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Investigation of the Effects of Porous Asphalt Mixtures Prepared with Different Modified Binders on the Performance Characteristics of Semi-Rigid Pavements

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 36 Sayı: 5

Alev Akıllı El , Erkut Yalçın , Mehmet Yılmaz

https://doi.org/10.18400/tjce.1603771

Öz

In this study, the effects of porous asphalt mixtures prepared with different aggregate types and modified binders on the performance of semi-rigid pavements were examined. Porous asphalt mixtures were created using limestone and basalt aggregates along with 50/70 and 160/220 penetration grade bitumen, as well as modified binders containing SBS (Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene) polymer and CR (Crumb Rubber) additives. In the first stage of the study, physical and mechanical tests were conducted on the aggregates, and binder tests were performed on the bitumen samples. In the second stage, modified binders were prepared in different ratios, the optimal modification percentages were determined, and porous asphalt mixtures were produced accordingly. In the third stage, semi-rigid pavement specimens were prepared by injecting suitable cement mortar into the voids within the porous asphalt mixtures, and performance tests were conducted. The results indicated that mixtures prepared with 6.5% CR and 3.5% SBS-modified binders exhibited improved performance characteristics, and for cement mortar mixtures, a water/cement ratio of 0.50 and the use of 2% superplasticizer additive yielded a high-strength and highly flowable cement mortar.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Porous asphalt semi-rigid pavement limestone basalt SBS (Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene) CR (Crumb Rubber)

Etik Beyan

Yazarlar arasında herhangi bir çıkar çatışması bulunmamaktadır.

Destekleyen Kurum

Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu

Proje Numarası

123M766

Teşekkür

Bu çalışmayı 123M766 numaralı araştırma projesi ile destekleyen Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu'na (TÜBİTAK) teşekkür ederiz.

Kaynakça

  • H. H. Yang, “Pavement Analysis and Design (Second Edition),” Education. 2004.
  • S. Zarei, J. Ouyang, W. Yang, and Y. Zhao, “Experimental analysis of semi-flexible pavement by using an appropriate cement asphalt emulsion paste,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 230, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116994.
  • A. Hassani, M. Taghipoor, and M. M. Karimi, “A state of the art of semi-flexible pavements: Introduction, design, and performance,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 253. 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119196.
  • S. Hou, T. Xu, and K. Huang, “Investigation into engineering properties and strength mechanism of grouted macadam composite materials,” Int. J. Pavement Eng., vol. 17, no. 10, 2016, doi: 10.1080/10298436.2015.1024467.
  • Y. Zhang and D. Q. Wu, “General applications of the semi-rigid pavement in South East Asia,” Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol., vol. 13, no. 3, 2020, doi: 10.1007/s42947-020-0114-1.
  • C. Pratelli, G. Betti, T. Giuffrè, and A. Marradi, “Preliminary in-situ evaluation of an innovative, semi-flexible pavement wearing course mixture using Fast Falling Weight Deflectometer,” Materials (Basel)., vol. 11, no. 4, 2018, doi: 10.3390/ma11040611.
  • M. L. Afonso, M. Dinis-Almeida, L. A. Pereira-De-Oliveira, J. Castro-Gomes, and S. E. Zoorob, “Development of a semi-flexible heavy duty pavement surfacing incorporating recycled and waste aggregates - Preliminary study,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 102, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.165.
  • J. C. Roffe, “Salviacim–introducing the pavement,” Jean Lafebvre Enterp., 1989.
  • S. An, C. Ai, D. Ren, A. Rahman, and Y. Qiu, “Laboratory and Field Evaluation of a Novel Cement Grout Asphalt Composite,” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., vol. 30, no. 8, 2018, doi: 10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0002376.
  • M. Gong et al., “Evaluation on the cracking resistance of semi-flexible pavement mixture by laboratory research and field validation,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 207, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.02.064.
  • S. Hou, T. Xu, and K. Huang, “Aggregate gradation influence on grouting results and mix design of asphalt mixture skeleton for semi-flexible pavement,” J. Test. Eval., vol. 45, no. 2, 2017, doi: 10.1520/JTE20150190.
  • N. M. Husain, M. R. Karim, H. B. Mahmud, and S. Koting, “Effects of aggregate gradation on the physical properties of semiflexible pavement,” Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng., vol. 2014, 2014, doi: 10.1155/2014/529305.
  • S. Sunil, M. Varuna, and M. S. Nagakumar, “Performance evaluation of semi rigid pavement mix,” in Materials Today: Proceedings, 2019. doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.10.311.
  • G. Bharath, M. Shukla, M. N. Nagabushana, S. Chandra, and A. Shaw, “Laboratory and field evaluation of cement grouted bituminous mixes,” Road Mater. Pavement Des., vol. 21, no. 6, 2020, doi: 10.1080/14680629.2019.1567375.
  • M. Karami, “Application of the cementitious grouts on stability and durability of semi flexible bituminous mixtures,” in AIP Conference Proceedings, 2017. doi: 10.1063/1.5011492.
  • Hamzani, Munirwansyah, M. Hasan, and S. Sugiarto, “Determining the properties of semi-flexible pavement using waste tire rubber powder and natural zeolite,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 266, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121199.
  • N. Saboo, V. Khalpada, P. K. Sahu, R. Radhakrishnan, and A. Gupta, “Optimal proportioning of grout constituents using mathematical programming for semi flexible pavement,” Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol., vol. 12, no. 3, 2019, doi: 10.1007/s42947-019-0036-x.
  • M. I. Khan et al., “Irradiated polyethylene terephthalate and fly ash based grouts for semi-flexible pavement: design and optimisation using response surface methodology,” Int. J. Pavement Eng., vol. 23, no. 8, 2022, doi: 10.1080/10298436.2020.1861446.
  • D. Wang, X. Liang, C. Jiang, and Y. Pan, “Impact analysis of Carboxyl Latex on the performance of semi-flexible pavement using warm-mix technology,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 179, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.173.
  • “Highway Technical Specifications,” KGM Publication, Ankara, Turkey, 2013.
  • E. Çavdar, A. Kumandaş, N. Şahan, E. Kabadayı, and Ş. Oruç, “Investigation of Rheological and Physical Properties of SBS and WCO Composite Modified Bitumen,” Turkish J. Civ. Eng., vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 1–18, Nov. 2024, doi: 10.18400/tjce.1393363.
  • Y. Erkuş, B. V. Kök, and M. Yilmaz, “Evaluation of performance and productivity of bitumen modified by three different additives,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 261, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120553.
  • K. O. Sefer, “Semi-rigid pavement design for highways under laboratory conditions and modeling of this design for field studies.,” Akdeniz University, 2022.
  • J. R. Wu, F. Li, and Q. Y. Ma, “Effect of Polyester Fiber on Air Voids and Low-Temperature Crack Resistance of Permeable Asphalt Mixture,” Adv. Civ. Eng., vol. 2020, 2020, doi: 10.1155/2020/2381504.
  • H. Chen, F. Jiao, and N. Lin, “Methodology study of determining maximum theoretical relative density of drainage asphalt mixture,” Tongji Daxue Xuebao/Journal Tongji Univ., vol. 39, no. 4, 2011, doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-374x.2011.04.014.
  • “Bituminous mixtures - Test methods - For hot mix asphalt - Part 18: Binder leaching,” TS EN 12697-18, 2018
  • K. I. Pradeep and W. K. Mampearachchi, “Determination of Optimum Design Parameters for Semi Rigid Pavement,” in MERCon 2019 - Proceedings, 5th International Multidisciplinary Moratuwa Engineering Research Conference, 2019. doi: 10.1109/MERCon.2019.8818916.
  • Astm:C939-10, “Standard Test Method for Flow of Grout for Preplaced-Aggregate Concrete (Flow Cone Method),” ASTM Int., vol. 04, no. c, 2010.
  • A. Davoodi, M. Aboutalebi Esfahani, M. Bayat, and S. E. Mohammadyan-Yasouj, “Evaluation of performance parameters of cement mortar in semi-flexible pavement using rubber powder and nano silica additives,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 302, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124166.
  • British Standards Institution BSI, “Methods of testing cement Part 1: Determination of strength,” 2016.
  • J. W. Bang, B. J. Lee, and Y. Y. Kim, “Development of a semirigid pavement incorporating ultrarapid hardening cement and chemical admixtures for cement grouts,” Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng., vol. 2017, 2017, doi: 10.1155/2017/4628690.
  • S. Luo, X. Yang, K. Zhong, and J. Yin, “Open-graded asphalt concrete grouted by latex modified cement mortar,” Road Mater. Pavement Des., vol. 21, no. 1, 2020, doi: 10.1080/14680629.2018.1479290.
  • M. Abedini, A. Hassani, M. R. Kaymanesh, and A. A. Yousefi, “Low-temperature adhesion performance of polymer-modified Bitumen emulsion in chip seals using different SBR latexes,” Pet. Sci. Technol., vol. 35, no. 1, 2017, doi: 10.1080/10916466.2016.1238932.
  • “Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot asphalt mixtures - part 34: Marshall test,” TS EN 12697-34+A1, 2012
  • “Bituminous mixtures - Test methods - Part 17: Particle loss in porous asphalt specimens,” TS EN 12697-17, 2017
  • S. Kaushik and A. K. Siddagangaiah, “Characterisation of cement grouted bituminous mixes using marginal aggregates,” Road Mater. Pavement Des., vol. 23, no. 3, 2022, doi: 10.1080/14680629.2020.1828152.
  • Florida Method of Test, “Measurement Of Water Permeabılıty Of Compacted Asphalt Pavıng Mıxtures,” FM 5-565, 2015
  • “Concrete-Hardened concrete tests-Part 3: Determination of compressive strength of test specimens,” TS EN 12390-3, 2010

Investigation of the Effects of Porous Asphalt Mixtures Prepared with Different Modified Binders on the Performance Characteristics of Semi-Rigid Pavements

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 36 Sayı: 5

Alev Akıllı El , Erkut Yalçın , Mehmet Yılmaz

https://doi.org/10.18400/tjce.1603771

Öz

In this study, the effects of porous asphalt mixtures prepared with different aggregate types and modified binders on the performance of semi-rigid pavements were examined. Porous asphalt mixtures were created using limestone and basalt aggregates along with 50/70 and 160/220 penetration grade bitumen, as well as modified binders containing SBS (Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene) polymer and CR (Crumb Rubber) additives. In the first stage of the study, physical and mechanical tests were conducted on the aggregates, and binder tests were performed on the bitumen samples. In the second stage, modified binders were prepared in different ratios, the optimal modification percentages were determined, and porous asphalt mixtures were produced accordingly. In the third stage, semi-rigid pavement specimens were prepared by injecting suitable cement mortar into the voids within the porous asphalt mixtures, and performance tests were conducted. The results indicated that mixtures prepared with 6.5% CR and 3.5% SBS-modified binders exhibited improved performance characteristics, and for cement mortar mixtures, a water/cement ratio of 0.50 and the use of 2% superplasticizer additive yielded a high-strength and highly flowable cement mortar.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Porous asphalt semi-rigid pavement limestone basalt SBS (Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene) CR (Crumb Rubber)

Etik Beyan

There is no conflict of interest between the authors.

Destekleyen Kurum

Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey

Proje Numarası

123M766

Teşekkür

We would like to thank the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) for supporting this study with research project number 123M766.

Kaynakça

  • H. H. Yang, “Pavement Analysis and Design (Second Edition),” Education. 2004.
  • S. Zarei, J. Ouyang, W. Yang, and Y. Zhao, “Experimental analysis of semi-flexible pavement by using an appropriate cement asphalt emulsion paste,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 230, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116994.
  • A. Hassani, M. Taghipoor, and M. M. Karimi, “A state of the art of semi-flexible pavements: Introduction, design, and performance,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 253. 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119196.
  • S. Hou, T. Xu, and K. Huang, “Investigation into engineering properties and strength mechanism of grouted macadam composite materials,” Int. J. Pavement Eng., vol. 17, no. 10, 2016, doi: 10.1080/10298436.2015.1024467.
  • Y. Zhang and D. Q. Wu, “General applications of the semi-rigid pavement in South East Asia,” Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol., vol. 13, no. 3, 2020, doi: 10.1007/s42947-020-0114-1.
  • C. Pratelli, G. Betti, T. Giuffrè, and A. Marradi, “Preliminary in-situ evaluation of an innovative, semi-flexible pavement wearing course mixture using Fast Falling Weight Deflectometer,” Materials (Basel)., vol. 11, no. 4, 2018, doi: 10.3390/ma11040611.
  • M. L. Afonso, M. Dinis-Almeida, L. A. Pereira-De-Oliveira, J. Castro-Gomes, and S. E. Zoorob, “Development of a semi-flexible heavy duty pavement surfacing incorporating recycled and waste aggregates - Preliminary study,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 102, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.165.
  • J. C. Roffe, “Salviacim–introducing the pavement,” Jean Lafebvre Enterp., 1989.
  • S. An, C. Ai, D. Ren, A. Rahman, and Y. Qiu, “Laboratory and Field Evaluation of a Novel Cement Grout Asphalt Composite,” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., vol. 30, no. 8, 2018, doi: 10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0002376.
  • M. Gong et al., “Evaluation on the cracking resistance of semi-flexible pavement mixture by laboratory research and field validation,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 207, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.02.064.
  • S. Hou, T. Xu, and K. Huang, “Aggregate gradation influence on grouting results and mix design of asphalt mixture skeleton for semi-flexible pavement,” J. Test. Eval., vol. 45, no. 2, 2017, doi: 10.1520/JTE20150190.
  • N. M. Husain, M. R. Karim, H. B. Mahmud, and S. Koting, “Effects of aggregate gradation on the physical properties of semiflexible pavement,” Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng., vol. 2014, 2014, doi: 10.1155/2014/529305.
  • S. Sunil, M. Varuna, and M. S. Nagakumar, “Performance evaluation of semi rigid pavement mix,” in Materials Today: Proceedings, 2019. doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.10.311.
  • G. Bharath, M. Shukla, M. N. Nagabushana, S. Chandra, and A. Shaw, “Laboratory and field evaluation of cement grouted bituminous mixes,” Road Mater. Pavement Des., vol. 21, no. 6, 2020, doi: 10.1080/14680629.2019.1567375.
  • M. Karami, “Application of the cementitious grouts on stability and durability of semi flexible bituminous mixtures,” in AIP Conference Proceedings, 2017. doi: 10.1063/1.5011492.
  • Hamzani, Munirwansyah, M. Hasan, and S. Sugiarto, “Determining the properties of semi-flexible pavement using waste tire rubber powder and natural zeolite,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 266, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121199.
  • N. Saboo, V. Khalpada, P. K. Sahu, R. Radhakrishnan, and A. Gupta, “Optimal proportioning of grout constituents using mathematical programming for semi flexible pavement,” Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol., vol. 12, no. 3, 2019, doi: 10.1007/s42947-019-0036-x.
  • M. I. Khan et al., “Irradiated polyethylene terephthalate and fly ash based grouts for semi-flexible pavement: design and optimisation using response surface methodology,” Int. J. Pavement Eng., vol. 23, no. 8, 2022, doi: 10.1080/10298436.2020.1861446.
  • D. Wang, X. Liang, C. Jiang, and Y. Pan, “Impact analysis of Carboxyl Latex on the performance of semi-flexible pavement using warm-mix technology,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 179, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.173.
  • “Highway Technical Specifications,” KGM Publication, Ankara, Turkey, 2013.
  • E. Çavdar, A. Kumandaş, N. Şahan, E. Kabadayı, and Ş. Oruç, “Investigation of Rheological and Physical Properties of SBS and WCO Composite Modified Bitumen,” Turkish J. Civ. Eng., vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 1–18, Nov. 2024, doi: 10.18400/tjce.1393363.
  • Y. Erkuş, B. V. Kök, and M. Yilmaz, “Evaluation of performance and productivity of bitumen modified by three different additives,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 261, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120553.
  • K. O. Sefer, “Semi-rigid pavement design for highways under laboratory conditions and modeling of this design for field studies.,” Akdeniz University, 2022.
  • J. R. Wu, F. Li, and Q. Y. Ma, “Effect of Polyester Fiber on Air Voids and Low-Temperature Crack Resistance of Permeable Asphalt Mixture,” Adv. Civ. Eng., vol. 2020, 2020, doi: 10.1155/2020/2381504.
  • H. Chen, F. Jiao, and N. Lin, “Methodology study of determining maximum theoretical relative density of drainage asphalt mixture,” Tongji Daxue Xuebao/Journal Tongji Univ., vol. 39, no. 4, 2011, doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-374x.2011.04.014.
  • “Bituminous mixtures - Test methods - For hot mix asphalt - Part 18: Binder leaching,” TS EN 12697-18, 2018
  • K. I. Pradeep and W. K. Mampearachchi, “Determination of Optimum Design Parameters for Semi Rigid Pavement,” in MERCon 2019 - Proceedings, 5th International Multidisciplinary Moratuwa Engineering Research Conference, 2019. doi: 10.1109/MERCon.2019.8818916.
  • Astm:C939-10, “Standard Test Method for Flow of Grout for Preplaced-Aggregate Concrete (Flow Cone Method),” ASTM Int., vol. 04, no. c, 2010.
  • A. Davoodi, M. Aboutalebi Esfahani, M. Bayat, and S. E. Mohammadyan-Yasouj, “Evaluation of performance parameters of cement mortar in semi-flexible pavement using rubber powder and nano silica additives,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 302, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124166.
  • British Standards Institution BSI, “Methods of testing cement Part 1: Determination of strength,” 2016.
  • J. W. Bang, B. J. Lee, and Y. Y. Kim, “Development of a semirigid pavement incorporating ultrarapid hardening cement and chemical admixtures for cement grouts,” Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng., vol. 2017, 2017, doi: 10.1155/2017/4628690.
  • S. Luo, X. Yang, K. Zhong, and J. Yin, “Open-graded asphalt concrete grouted by latex modified cement mortar,” Road Mater. Pavement Des., vol. 21, no. 1, 2020, doi: 10.1080/14680629.2018.1479290.
  • M. Abedini, A. Hassani, M. R. Kaymanesh, and A. A. Yousefi, “Low-temperature adhesion performance of polymer-modified Bitumen emulsion in chip seals using different SBR latexes,” Pet. Sci. Technol., vol. 35, no. 1, 2017, doi: 10.1080/10916466.2016.1238932.
  • “Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot asphalt mixtures - part 34: Marshall test,” TS EN 12697-34+A1, 2012
  • “Bituminous mixtures - Test methods - Part 17: Particle loss in porous asphalt specimens,” TS EN 12697-17, 2017
  • S. Kaushik and A. K. Siddagangaiah, “Characterisation of cement grouted bituminous mixes using marginal aggregates,” Road Mater. Pavement Des., vol. 23, no. 3, 2022, doi: 10.1080/14680629.2020.1828152.
  • Florida Method of Test, “Measurement Of Water Permeabılıty Of Compacted Asphalt Pavıng Mıxtures,” FM 5-565, 2015
  • “Concrete-Hardened concrete tests-Part 3: Determination of compressive strength of test specimens,” TS EN 12390-3, 2010
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ulaşım ve Trafik, Ulaştırma Mühendisliği
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Alev Akıllı El 0000-0003-0158-9008

Erkut Yalçın 0000-0002-6389-4211

Mehmet Yılmaz 0000-0002-2761-2598

Proje Numarası 123M766
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 30 Nisan 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi
Gönderilme Tarihi 19 Aralık 2024
Kabul Tarihi 22 Nisan 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 36 Sayı: 5

Kaynak Göster

APA Akıllı El, A., Yalçın, E., & Yılmaz, M. (2025). Investigation of the Effects of Porous Asphalt Mixtures Prepared with Different Modified Binders on the Performance Characteristics of Semi-Rigid Pavements. Turkish Journal of Civil Engineering, 36(5). https://doi.org/10.18400/tjce.1603771
AMA Akıllı El A, Yalçın E, Yılmaz M. Investigation of the Effects of Porous Asphalt Mixtures Prepared with Different Modified Binders on the Performance Characteristics of Semi-Rigid Pavements. tjce. Nisan 2025;36(5). doi:10.18400/tjce.1603771
Chicago Akıllı El, Alev, Erkut Yalçın, ve Mehmet Yılmaz. “Investigation of the Effects of Porous Asphalt Mixtures Prepared With Different Modified Binders on the Performance Characteristics of Semi-Rigid Pavements”. Turkish Journal of Civil Engineering 36, sy. 5 (Nisan 2025). https://doi.org/10.18400/tjce.1603771.
EndNote Akıllı El A, Yalçın E, Yılmaz M (01 Nisan 2025) Investigation of the Effects of Porous Asphalt Mixtures Prepared with Different Modified Binders on the Performance Characteristics of Semi-Rigid Pavements. Turkish Journal of Civil Engineering 36 5
IEEE A. Akıllı El, E. Yalçın, ve M. Yılmaz, “Investigation of the Effects of Porous Asphalt Mixtures Prepared with Different Modified Binders on the Performance Characteristics of Semi-Rigid Pavements”, tjce, c. 36, sy. 5, 2025, doi: 10.18400/tjce.1603771.
ISNAD Akıllı El, Alev vd. “Investigation of the Effects of Porous Asphalt Mixtures Prepared With Different Modified Binders on the Performance Characteristics of Semi-Rigid Pavements”. Turkish Journal of Civil Engineering 36/5 (Nisan 2025). https://doi.org/10.18400/tjce.1603771.
JAMA Akıllı El A, Yalçın E, Yılmaz M. Investigation of the Effects of Porous Asphalt Mixtures Prepared with Different Modified Binders on the Performance Characteristics of Semi-Rigid Pavements. tjce. 2025;36. doi:10.18400/tjce.1603771.
MLA Akıllı El, Alev vd. “Investigation of the Effects of Porous Asphalt Mixtures Prepared With Different Modified Binders on the Performance Characteristics of Semi-Rigid Pavements”. Turkish Journal of Civil Engineering, c. 36, sy. 5, 2025, doi:10.18400/tjce.1603771.
Vancouver Akıllı El A, Yalçın E, Yılmaz M. Investigation of the Effects of Porous Asphalt Mixtures Prepared with Different Modified Binders on the Performance Characteristics of Semi-Rigid Pavements. tjce. 2025;36(5).