ASKERİ SAVAŞ BOTLARINDA YAPAY YAŞLANDIRMANIN YÜZLÜK DERİLER ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
Öz
Askeri savaş botlarında kullanılan yüzlük derilerin, karşılaştıkları farklı kullanım koşulları göz önüne alındığında, özellikle giysilik ve saraciyelik derilere kıyasla daha gelişmiş performans özelliklerine sahip olması gerekmektedir. Günlük ayakkabıların aksine, savaş botları zorlu iklim koşullarına ve ağır mekanik strese maruz kalmaktadır. Bu nedenle, yüzlük derinin bu koşullar altında dayanıklılık ve işlevsellik sağlamak için en yüksek performans standartlarını karşılaması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada, savaş botlarında kullanılan yüzlük derilerin yapay yaşlandırma öncesi ve sonrası çekme mukavemeti, kopma anındaki uzama, yırtılma yükü, yüzey gerilimi ve mukavemeti, saya-taban yapışma direnci ile renk değişimi gibi temel fiziksel ve mekanik özelliklerini araştırılmıştır. Bu özellikler, zorlu ortamlarda konfor ve koruma sağlamak için kritik öneme sahiptir. Sonuçlar, yapay yaşlandırmanın yüzey gerilimi ve yapışma direnci gibi belirli mekanik özelliklerde azalmaya yol açtığını göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte, diğer kritik özelliklerde önemli bir deformasyon olmadığı gözlemlenmiştir. Bu durum, savaş botlarında kullanılan yüzlük derilerin zorlu çevre koşullarında uzun süreli kullanım için yeterli dayanıklılığı koruyabildiğini göstermektedir. Yine de, askeri kullanıma yönelik belirli özelliklerin optimize edilmesi için daha fazla malzeme geliştirmesi gerekmektedir. Bu çalışma, savaş botu derilerinin geliştirilmesi ve seçimi konusunda değerli bilgiler sunarak, uzun süreli zorlu iklim koşulları ve yoğun mekanik zorlanmalara daha dirençli malzemelere yönelik gelecekteki yeniliklere rehberlik sağlamaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Haghighat, F., Rezaie, M., Majlesi, M., (2024), How Boots Affect the Kinematics and Kinetics of Lower Limb Joints During Walking Compared to Casual Footwear, Scientific Reports, 14 , DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68533-1.
- Mara de Souza Muniz, A., Sizenando, D., Lobo, G., Borba Neves, E., Gonçalves, M., Marson, R., Palhano, R., Menegaldo, L., Rico Bini, R., (2021), Effects from Loaded Walking with Polyurethane and Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Midsole Military Boots on Kinematics and External Forces: A Statistical Parametric Mapping Analysis, Applied Ergonomics, 94, 103429, DOI: 10.1016/ j.apergo.2021.10342.
- Sarı, Ö., Bitlisli, B.O., (2000), Problems stemming from upper leathers in military shoes and boots and suggested solutions, Infantry 2000 Symposium CD, Tuzla Infantry Cadet School Command, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Pantazi-Băjenaru, M., Foiaşi, T., Gurău D., (2020), Production of Multifunctional Footwear for Prison Police Officers, Leather and Footwear Journal 20, 1, 59-64, DOI: 10.24264/lfj.20.1.7.
- Hossain, M.D., Azam, F.A.B., Chowdhury, M., (2021), Quality Assessment of Shoe Leather Based on the Properties of Strength and Comfort, Collected from Different Footwear and Leather Industries in Bangladesh, Textile and Leather Review, 4, 1, 30-37. DOI: 10.31881/TLR.2020.20.
- Karavana, H.A., Gulen, C., Guzel, S.C., Yalcin, F., (2012), Determination of the Changes in the Military Boots Used under Acidic and Alkaline Conditions, 4th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems (ICAMS), 341-346, 27-29th September, Bucharest, Romania.
- Bitlisli, B.O. Karavana, H.A., Basaran, B., Aslan, A., (2005), Importance of Using Genuine Leather in Shoe Production in Terms of Foot Comfort, Journal of the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists, 89, 3, 107-110.
- Kite, M., Thomson, R., (2000), Conservation of Leather and Related Materials, Elsevier, Oxford.
- Hu, Y., Liu, J., Han, G., Li, X., Zhang, Z., Zheng, X., Wang, F., Pei, Y., Lei, Y., Tang, K., (2022), Artificial Deterioration of Vegetable-Tanned Leather under Synergistic Effect of Temperature and Humidity, Journal of Cultural Heritage, 53, 118–126. DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2021.11.007.
- Thomasset, A., Benayoun, S., (2024), Assessing the Durability of Diverse Leather Tanning Techniques for the Manufacturing of Leather Goods through Artificial Aging Processes, Cleaner Engineering and Technology, 22, 100807, DOI: 10.1016/ j.clet.2024.100807.
- Bacardit, A., Cobos, M., Font, J., Jorge, J., Ollé, L., (2010), Study of the Effect of Temperature, Relative Humidity and UV Radiation on Wet-White Leather Ageing, Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association, 105, 334-341.
- Serweta, W., Wójcik, J., Rutowicz, J., Olejniczak, Z., (2019), Influence of UV Aging on Some Rheological Properties of Footwear Leather, Polimery, 64, 9, 617-624. DOI: 10.14314/polimery. 2019.9.7.
- Isik, N.O., Karavana, H.A., (2012), Determination of Some Physical Characteristics of Artificially Aged Chrome Tanned Garment Leather, Textile and Apparel, 1, 64-69.
- Ollé, L., Jorba, M., Castell, J.C., Font, J., Bacardit, A., (2011), Comparison of the Weathering Variables on both Chrome-Tanned and Wetwhite Leather Ageing, B21, XXXI IULTCS Congress, 27-30th September, Valencia, Spain.
- Ollé, L., Jorba, M., Font, J., Bacardit, A., (2011), Comparison of the Effect of the Tropical Test on both Chrome-Tanned and Wet-White Upholstery Leather, Journal of the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists, 95, 3, 109-115.
- Li, R., Wang, Y.Z., Shan, Z.H., (2016), Effects of Accelerated Ageing on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Chrome-Free Leather, Journal of the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists, 100, 1, 19-24.
- TS EN ISO 17228 (2015), Leather-Tests for colour fastness-Change in colour with accelerated ageing, Turkish Standard Institution, Ankara, 19p.
- TS EN ISO 2589 (2016), Leather-Physical and mechanical tests-Determination of thickness, Turkish Standard Institution, Ankara, 11p.
- TS EN ISO 3376 (2020), Leather-Physical and mechanical tests-Determination of tensile strength and percentage elongation, Turkish Standard Institution, Ankara, 18p.
- TS EN ISO 3377-2 (2016), Leather-Physical and mechanical tests-Determination of tear load-Part 2: Double edge tear, Turkish Standard Institution, Ankara, 18p.
- TS EN ISO 3379 (2015), Leather-Determination of distension and strength of surface (Ball burst method), Turkish Standard Institution, Ankara, 18p.
- TS EN ISO 17708 (2018), Footwear-Test methods for whole shoe-Upper sole adhesion, Turkish Standard Institution, Ankara, 22p.
- UNIDO, (1996), Acceptable Quality Standards in the Leather and Footwear Industry, United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna.
- Múgica-Vidal, R., Mercadal-Guillén, J., Sainz-García, E., Alba-Elías, F., (2021), Atmospheric-pressure Plasma Treatments of NBR for the Improvement of Adhesion in Footwear Applications, International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 108. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2021.102865.
- Silva, L.F.M. da, Adams, R.D., (2005), Measurement of the mechanical properties of structural adhesives in tension and shear over a wide range of temperatures, Journal of Adhesion Science & Technology, 19, 2, 109-141. DOI: 10.1163/1568561053148449.
- Adams, R.D., Mallick, V., (1993), The effect of temperature on the strength of adhesively-bonded composite-aluminium joints, The Journal of Adhesion, 43, 1-2, 17-33. DOI: 10.1080/ 00218469308026585.
- Kang, S.G., Kim, M.G., Kim, C.G., (2007), Evaluation of Cryogenic Performance of Adhesives Using Composite-Aluminum Double Lap Joints, Composite Structures, 78, 3, 440-446. DOI: 10.1016/ j.compstruct.2005.11.005.
- Banea, M.D., Silva, L.F.M. da, Campilho, R.D.S.G., (2010), Temperature Dependence of the Fracture Toughness of Adhesively Bonded Joints, Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 24, 2011–2026. DOI: 10.1163/016942410X507713.
Öz
The upper leathers used in military combat boots must have more advanced performance characteristics given the different conditions of use to which they are exposed, especially compared to leathers used in garments and saddlery. Unlike casual footwear, combat boots are exposed to extreme climatic conditions and mechanical stress. Therefore, the upper leather must meet the highest performance standards to ensure durability and functionality under these conditions. In this study, the most important physical and mechanical properties such as tensile strength, elongation at break, tear load, distension and strength of surface, upper-sole adhesion resistance and color change of upper leathers for combat boots are examined before and after artificial aging. These properties are crucial for ensuring comfort and protection in demanding environments. The results show that artificial aging leads to a deterioration of certain mechanical properties, such as surface distension and upper-sole adhesion resistance. At the same time, there is no significant deformation in other critical properties. This suggests that upper leathers used in combat boots can maintain sufficient durability for prolonged use in harsh environments. Nevertheless, further material development is required to optimize specific properties for military use. This study provides valuable insights into the development and selection of combat boot leathers, guiding future innovations towards materials that are more resistant to prolonged extreme climatic conditions and intense mechanical wear.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Haghighat, F., Rezaie, M., Majlesi, M., (2024), How Boots Affect the Kinematics and Kinetics of Lower Limb Joints During Walking Compared to Casual Footwear, Scientific Reports, 14 , DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68533-1.
- Mara de Souza Muniz, A., Sizenando, D., Lobo, G., Borba Neves, E., Gonçalves, M., Marson, R., Palhano, R., Menegaldo, L., Rico Bini, R., (2021), Effects from Loaded Walking with Polyurethane and Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Midsole Military Boots on Kinematics and External Forces: A Statistical Parametric Mapping Analysis, Applied Ergonomics, 94, 103429, DOI: 10.1016/ j.apergo.2021.10342.
- Sarı, Ö., Bitlisli, B.O., (2000), Problems stemming from upper leathers in military shoes and boots and suggested solutions, Infantry 2000 Symposium CD, Tuzla Infantry Cadet School Command, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Pantazi-Băjenaru, M., Foiaşi, T., Gurău D., (2020), Production of Multifunctional Footwear for Prison Police Officers, Leather and Footwear Journal 20, 1, 59-64, DOI: 10.24264/lfj.20.1.7.
- Hossain, M.D., Azam, F.A.B., Chowdhury, M., (2021), Quality Assessment of Shoe Leather Based on the Properties of Strength and Comfort, Collected from Different Footwear and Leather Industries in Bangladesh, Textile and Leather Review, 4, 1, 30-37. DOI: 10.31881/TLR.2020.20.
- Karavana, H.A., Gulen, C., Guzel, S.C., Yalcin, F., (2012), Determination of the Changes in the Military Boots Used under Acidic and Alkaline Conditions, 4th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems (ICAMS), 341-346, 27-29th September, Bucharest, Romania.
- Bitlisli, B.O. Karavana, H.A., Basaran, B., Aslan, A., (2005), Importance of Using Genuine Leather in Shoe Production in Terms of Foot Comfort, Journal of the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists, 89, 3, 107-110.
- Kite, M., Thomson, R., (2000), Conservation of Leather and Related Materials, Elsevier, Oxford.
- Hu, Y., Liu, J., Han, G., Li, X., Zhang, Z., Zheng, X., Wang, F., Pei, Y., Lei, Y., Tang, K., (2022), Artificial Deterioration of Vegetable-Tanned Leather under Synergistic Effect of Temperature and Humidity, Journal of Cultural Heritage, 53, 118–126. DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2021.11.007.
- Thomasset, A., Benayoun, S., (2024), Assessing the Durability of Diverse Leather Tanning Techniques for the Manufacturing of Leather Goods through Artificial Aging Processes, Cleaner Engineering and Technology, 22, 100807, DOI: 10.1016/ j.clet.2024.100807.
- Bacardit, A., Cobos, M., Font, J., Jorge, J., Ollé, L., (2010), Study of the Effect of Temperature, Relative Humidity and UV Radiation on Wet-White Leather Ageing, Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association, 105, 334-341.
- Serweta, W., Wójcik, J., Rutowicz, J., Olejniczak, Z., (2019), Influence of UV Aging on Some Rheological Properties of Footwear Leather, Polimery, 64, 9, 617-624. DOI: 10.14314/polimery. 2019.9.7.
- Isik, N.O., Karavana, H.A., (2012), Determination of Some Physical Characteristics of Artificially Aged Chrome Tanned Garment Leather, Textile and Apparel, 1, 64-69.
- Ollé, L., Jorba, M., Castell, J.C., Font, J., Bacardit, A., (2011), Comparison of the Weathering Variables on both Chrome-Tanned and Wetwhite Leather Ageing, B21, XXXI IULTCS Congress, 27-30th September, Valencia, Spain.
- Ollé, L., Jorba, M., Font, J., Bacardit, A., (2011), Comparison of the Effect of the Tropical Test on both Chrome-Tanned and Wet-White Upholstery Leather, Journal of the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists, 95, 3, 109-115.
- Li, R., Wang, Y.Z., Shan, Z.H., (2016), Effects of Accelerated Ageing on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Chrome-Free Leather, Journal of the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists, 100, 1, 19-24.
- TS EN ISO 17228 (2015), Leather-Tests for colour fastness-Change in colour with accelerated ageing, Turkish Standard Institution, Ankara, 19p.
- TS EN ISO 2589 (2016), Leather-Physical and mechanical tests-Determination of thickness, Turkish Standard Institution, Ankara, 11p.
- TS EN ISO 3376 (2020), Leather-Physical and mechanical tests-Determination of tensile strength and percentage elongation, Turkish Standard Institution, Ankara, 18p.
- TS EN ISO 3377-2 (2016), Leather-Physical and mechanical tests-Determination of tear load-Part 2: Double edge tear, Turkish Standard Institution, Ankara, 18p.
- TS EN ISO 3379 (2015), Leather-Determination of distension and strength of surface (Ball burst method), Turkish Standard Institution, Ankara, 18p.
- TS EN ISO 17708 (2018), Footwear-Test methods for whole shoe-Upper sole adhesion, Turkish Standard Institution, Ankara, 22p.
- UNIDO, (1996), Acceptable Quality Standards in the Leather and Footwear Industry, United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna.
- Múgica-Vidal, R., Mercadal-Guillén, J., Sainz-García, E., Alba-Elías, F., (2021), Atmospheric-pressure Plasma Treatments of NBR for the Improvement of Adhesion in Footwear Applications, International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 108. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2021.102865.
- Silva, L.F.M. da, Adams, R.D., (2005), Measurement of the mechanical properties of structural adhesives in tension and shear over a wide range of temperatures, Journal of Adhesion Science & Technology, 19, 2, 109-141. DOI: 10.1163/1568561053148449.
- Adams, R.D., Mallick, V., (1993), The effect of temperature on the strength of adhesively-bonded composite-aluminium joints, The Journal of Adhesion, 43, 1-2, 17-33. DOI: 10.1080/ 00218469308026585.
- Kang, S.G., Kim, M.G., Kim, C.G., (2007), Evaluation of Cryogenic Performance of Adhesives Using Composite-Aluminum Double Lap Joints, Composite Structures, 78, 3, 440-446. DOI: 10.1016/ j.compstruct.2005.11.005.
- Banea, M.D., Silva, L.F.M. da, Campilho, R.D.S.G., (2010), Temperature Dependence of the Fracture Toughness of Adhesively Bonded Joints, Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 24, 2011–2026. DOI: 10.1163/016942410X507713.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Deri Mühendisliği |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Haziran 2025 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 5 Şubat 2025 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 28 Nisan 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 32 Sayı: 138 |