Öz
Avrupa’da özellikle Balkanlar’da, Orta ve Doğu Avrupa’da, bu bölgelerdeki ülkelerin sınır olarak Osmanlı’nın kuşatma, istila ve saldırılarına doğrudan maruz kalması nedeniyle Türklerin Batılı imajı tarih boyunca değişmiştir. Ülkelerin değişen strateji ve politikaları nedeniyle söz konusu imajı daha yumuşak bir hale dönüşse de mevcut durumun yorumlanmasında geçmişi mitleştirmek amacıyla metafordan yararlanılmaktadır. Türk imajı ve Osmanlı etkisi, Türklerle doğrudan sınır olarak karşılaşan ülkelerde kültürel, siyasi ve ulusal kimliklerin yeniden şekillenmesinde önemli rol oynamıştır. Bu makale, Andre Gingrich’in Sınır Oryantalizmi ışığında, İsmail Kadare’nin Arnavutluk tarihi romanı Kuşatma’yı post-modern bir eser olarak ve Miklos Zrínyi’nin daha eski bir döneme ait epik şiiri Sziget Kuşatması’nı incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmanın temel odak noktası, bu iki ülkenin farklı zaman dilimlerindeki Türk imajına ilişkin algılarını, tarihi geçmişlerini de göz önünde bulundurarak anlamaya çalışmaktır. İmparatorlukların çöküşü ve milliyetçi hareketlerin artmasıyla birlikte egemen bir ulus-devlet kimliğinin oluşturulması ve Ben'in Öteki'nden ayrılarak biçimlendirilmesi, her türlü toplumsal huzursuzluk ve düzensizliğe karşı koruyucu bir devlet politikası olarak önem kazanmıştır. “Pagan” bir zalimi simgeleyen “Öteki”nin etkisi altında yazılan edebi eserler, başta Macaristan olmak üzere Orta Avrupa ülkelerinde Benliğin şekillenmesinde büyük etki yaratmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Türk imgesi Kuşatma İsmail Kadare Sziget Kuşatması Miklos Zrinyi
Kaynakça
- Abdul Moula, H. (2023). “Hayden White’s Theory of History as Narrative in the Light of New Historicism”. Eurasian Journal of English Language and Literature, 5 (1), 27-39.
- Ashcroft, Bill and Ahluwalia, P. (1999). Edward Said, London: Routledge.
- Beller-Hann, Ildiko (1995). "The Turks in Nineteenth-Century Hungarian Literature". Journal of Mediterranean Studies.
- Di Lellio, Anna (2006). The Case for Kosova: Passage to Independence. Eds. Anna Di Lellio & Ismail Kadare. London: Anthem PR.
- Dillioğlu, Ece. (2019). “İsmail Kadare’ye Göre Milli Kimlik ve Dil”. Balkanistik Dil ve Edebiyat Dergisi, 62-80.
- Gafrik, Robert (2020). Imagining the Orient in Central Europe: An Intercultural Studies. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen.
- Gingrich, Andre (1996). Frontier Myths of Orientalism: The Muslim World in Public and Popular Cultures of Central Europe. Mediterranean Ethnological Summer School, Vol. II.
- Gingrich, Andre (2015). “The Nearby Frontier: Structural Analyses of Myths of Orientalism”. Diogenes, 60(2):60-66.
- Greenblatt, Stephen (1980). Renaissance Self-Fashioning from More to Shakespeare. The University of Chicago Press.
- İsaeva, Güneş, N. (2020). “The Negative Ottoman Image in one of the Man Booker International Winners: Ismail Kadare and The Historical Fiction The Siege”. International Journal of Social Sciences, 4/1 Spring, 10-21.
- Jamagidze, Mzia (2018). “Frontier Orientalism and the stereotype formation process in Georgian literature”. World Literature Studies, Vol. 10(1).
- Kadare, I., Simic, P., Frckoski, L., & Hysa, Y. (2001). “The Southern Balkans: Perspectives from the Region”. (pp. 5-16, Rep.) (Triantaphyllou D., Ed.). European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS).
- Kadare, Ismail (2001). “The Balkans; the Truths and Untruths."
- Kadare, Ismail (2008). The Siege. Canongate Books.
- Lien, Duncan. (2016). “Tearing Down the Bridge between East and West: The (Re-)Writing of Albanian Identity in the Millosh Kopiliq Epic and Ismail Kadare’s the Siege”. SIC - a Journal of Literature, Culture and Literary Translation, 2, 1-14.
- Neubauer, J. (2012). Balkan Images in the Fiction of Ismail Kadare(Vol. 2). Amsterdam: IBAC.
- Sabatos, Charles D. (2018). “The nation’s “timeless mission”: Frontier Orientalism in Central European historical fiction”. World Literature Studies, 3-14.
- Said, Edward W. (1978). Orientalism. New York: Pantheon.
- _____, (1991). The World, The Text, and the Critic.
- Varisco, Martin (2007). Reading Orientalism: Said and the Unsaid.
- Wang, N. (1997). Orientalism versus Occidentalism? New Literary History, 28(1), 57-67.
- Wheatcroft, Andrew (2009). The Enemy at The Gate Habsburgs, Ottomans and the Battle for Europe. Basic Books.
- Zrinyi, Miklos (2011). The Siege of Sziget. Catholic University of America Press.
Öz
The western image of Turks has changed throughout history in Europe especially in the
Balkans, Central and East Europe since the countries in these regions are directly exposed to the
sieges, invades and attacks of the Ottomans as frontiers. Even though the image evolves to a softer
position due to the changeable strategies and policies of the countries, the metaphor is utilised in
order to mythicize the past for an interpretation of the current situation. The image of Turks and
the effects of the Ottomans have played a crucial role in the countries which encounter them as
frontiers directly and its reshaping process of cultural, political and national identities. This paper
aims to analyse the Albanian historical fiction, The Siege, by Ismail Kadare as a post-modern work
and the epic poem, The Siege of Sziget by Miklos Zrínyi as an earlier text in the light of Andre
Gingrich’s Frontier Orientalism. The main focus is to perceive these two countries’ perceptions of
the Turk image in different time periods with an insight of their national backgrounds. Along with
the collapse of empires and increasing nationalist movements, establishing a sovereign nation-state
identity and fashioning the Self by separating it from the Other became crucial as a protective state
policy against any social unrest or disorder. The literary works written under the influence of the
“Other” symbolizing a “pagan” oppressor had a huge impact on shaping the Self for the Central
European countries, especially for Hungary.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Turkish image The Siege Ismail Kadare The Siege of Sziget Miklos Zrinyi
Etik Beyan
Makalem sadece bu dergiye gönderilmiştir ve intihal oranı yüzde 14tür, etik kurallara uygun hazırlanmıştır.
Destekleyen Kurum
Doğuş Üniversitesi
Teşekkür
İlgi ve desteğiniz için teşekkür ederim. Saygılarımla. Yazımın mümkün olan en erken sayıda yayınlanması dileğiyle.
Kaynakça
- Abdul Moula, H. (2023). “Hayden White’s Theory of History as Narrative in the Light of New Historicism”. Eurasian Journal of English Language and Literature, 5 (1), 27-39.
- Ashcroft, Bill and Ahluwalia, P. (1999). Edward Said, London: Routledge.
- Beller-Hann, Ildiko (1995). "The Turks in Nineteenth-Century Hungarian Literature". Journal of Mediterranean Studies.
- Di Lellio, Anna (2006). The Case for Kosova: Passage to Independence. Eds. Anna Di Lellio & Ismail Kadare. London: Anthem PR.
- Dillioğlu, Ece. (2019). “İsmail Kadare’ye Göre Milli Kimlik ve Dil”. Balkanistik Dil ve Edebiyat Dergisi, 62-80.
- Gafrik, Robert (2020). Imagining the Orient in Central Europe: An Intercultural Studies. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen.
- Gingrich, Andre (1996). Frontier Myths of Orientalism: The Muslim World in Public and Popular Cultures of Central Europe. Mediterranean Ethnological Summer School, Vol. II.
- Gingrich, Andre (2015). “The Nearby Frontier: Structural Analyses of Myths of Orientalism”. Diogenes, 60(2):60-66.
- Greenblatt, Stephen (1980). Renaissance Self-Fashioning from More to Shakespeare. The University of Chicago Press.
- İsaeva, Güneş, N. (2020). “The Negative Ottoman Image in one of the Man Booker International Winners: Ismail Kadare and The Historical Fiction The Siege”. International Journal of Social Sciences, 4/1 Spring, 10-21.
- Jamagidze, Mzia (2018). “Frontier Orientalism and the stereotype formation process in Georgian literature”. World Literature Studies, Vol. 10(1).
- Kadare, I., Simic, P., Frckoski, L., & Hysa, Y. (2001). “The Southern Balkans: Perspectives from the Region”. (pp. 5-16, Rep.) (Triantaphyllou D., Ed.). European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS).
- Kadare, Ismail (2001). “The Balkans; the Truths and Untruths."
- Kadare, Ismail (2008). The Siege. Canongate Books.
- Lien, Duncan. (2016). “Tearing Down the Bridge between East and West: The (Re-)Writing of Albanian Identity in the Millosh Kopiliq Epic and Ismail Kadare’s the Siege”. SIC - a Journal of Literature, Culture and Literary Translation, 2, 1-14.
- Neubauer, J. (2012). Balkan Images in the Fiction of Ismail Kadare(Vol. 2). Amsterdam: IBAC.
- Sabatos, Charles D. (2018). “The nation’s “timeless mission”: Frontier Orientalism in Central European historical fiction”. World Literature Studies, 3-14.
- Said, Edward W. (1978). Orientalism. New York: Pantheon.
- _____, (1991). The World, The Text, and the Critic.
- Varisco, Martin (2007). Reading Orientalism: Said and the Unsaid.
- Wang, N. (1997). Orientalism versus Occidentalism? New Literary History, 28(1), 57-67.
- Wheatcroft, Andrew (2009). The Enemy at The Gate Habsburgs, Ottomans and the Battle for Europe. Basic Books.
- Zrinyi, Miklos (2011). The Siege of Sziget. Catholic University of America Press.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Dünya Dilleri, Edebiyatı ve Kültürü (Diğer), Karşılaştırmalı ve Ulusötesi Edebiyat |
| Bölüm | EDEBİYAT / ARAŞTIRMA MAKALELERİ |
| Yazarlar | |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 30 Nisan 2025 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Nisan 2025 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 3 Ocak 2025 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 10 Mart 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.