Araştırma Makalesi
Yıl 2025,
Sayı: 63, 379 - 410, 29.07.2025
Öz
Bu makale, İsrail’in özellikle 7 Ekim 2023’ten bu yana Filistin’de işlediği sistematik ve yaygın insancıl hukuk ihlallerini incelemekte; bu ihlallerin savaş suçları dışında soykırım suçunu da oluşturduğunu ileri sürmektedir. Makalede, tahliye bölgelerinde ve insani yardım kuyruklarında bekleyen sivillerin kasten hedef alınması, Gazze nüfusunu yaşanamaz koşullara mahkûm eden abluka politikaları gibi eylemler değerlendirilmiştir. Sivil altyapının ayrım gözetmeksizin yok edilmesi, insani yardımların engellenmesi, açlığın savaş yöntemi olarak kullanılması ve İsrailli yetkililerin açık şekilde soykırıma işaret eden beyanları, soykırım suçunun hem maddi hem manevi unsurlarını göstermektedir. İsrail’in askeri gereklilik, orantılılık ve ayrım gözetme ilkelerini sürekli ihlal etmesi; diğer güncel örnekler, Gazze’deki Filistin halkını hedef alan bir yok etme kampanyasının sürdürüldüğünü ortaya koymaktadır. Bu fiiller savaş suçlarını, savaş suçlarını, uluslararası insancıl hukukun ağır ihlallerini ve nihayet soykırım suçunu oluşturmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Gazze Filistin ağır ihlaller soykırım savaş suçları insanlığa karşı suçlar.
Etik Beyan
Bu makale Etik Kurul iznine tabi değildir
Kaynakça
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Yıl 2025,
Sayı: 63, 379 - 410, 29.07.2025
Öz
This article examines the systematic and large-scale violations of international humanitarian law (IHL) committed by Israel in Palestine, especially since October 7, 2023, proposes that these violations constitute war crimes and genocide. The author outlines Israel’s deliberate targeting of civilians, including those in evacuation zones and humanitarian aid queues, and the blockade policies that have created unlivable conditions for the population. Citing acts such as the indiscriminate destruction of civilian infrastructure, obstruction of humanitarian aid, use of starvation as a method of warfare, and explicit genocidal rhetoric by Israeli officials, the article establishes both the actus reus and mens rea of genocide. The persistent disregard for the principles of distinction, proportionality, and military necessity under IHL, other contemporary examples reinforce the conclusion that Israel’s actions represent a systematic campaign aimed at the destruction of the Palestinian people in Gaza. As such, these acts amount to war crimes, grave breaches of IHL and finally the crime of genocide.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Gaza Palestine grave breaches genocide war crimes crimes against humanity.
Etik Beyan
This article is not subject to Ethics Committee permission
Kaynakça
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- Fetouri M, “What is the ‘Hannibal Directive’ and how Israel uses it” MIDDLE EAST MONITOR, 4 January 2024, < <https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20240104-what-is-the-hannibal-directive-and-how-israel-uses-it/> erişildi 11.02.2025
- Gasser H, Dörmann K, “Protection of the Civilian Population” in Dieter Fleck (ed), The Handbook of International Humanitarian Law (OUP 2014)
- Güneysu G, “Askeri Gereklilik İlkesi ve Uluslararası İnsancıl Hukuk”, 2012(4) Ankara Barosu Dergisi 93
- Human Rights Watch, “Hopeless, Starving, and Besieged” Israel’s Forced Displacement of Palestinians in Gaza, November 14, 2024, <https://www.hrw.org/report/2024/11/14/hopeless-starving-and-besieged/israels-forced-displacement-palestinians-gaza> erişildi 27.02.2025
- ICRC, Customary IHL Rules, Rule 20, <https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/customary-ihl/v1/rule20> erişildi 25.06.2025
- Imseis A, “Negotiating the Illegal: On the United Nations and the Illegal Occupation of Palestine, 1967–2020,” (2020) 31(3) European Journal of International Law 1055
- Joseph S and Farah N, “Israel-Hamas war updates: Israel bombs UN school, killing ‘at least 27’”, ALJAZEERA, <https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/23/israel-hamas-war-live-israel-pounds-gaza-ahead-of-expected-truce> erişildi 26.06.2025
- Kamu Denetçiliği Kurumu, Genocide in Gaza (III): Prohibited Weapons in Gaza, Ankara, 2024
- Kamu Denetçiliği Kurumu, Genocide in Gaza (V): Journalist in Gaza, Ankara, 2024.
- Khalidi W, “Revisiting the UNGA Partition Resolution” (1997) 27(1) Journal of Palestine Studies 5
- Kolb R and Hyde R, An Introduction to International Armed Conflicts (Hart Publishing 2005)
- Kul MC, “Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi’nin Tecavüz Suçu (Saldırı Suçu) Üzerindeki Yargı Yetkisi ve Harekete Geçirilmesi”, 1 İbn Haldun Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 81 (2023)
- — — Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi ve Uluslararası Tecavüz (Saldırı) Suçu (On İki Levha Yayıncılık 2016)
- McCarthy J, The Population of Palestine (Columbia University Press1990).
- MIDDLE EAST MONITOR, “UNICEF says children in Gaza do not have the energy to cry” 18 March 2024, <https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20240318-unicef-says-children-in-gaza-do-not-have-the-energy-to-cry/> erişildi 28.04.2025.
- Najjar F, “Israel-Hamas war updates: Netanyahu rejects ceasefire after captive video” ALJAZEERA, 30 October 2023, <https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/30/israel-hamas-war-live-palestinian-death-toll-gaza-rises-above-8000> erişildi 26.05.2025
- Nye JS, Welch DA, Küresel Çatışmayı ve İşbirliğini Anlamak (Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları 2010)
- Obligations of Israel in relation to the Presence and Activities of the United Nations, Other International Organizations and Third States in and in relation to the Occupied Palestinian Territory (Request for Advisory Opinion) - Conclusion of the public hearings held from 28 April to 2 May 2025. <https://www.icj-cij.org/case/196> erişildi 03.05.2025
- Öktem AE, Terörizm, İnsancıl Hukuk ve İnsan Hakları (Derin Yayınları 2007).
- Pacchiani G, “COGAT chief addresses Gazans: ‘You wanted hell, you will get hell” THE TIMES OF ISRAEL, 10 October 2023, <https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/cogat-chief-addresses-gazans-you-wanted-hell-you-will-get- hell/> erişildi 28.03.2025
- Pietromarchi V, Mohamed E, “Israel kills more aid seekers in Gaza, issues evacuation threat”, ALJAZEERA, 20 July 2025, <https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/7/20/live-israel-kills-38-aid-seekers-in-gaza-as-israelis-demand-truce-deal> erişildi 20.07.2025
- Prosecutor v Dario Kordić and Mario Čerkez, Appeal Judgment, IT-95-14/2-A, 17 December 2004
- Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare, 17 June 1925, <https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/geneva-gas-prot-1925> erişildi 19.07.2025
- Rasheed Z, Mccready A,‘Israel’s war on Gaza live: Netanyahu vows to ‘finish the job’ in Rafah’ ALJAZEERA, 13 March 2024, <https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/13/israels-war-on-gaza-live-netanyahu-vows-to-finish-the-job-in-rafah> erişildi 14.03.2025
- Regulations concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land, annexed to Convention (IV) respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, The Hague, 18 October 1907
- Regulations concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land, annexed to Convention (II) with Respect to the Laws and Customs of War on Land, The Hague, 29 July 1899
- Remler D, “Hayot Adam (“wild beasts in human form”), a cry against humanity” 14 December 2023, <https://k-larevue.com/en/hayot-adam-wild-beasts-in-human-form-a-cry-against-humanity/> erişildi 27.02.2025
- Report of the United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict, A/HRC/12/48, (Goldstone Report) <https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/666096?ln=en&v=pdf> erişildi 24.02.2025
- Republic of Türkiye, MFA, Press Release Regarding Israel’s Attack Targeting a Hospital in Gaza, 17 October 2023, <https://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_-264_-_israil-in-gazze-de-bir-hastaneyi-hedef-alan-saldirisi-hk.en.mfa> erişildi 02.03.2025
- Sanad Verification Agency and Federica Marsi, “Israel increased Rafah demolition to prepare for Gaza forced transfer plan”, ALJAZEERA, 13 July 2025, <https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2025/7/13/israel-increased-rafah-demolition-to-prepare-for-gaza-forced-transfer-plan> erişildi 20.07.2025
- Sivakumaran S, The Law of Non-International Armed Conflict (OUP 2014)
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- Suter T, “IDF claims it killed Hamas commander who held hospital patients hostage”, THE HILL, 11 December 2023, <https://thehill.com/policy/international/4305790-idf-kills-hamas-commander/> erişildi 26.06.2025
- Tanno S, “Gaza death toll has been significantly underreported, study finds” CNN, 9 January 2025, <https://edition.cnn.com/2025/01/09/middleeast/gaza-death-toll-underreported-study-intl> erişildi 26.06.2025
- TASS, “Children’s hospital in Gaza hit with white phosphorus-health ministry”, 13 October 2023, <https://tass.com/world/1690449> erişildi 02.03.2025
- TEHRAN TIMES, “Gallant admits ‘Israel’ used Hannibal Directive during war on Gaza”, 11 February 2025, <https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/509501/Gallant-admits-Israel-used-Hannibal-Directive-during-war-on > erişildi 11. 02.2025
- The Avalon Project, “The Balfour Declaration 1917” <https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/balfour.asp> erişildi 19.02.2025
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- The International Criminal Court, “Situation in the State of Palestine: ICC Pre-Trial Chamber I rejects the State of Israel’s challenges to jurisdiction and issues warrants of arrest for Benjamin Netanyahu and Yoav Gallant”, 21 November 2024, <https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/situation-state-palestine-icc-pre-trial-chamber-i-rejects-state-israels-challenges> erişildi 28.04.2025
- Tütüncü AN, İnsancıl Hukuka Giriş (Beta Yayıncılık 2006)
- UN GA Res 1514 (XV) “Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples”
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- UN General Assembly, Definition of Aggression, A/RES/3314, UN General Assembly, 14 December 1974
- UN General Assembly, International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid, A/RES/3068(XXVIII), 30 November 1973, <https://www.refworld.org/legal/agreements/unga/1973/en/26955> erişildi 26.06.2025
- UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel: Flash Update #28” 3 November 2023, <https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-28> erişildi 21.02.2025
- UNICEF, Children’s lives in the balance: 6 months of conflict and restricted humanitarian access in the State of Palestine, UNICEF/UNI541839/Elder
- United Nations “Gaza: UN experts decry bombing of hospitals and schools as crimes against humanity, call for prevention of genocide”, 19 October 2023, <https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/gaza-un-experts-decry-bombing-hospitals-and-schools-crimes-against-humanity> erişildi 02.03.2025
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- World Health Organization, “People in Gaza starving, sick and dying as aid blockade continues” 12 May 2025, <https://www.who.int/news/item/12-05-2025-people-in-gaza-starving--sick-and-dying-as-aid-blockade-continues> erişildi 25.06.2025
- Yamaner, MB, Silahlı Çatışmalarda Sivillerin Korunması (Arıkan Yayınları 2007)
Toplam 87 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Hukuk (Diğer) |
| Bölüm | Research Article |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 29 Temmuz 2025 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 8 Mayıs 2025 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 22 Temmuz 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Sayı: 63 |
