). Kira’ah Li’l Meşhed el’İslâmî fi Sengal. Qiraat Africa. https://n9.cl/qo4fb Regards Protestants. (2025, Ocak 2). Religion et politique en Côte d’Ivoire. https://.com/actualites/francophonie/religion-et-politique-en-cote-divoire/
  • Sahel Tribune. (2024, Aralık 31). Mois de Ramadan au Mali: Un tour dans les bars et boutiques d’alcool la nuit. https://urlz.fr/u2oI
  • Secrétariat Général du Gouvernement du Mali (SGG Mali). (2025, Ocak 11). Journal officiel. https://sgg-mali.ml/JO/2005/mali-jo-2005-25.pdf
  • Secrétariat Général du Gouvernement du Mali (SGG Mali). (2025, Ocak 11). Journal officiel - Décret N°2023-0401/PT-RM du 22 juillet 2023 portant promulgation de la Constitution. https://sgg-mali.ml/JO/2023/mali-jo-2023-13-sp-2.pdf
  • Sétanal Média. (2024, Ocak 11). La laïcité, un tabou étranger à notre culture. Sétanal Média. https://www.setanal.com/actualite/la-laicite-un-tabou-etranger-a-notre-culture-par-pr-mary-teuw-niane/
  • Studiotamani. (2025, Ocak 2). Subvention des écoles catholiques : Un consensus pour l’année scolaire prochaine. https://www.studiotamani.org/170402-subvention-des-ecoles-catholiques-un-consensus-pour-lannee-scolaire-prochaine
  • Şafi’î, B. H. (2005, Eylül). Ezimatu Sahili’l Ac ve Mihnetü’l Müslimîn. Qiraat Africa, 2(2), 108-119. https://qiraatafrican.com/issue/issue2/
  • The Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA). (2025, Ocak 11). National/regional profiles included regions: Western Asia, Western Africa. ARDA. https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=21r&u=20r
  • United Nations Office at Geneva. (2017, Ocak 25). What is the difference between the official language and the working language? https://www.ungeneva.org/en/faqs/what-difference-between-official-language-and-working-language
  • We Africa 24. (2025, Ocak 25). Mali: Imams reject the draft new constitution because of the notion of laicity. https://weafrica24.com/2023/03/09/mali-imams-reject-the-draft-new-constitution-because-of-the-notion-of-laicity/
Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Din Sosyolojisi
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Selman Yılmaz 0000-0003-1700-6313

Ousmane Sylla 0009-0002-6212-532X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Temmuz 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Nisan 2025
Kabul Tarihi 12 Mayıs 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Yılmaz, S., & Sylla, O. (2025). POST-KOLONYAL BATI AFRİKA’DA DİN VE DEVLET İLİŞKİLERİ: MALİ, BURKİNA FASO VE FİLDİŞİ SAHİLİ’NDE LAİKLİK ALGISI VE UYGULAMALARI. Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 16(2), 418-435.
 Kapak Resmi İndir

Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY-NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.