Öz
Although its unfavorable effects have been gradually fading today, the Covid-19 pandemic, which first appeared in China at the end of 2019 and then spread rapidly all over the earth, has had negative effects on world economies along with Turkish economy. The effects of Covid-19 have been felt as a whole in the economies, but more severely in service sectors such as the Accommodation and Food Service Activities. With this study, it is aimed to examine the effects of Covid-19 over Turkish economy in a detailed manner for the sectors, along with their contribution to GDP and changes in their balance sheet. To achieve this assessment, first the effects on all sectors were examined from a general perspective and then the study was expanded on a sector basis especially for the most unfavorably affected sectors. The "Sector Balance Sheets" data provided by CBRT and TURKSTAT have been mainly employed for the period of 2019-2023 to investigate these effects over the markets with GDP data. This sector data covers 17 main sectors, including more than 1.6 million company information according to NACE REV.2 classification, and is quite comprehensive to generate adequate conclusions for Turkish economy on a sectoral basis. According to the study results, the sectors that suffered the most losses in 2020, when the impact of Covid-19 was felt the most, were "transportation and storage", "accommodation and food service" and "real estate", respectively. However, in the same period, profits were made in different sectors such as "manufacture" and "wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles".
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye (2020). Koronavirüsün Ekonomik ve Finansal Etkilerine Karşı Alınan Tedbirler. https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/tr/tcmb+tr/main+page+site+area/koronavirus Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye (2025). Company Accounts. https://www3.tcmb.gov.tr/sektor/#/en Durmuş, S., and Şahin, D. (2020). Covid-19 Küresel Salgında Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Uygulanan Ekonomi Politikaları Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Electronic Turkish Studies, 15(4).
- Dyvik, E. H. (2024). Impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the global economy - Statistics & Facts. Retrieved May 17, 2025, from https://www.statista.com/topics/6139/covid-19-impact-on-the-global-economy/#topicOverview
- Fernando M. M., Juan M. S. and Olivia W. (2023.). The Economic Impact of COVID-19 around the World. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, Second Quarter 2023, pp. 74-88. doi: https://doi.org/10.20955/r.105.74-88
- International Monetary Fund (2025). Data Mapper, Real GDP growth. https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDP_RPCH@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD
- McKibbin, W., and Fernando, R. (2023). The global economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Economic Modelling, 129, 106551.
- Ministry of Health (2025a). COVID-19 Bilgilendirme Platformu. https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/tr-66935/genel-koronavirus-tablosu.html
- Ministry of Health (2025b). COVID-19 Nedir? https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/tr-66300/covid-19-nedir-.html
- National Archives and Records Administration (2025). The Deadly Virus: the Influenza Epidemic of 1918. https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/influenza-epidemic
- Naseer, S., Khalid S., Parveen, S., Abbass, K., Song, H. and Achim, M. V. (2023). COVID-19 outbreak: Impact on global economy. Front. Public Health 10:1009393. doi: https://10.3389/fpubh.2022.1009393 Pınar, D. A. (2022). Covid-19 Küresel Salgınının Ekonomik Etkileri. Ed. Kocaay, F., Covid-19 Pandemisinin Olumlu ve Olumsuz Etkileri. Medipol Üniversitesi Yayınları
- Sertkaya, B., & Baş, S. (2021). COVID-19 Salgininin Türkiye Ekonomisi Üzerine Etkileri: Riskler ve Olasi Senaryolar. Dicle Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(21), 147-167.
- Turkish Statistical Institute (2021a). Annual Gross Domestic Product, 2020. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=37184&dil=2
- Turkish Statistical Institute (2021b). Company Accounts, 2020. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Company-Accounts-2020-37191 Turkish Statistical Institute (2021c). Quarterly Gross Domestic Product, Quarter IV: October-December, 2020. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Quarterly-Gross-Domestic-Product-Quarter-IV:-October-December,-2020-37180
- Turkish Statistical Institute (2022). Company Accounts, 2021. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Company-Accounts-2021-45741 Turkish Statistical Institute (2023). Company Accounts, 2022. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Company-Accounts-2023-53526 Turkish Statistical Institute (2024a). Annual Gross Domestic Product, 2023. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Annual-Gross-Domestic-Product-2023-53450&dil=2 Turkish Statistical Institute (2024b). Company Accounts, 2023. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Company-Accounts-2023-53526&dil=2 Turkish Statistical Institute (2024c). Quarterly Gross Domestic Product, Quarter IV: October-December, 2023. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Quarterly-Gross-Domestic-Product-Quarter-IV:-October-December,-2023-53756&dil=2 Ünüvar, İ., & Aktaş, H. (2022). Dünya’da ve Türkiye’de COVID-19 pandemisinin ekonomik etkileri. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 25(1), 124-140
- World Bank (2022). World Development Report 2022, Finance for an Equitable Recovery. World Bank Group, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/36883/9781464817304.pdf
- World Bank (2025). GDP Growth (Annual %). World Bank Group, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG World Health Organization (2020). WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 11 March 2020. https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020
- Worldmeters (2024). COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic. https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/
Öz
Olumsuz etkileri günümüzde giderek azalsa da 2019 yılı sonunda ilk olarak Çin'de ortaya çıkan ve ardından hızla tüm dünyaya yayılan Covid-19 salgını, Türkiye ekonomisiyle birlikte dünya ekonomilerini de olumsuz yönde etkilemiştir. Covid-19'un etkileri ekonomilerin tamamında hissedilmiş olmakla birlikte, Konaklama ve Yiyecek Hizmeti Faaliyetleri gibi hizmet sektörlerinde daha şiddetli hissedilmiştir. Bu çalışma ile Covid-19'un Türkiye ekonomisi üzerindeki etkilerinin sektörler bazında detaylı bir şekilde incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu değerlendirmeyi yapabilmek için öncelikle tüm sektörlerdeki etkiler genel bir bakış açısıyla incelenmiş, ardından çalışma özellikle en olumsuz etkilenen sektörler için sektör bazında genişletilmiştir. Piyasalar üzerindeki bu etkileri araştırmak için TCMB ve TÜİK tarafından sağlanan "Sektör Bilançoları" verileri ağırlıklı olarak 2019-2023 dönemi için kullanılmıştır. Bu veri seti, NACE REV.2 sınıflandırmasına göre 1,6 milyondan fazla şirket bilgisini içeren 17 ana sektörü kapsamaktadır ve bu açıdan oldukça kapsamlıdır. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre Covid-19’un etkisini en çok hissettirdiği 2020 yılında en çok zarar eden sektörler sırasıyla “ulaşım ve depolama”, “konaklama ve yiyecek hizmeti” ve “gayrimenkul” olmuştur. Bununla birlikte aynı dönemde “imalat” ve “toptan ve perakende ticaret; motorlu kara taşıtlarının ve motosikletlerin onarımı” sektörü gibi farklı sektörlerde kar elde edebilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye (2020). Koronavirüsün Ekonomik ve Finansal Etkilerine Karşı Alınan Tedbirler. https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/tr/tcmb+tr/main+page+site+area/koronavirus Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye (2025). Company Accounts. https://www3.tcmb.gov.tr/sektor/#/en Durmuş, S., and Şahin, D. (2020). Covid-19 Küresel Salgında Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Uygulanan Ekonomi Politikaları Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Electronic Turkish Studies, 15(4).
- Dyvik, E. H. (2024). Impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the global economy - Statistics & Facts. Retrieved May 17, 2025, from https://www.statista.com/topics/6139/covid-19-impact-on-the-global-economy/#topicOverview
- Fernando M. M., Juan M. S. and Olivia W. (2023.). The Economic Impact of COVID-19 around the World. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, Second Quarter 2023, pp. 74-88. doi: https://doi.org/10.20955/r.105.74-88
- International Monetary Fund (2025). Data Mapper, Real GDP growth. https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDP_RPCH@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD
- McKibbin, W., and Fernando, R. (2023). The global economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Economic Modelling, 129, 106551.
- Ministry of Health (2025a). COVID-19 Bilgilendirme Platformu. https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/tr-66935/genel-koronavirus-tablosu.html
- Ministry of Health (2025b). COVID-19 Nedir? https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/tr-66300/covid-19-nedir-.html
- National Archives and Records Administration (2025). The Deadly Virus: the Influenza Epidemic of 1918. https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/influenza-epidemic
- Naseer, S., Khalid S., Parveen, S., Abbass, K., Song, H. and Achim, M. V. (2023). COVID-19 outbreak: Impact on global economy. Front. Public Health 10:1009393. doi: https://10.3389/fpubh.2022.1009393 Pınar, D. A. (2022). Covid-19 Küresel Salgınının Ekonomik Etkileri. Ed. Kocaay, F., Covid-19 Pandemisinin Olumlu ve Olumsuz Etkileri. Medipol Üniversitesi Yayınları
- Sertkaya, B., & Baş, S. (2021). COVID-19 Salgininin Türkiye Ekonomisi Üzerine Etkileri: Riskler ve Olasi Senaryolar. Dicle Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(21), 147-167.
- Turkish Statistical Institute (2021a). Annual Gross Domestic Product, 2020. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=37184&dil=2
- Turkish Statistical Institute (2021b). Company Accounts, 2020. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Company-Accounts-2020-37191 Turkish Statistical Institute (2021c). Quarterly Gross Domestic Product, Quarter IV: October-December, 2020. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Quarterly-Gross-Domestic-Product-Quarter-IV:-October-December,-2020-37180
- Turkish Statistical Institute (2022). Company Accounts, 2021. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Company-Accounts-2021-45741 Turkish Statistical Institute (2023). Company Accounts, 2022. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Company-Accounts-2023-53526 Turkish Statistical Institute (2024a). Annual Gross Domestic Product, 2023. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Annual-Gross-Domestic-Product-2023-53450&dil=2 Turkish Statistical Institute (2024b). Company Accounts, 2023. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Company-Accounts-2023-53526&dil=2 Turkish Statistical Institute (2024c). Quarterly Gross Domestic Product, Quarter IV: October-December, 2023. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Quarterly-Gross-Domestic-Product-Quarter-IV:-October-December,-2023-53756&dil=2 Ünüvar, İ., & Aktaş, H. (2022). Dünya’da ve Türkiye’de COVID-19 pandemisinin ekonomik etkileri. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 25(1), 124-140
- World Bank (2022). World Development Report 2022, Finance for an Equitable Recovery. World Bank Group, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/36883/9781464817304.pdf
- World Bank (2025). GDP Growth (Annual %). World Bank Group, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG World Health Organization (2020). WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 11 March 2020. https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020
- Worldmeters (2024). COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic. https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | İşletme , Girişimcilik |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 31 Mayıs 2025 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 31 Mayıs 2025 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 25 Mayıs 2025 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 28 Mayıs 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 17 |
