Araştırma Makalesi
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Prevalence and underlying determinants related to COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among Iraqi Healthcare professionals in Hilla City

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1, 94 - 105, 25.04.2025

Rasha Raheem , Shaymaa Alfadhul

Öz

Objective: This study aims to assess the prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among healthcare workers in Hilla City and understand the underlying reasons.
Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted at various health institutions in Al-Hilla City, randomly selected, from July 1, 2022, to November 1, 2022. A three-part questionnaire was used to collect information from all healthcare workers (HCWs) at these institutions who consented to participate. The first part was focused on socio-demographics. The second part gathered information on COVID-19 infection history and vaccination status. The third part used a five constraints scale questionnaire to evaluate the psychological factors affecting COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among unvaccinated participants, which is composed of five main subscales: “confidence, complacency, constraints, calculation, and collective responsibility.” Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) program.
Results: The study of 521 healthcare workers revealed a vaccine hesitancy rate of 12.5%, influenced by lack of confidence (86.2%), complacency (70%), and low collective responsibility (93.8%). Non-medical staff relying on social media for information were more likely to be hesitant (p < 0.05). Vaccine hesitancy was significantly associated with occupation, workplace, and information sources (p < 0.05) but showed no link to gender, marital status, education, or chronic disease history (p > 0.05).
Conclusion: The non-vaccinated participants were mostly non-medical healthcare workers employed in hospitals, with social media as their main source of information. Inadequate trust in the vaccine, a low sense of collective responsibility, and an underestimation of disease risk were key factors influencing vaccination decisions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

COVID-19 Health Personnel Vaccination Hesitancy Vaccination Refusal Vaccines

Kaynakça

  • Adhikari SP, Meng S, Wu YJ, Mao Y P, Ye R X , Wang Q Z , et al. Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period . A scoping review Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9:29.
  • Shrivastava SR , Shrivastava PS 2019-nCoV outbreak declared as public health emergency of international concern: what next? Int J Prev Med 2020;11: 65.
  • WHO. Draft landscape of COVID-19 candidate vaccines 2021. Available from:https:/www.who.int/publications/m/item/draft-landscape-of-covid19-candidate-vaccines . [Last accessed on 2023 Jan 26].
  • Lazarus JV, Ratzan SC, Palayew A, Gostin LO, Larson HJ, Rabin K, et al. A global survey of potential acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine. Nat Med 2020; 27:225-228.
  • World Health Organization. Iraq launches nationwide vaccination campaign to scale up immunity against COVID-19 [In-ternet]. Cairo: WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean; 2021 [cited 2025 Jan 3]. Available from: https://www.emro.who.int/iraq/news/iraq-launches-nationwide-vaccination-campaign-to-scale-up-immunity-against-covid-19.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com
  • 6. Nguyen LH , Drew DA, Graham MS , Joshi A.D, Guo C, Ma W, et al. Risk of COVID-19 among front-line health-care workers and the general community: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Public Health 2020;5: 475-483.
  • Paduszynska K, Rucinska LG , Pomorski L. Physician as an infective vector at a department of surgery Pol Przegl Chir 2015; 86:511-517.
  • Aoun A, Abdel Rahman Y, Mostafa NM, Kassem I, Badrah M. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on health care workers’ mental health: A cross-sectional study. Allied J Med Res 2020; 4(1): 57-62.
  • Grech V, Gauci C, Agius S. Withdrawn: Vaccine hesitancy among Maltese Healthcare workers toward influenza and novel COVID-19 vaccination. Early Hum Dev 2020; 10:5213 [published online ahead of print.]
  • Gagneur A. Motivational interviewing: a powerful tool to address vaccine hesitancy. Canada Communicable Disease Re-port 2020; 46(4):93–97.
  • Peretti-Watel P, Ward JK, Vergelys C, Bocquier A, Raude J, Verger P. “I think I Made the right decision … I hope I’m not wrong.” Vaccine hesitancy, commitment and trust among parents of young children. Social Health Illn 2019; 41(6):1192–1206.
  • Yaqub O, Castle-Clarke S, Sevdalis N, Chatawayd J. Attitudes to vaccination: a critical review. Soc Sci Med 2014; 112:1–11.
  • Abdullah DM. Prevalence and correlates of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the general public in Iraqi Kurdistan: A cross-sectional study. J Med Virol 2021; 93: 6722-6731.
  • Abd ElHafeez S, Elbarazi I, Shaaban R, ElMakhzangy R, Ossama Aly M, Alnagar A, et al. Arabic validation and cross-cultural adaptation of the 5C scale for assessment of COVID-19 vaccines psychological antecedents. PloS one 2021 Aug 26; 16(8): e0254595.
  • Luma A, Haveen A, Faiq B, Stefania M, Leonardo E. Hesitancy towards Covid-19 vaccination among the healthcare work-ers in Iraqi Kurdistan. Public Health in Practice 2022 ;3: 100222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhip.2021.100222.
  • Al-Sanafi M, Sallam M. Psychological Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance among Healthcare Workers in Ku-wait: A Cross-Sectional Study Using the 5C and Vaccine Conspiracy Beliefs Scales. Vaccines 2021; 9:7. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9070701.
  • Elharake J, Galal B, Alqahtani S, Kattan R, Barry M, Temsah M, et al. COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance among Health Care Workers in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2021; 109: 286-293.
  • Barry M, Temsah H, Alhuzaimi A, lamro A, Al-Eyadhy A, Aljamaan, F.et al. COVID-19 vaccine confidence and hesitancy among health care workers: A cross-sectional survey from a MERS-CoV experienced nation. PLOS ONE 2021; 16(11): e0244415. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244415.
  • Khamis F, Badahdah A, Al Mahyijari N. Attitudes towards COVID-19 Vaccine: A Survey of Health Care Workers in Oman. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2022; 12: 1–6.
  • Saied S, Saied E, Kabbash I, Abdo S. Vaccine hesitancy: Beliefs and barriers associated with COVID-19 vaccination among Egyptian medical students. J Med Virol 2021; 93: 4280– 4291.
  • Sallam M. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy worldwide: a concise systematic review of vaccine acceptance rates. Vaccines 2021; 9(2):160.
  • Ghazi H, Taher T, Alfadhul S, Al-Mahmood S, Hassan S, Hamoudi T. Acceptance of Covid-19 Vaccine among General Popu-lation in Iraq: IqNJM [Internet] 2021 Dec. 6 [cited 2023 March. 4]; 3(1):93-103. Available from:
  • Al-Metwali B, Al-Jumaili A, Al-Alag Z. Exploring the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine among healthcare workers and gen-eral population using health belief model. Accepted: 23 April 2021 DOI: 10.1111/jep.13581.
  • Al-Jumaili A, Al-Fatlawi B, Al-Jalehawi A, Al-Hamadani F, Alsawad O. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare provid-ers: save the frontline fighters. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 2021; 1-7.
  • https://gds.gov.iq/the-cabinet-will-continue-to-require-the-vaccination-of-employees-workers-students-and-teaching-staff/ [Last accessed on 26 September 2021
  • Tahir A, Ramadhan D, Piro S, Abdullah R, Taha A, Radha R. COVID-19 vaccine acceptance, hesitancy and refusal among Iraqi Kurdish population. International Journal of Health Sciences 2022; 16(1): 10-16.
  • Salim K, Al-Attar W, Arif S, Ghazi H. Beliefs and Barriers Associated with COVID-19 Vaccination among Students. HIV Nurs-ing 2022; 11; 22(2):912-5.
  • Lazarus J, Ratzan S, Palayew A . A global survey of potential acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine. Nature Med 2021; 27(2): 225-228.
  • Bandyopadhyay S, Baticulon R, Kadhum M, Alser M, Ojuka D, Badereddin Y, et al. Infection and mortality of healthcare workers worldwide from COVID-19: a systematic review. BMJ Glob Health. 2020; 5(12):e003097. .
  • Pacella-LaBarbara M, Park Y, Patterson P, Doshi A, Guyette M, Wong A, et al. COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake and Intent among Emergency Healthcare Workers: A Cross-Sectional Survey. J. Occup. Environ. Med 2021; 63: 852–856.
  • 31. Dzieciolowska S, Hamel D, Gadio S, Dionne M, Gagnon D, Robitaille L, et al. COVID-19 vaccine acceptance, hesitancy, and refusal among Canadian healthcare workers: A multicenter survey. Am. J. Infect. Control 2021; 49: 1152–1157.
  • Kociolek L, Elhadary J, Jhaveri R, Patel A, Stahulak B, Cartland J. Coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine hesitancy among chil-dren’s hospital staff: A single-center survey Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 2021; 42(6): 775-777. doi:10.1017/ice.2021.58
  • Khairi A, Saad M. Acceptance and attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccine among the general public in Iraq. Iraqi New Medi-cal Journal 2023; 9:17.
  • Reno C, Maietti E, Fantini M, Savoia E, Manzoli L, Montalti M, et al. Enhancing COVID-19 vaccines acceptance: results from a survey on vaccine hesitancy in Northern Italy. Vaccines 2021; 9:378.
  • Williams L, Flowers P, Mcleod M, Young D, Rollins L. Social patterning and stability of intention to accept a COVID-19 vac-cine in Scotland: Will those most at risk accept a vaccine? Vaccines 2021; 9:17.
  • Algabbani F, Alomeir O, Alhussayen M, Algabbani A. Vaccine Hesitancy among Healthcare Providers at the Beginning of a Pandemic: The Case of COVID-19 Vaccines. Saudi Journal
  • Navin MC, Oberleitner LM, Lucia VC, Ozdych M, Afonso N, Kennedy RH, et al. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among healthcare personnel who generally accept vaccines. J Community Health. 2022;47:519–29.
  • Machida M, Nakamura I, Kojima T, Saito R, Nakaya T, Hanibuchi T, et al. Trends in COVID-19 vaccination intent from pre- to post-COVID-19 vaccine distribution and their associations with the 5C psychological antecedents of vaccination by sex and age in Japan. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2021;17(12):3954–62. doi:10.1080/21645515.2021.1968217.
  • Roberts CH, Brindle H, Rogers NT, Eggo RM, Enria L, Lees S. Vaccine confidence and hesitancy at the start of COVID-19 vaccine deployment in the UK: an embedded mixed-methods study. Front Public Health. 2021;9:745630. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.745630.
  • Betsch C, Bach Habersaat K, Deshevoi S, Heinemeier D, Briko N, Kostenko N, et al. Sample study protocol for adapting and translating the 5C scale to assess the psychological antecedents of vaccination. BMJ Open. 2020;10:e034869. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034869.
  • Abdou MS, Kheirallah KA, Aly MO, Ramadan A, Mohammed Elhadi YA, Elbarazi I, et al. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination psychological antecedent assessment using the Arabic 5C validated tool: an online survey in 13 Arab countries. PLoS One. 2021;16(11):e0260321. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0260321.

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1, 94 - 105, 25.04.2025

Rasha Raheem , Shaymaa Alfadhul

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Adhikari SP, Meng S, Wu YJ, Mao Y P, Ye R X , Wang Q Z , et al. Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period . A scoping review Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9:29.
  • Shrivastava SR , Shrivastava PS 2019-nCoV outbreak declared as public health emergency of international concern: what next? Int J Prev Med 2020;11: 65.
  • WHO. Draft landscape of COVID-19 candidate vaccines 2021. Available from:https:/www.who.int/publications/m/item/draft-landscape-of-covid19-candidate-vaccines . [Last accessed on 2023 Jan 26].
  • Lazarus JV, Ratzan SC, Palayew A, Gostin LO, Larson HJ, Rabin K, et al. A global survey of potential acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine. Nat Med 2020; 27:225-228.
  • World Health Organization. Iraq launches nationwide vaccination campaign to scale up immunity against COVID-19 [In-ternet]. Cairo: WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean; 2021 [cited 2025 Jan 3]. Available from: https://www.emro.who.int/iraq/news/iraq-launches-nationwide-vaccination-campaign-to-scale-up-immunity-against-covid-19.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com
  • 6. Nguyen LH , Drew DA, Graham MS , Joshi A.D, Guo C, Ma W, et al. Risk of COVID-19 among front-line health-care workers and the general community: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Public Health 2020;5: 475-483.
  • Paduszynska K, Rucinska LG , Pomorski L. Physician as an infective vector at a department of surgery Pol Przegl Chir 2015; 86:511-517.
  • Aoun A, Abdel Rahman Y, Mostafa NM, Kassem I, Badrah M. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on health care workers’ mental health: A cross-sectional study. Allied J Med Res 2020; 4(1): 57-62.
  • Grech V, Gauci C, Agius S. Withdrawn: Vaccine hesitancy among Maltese Healthcare workers toward influenza and novel COVID-19 vaccination. Early Hum Dev 2020; 10:5213 [published online ahead of print.]
  • Gagneur A. Motivational interviewing: a powerful tool to address vaccine hesitancy. Canada Communicable Disease Re-port 2020; 46(4):93–97.
  • Peretti-Watel P, Ward JK, Vergelys C, Bocquier A, Raude J, Verger P. “I think I Made the right decision … I hope I’m not wrong.” Vaccine hesitancy, commitment and trust among parents of young children. Social Health Illn 2019; 41(6):1192–1206.
  • Yaqub O, Castle-Clarke S, Sevdalis N, Chatawayd J. Attitudes to vaccination: a critical review. Soc Sci Med 2014; 112:1–11.
  • Abdullah DM. Prevalence and correlates of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the general public in Iraqi Kurdistan: A cross-sectional study. J Med Virol 2021; 93: 6722-6731.
  • Abd ElHafeez S, Elbarazi I, Shaaban R, ElMakhzangy R, Ossama Aly M, Alnagar A, et al. Arabic validation and cross-cultural adaptation of the 5C scale for assessment of COVID-19 vaccines psychological antecedents. PloS one 2021 Aug 26; 16(8): e0254595.
  • Luma A, Haveen A, Faiq B, Stefania M, Leonardo E. Hesitancy towards Covid-19 vaccination among the healthcare work-ers in Iraqi Kurdistan. Public Health in Practice 2022 ;3: 100222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhip.2021.100222.
  • Al-Sanafi M, Sallam M. Psychological Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance among Healthcare Workers in Ku-wait: A Cross-Sectional Study Using the 5C and Vaccine Conspiracy Beliefs Scales. Vaccines 2021; 9:7. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9070701.
  • Elharake J, Galal B, Alqahtani S, Kattan R, Barry M, Temsah M, et al. COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance among Health Care Workers in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2021; 109: 286-293.
  • Barry M, Temsah H, Alhuzaimi A, lamro A, Al-Eyadhy A, Aljamaan, F.et al. COVID-19 vaccine confidence and hesitancy among health care workers: A cross-sectional survey from a MERS-CoV experienced nation. PLOS ONE 2021; 16(11): e0244415. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244415.
  • Khamis F, Badahdah A, Al Mahyijari N. Attitudes towards COVID-19 Vaccine: A Survey of Health Care Workers in Oman. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2022; 12: 1–6.
  • Saied S, Saied E, Kabbash I, Abdo S. Vaccine hesitancy: Beliefs and barriers associated with COVID-19 vaccination among Egyptian medical students. J Med Virol 2021; 93: 4280– 4291.
  • Sallam M. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy worldwide: a concise systematic review of vaccine acceptance rates. Vaccines 2021; 9(2):160.
  • Ghazi H, Taher T, Alfadhul S, Al-Mahmood S, Hassan S, Hamoudi T. Acceptance of Covid-19 Vaccine among General Popu-lation in Iraq: IqNJM [Internet] 2021 Dec. 6 [cited 2023 March. 4]; 3(1):93-103. Available from:
  • Al-Metwali B, Al-Jumaili A, Al-Alag Z. Exploring the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine among healthcare workers and gen-eral population using health belief model. Accepted: 23 April 2021 DOI: 10.1111/jep.13581.
  • Al-Jumaili A, Al-Fatlawi B, Al-Jalehawi A, Al-Hamadani F, Alsawad O. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare provid-ers: save the frontline fighters. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 2021; 1-7.
  • https://gds.gov.iq/the-cabinet-will-continue-to-require-the-vaccination-of-employees-workers-students-and-teaching-staff/ [Last accessed on 26 September 2021
  • Tahir A, Ramadhan D, Piro S, Abdullah R, Taha A, Radha R. COVID-19 vaccine acceptance, hesitancy and refusal among Iraqi Kurdish population. International Journal of Health Sciences 2022; 16(1): 10-16.
  • Salim K, Al-Attar W, Arif S, Ghazi H. Beliefs and Barriers Associated with COVID-19 Vaccination among Students. HIV Nurs-ing 2022; 11; 22(2):912-5.
  • Lazarus J, Ratzan S, Palayew A . A global survey of potential acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine. Nature Med 2021; 27(2): 225-228.
  • Bandyopadhyay S, Baticulon R, Kadhum M, Alser M, Ojuka D, Badereddin Y, et al. Infection and mortality of healthcare workers worldwide from COVID-19: a systematic review. BMJ Glob Health. 2020; 5(12):e003097. .
  • Pacella-LaBarbara M, Park Y, Patterson P, Doshi A, Guyette M, Wong A, et al. COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake and Intent among Emergency Healthcare Workers: A Cross-Sectional Survey. J. Occup. Environ. Med 2021; 63: 852–856.
  • 31. Dzieciolowska S, Hamel D, Gadio S, Dionne M, Gagnon D, Robitaille L, et al. COVID-19 vaccine acceptance, hesitancy, and refusal among Canadian healthcare workers: A multicenter survey. Am. J. Infect. Control 2021; 49: 1152–1157.
  • Kociolek L, Elhadary J, Jhaveri R, Patel A, Stahulak B, Cartland J. Coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine hesitancy among chil-dren’s hospital staff: A single-center survey Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 2021; 42(6): 775-777. doi:10.1017/ice.2021.58
  • Khairi A, Saad M. Acceptance and attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccine among the general public in Iraq. Iraqi New Medi-cal Journal 2023; 9:17.
  • Reno C, Maietti E, Fantini M, Savoia E, Manzoli L, Montalti M, et al. Enhancing COVID-19 vaccines acceptance: results from a survey on vaccine hesitancy in Northern Italy. Vaccines 2021; 9:378.
  • Williams L, Flowers P, Mcleod M, Young D, Rollins L. Social patterning and stability of intention to accept a COVID-19 vac-cine in Scotland: Will those most at risk accept a vaccine? Vaccines 2021; 9:17.
  • Algabbani F, Alomeir O, Alhussayen M, Algabbani A. Vaccine Hesitancy among Healthcare Providers at the Beginning of a Pandemic: The Case of COVID-19 Vaccines. Saudi Journal
  • Navin MC, Oberleitner LM, Lucia VC, Ozdych M, Afonso N, Kennedy RH, et al. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among healthcare personnel who generally accept vaccines. J Community Health. 2022;47:519–29.
  • Machida M, Nakamura I, Kojima T, Saito R, Nakaya T, Hanibuchi T, et al. Trends in COVID-19 vaccination intent from pre- to post-COVID-19 vaccine distribution and their associations with the 5C psychological antecedents of vaccination by sex and age in Japan. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2021;17(12):3954–62. doi:10.1080/21645515.2021.1968217.
  • Roberts CH, Brindle H, Rogers NT, Eggo RM, Enria L, Lees S. Vaccine confidence and hesitancy at the start of COVID-19 vaccine deployment in the UK: an embedded mixed-methods study. Front Public Health. 2021;9:745630. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.745630.
  • Betsch C, Bach Habersaat K, Deshevoi S, Heinemeier D, Briko N, Kostenko N, et al. Sample study protocol for adapting and translating the 5C scale to assess the psychological antecedents of vaccination. BMJ Open. 2020;10:e034869. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034869.
  • Abdou MS, Kheirallah KA, Aly MO, Ramadan A, Mohammed Elhadi YA, Elbarazi I, et al. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination psychological antecedent assessment using the Arabic 5C validated tool: an online survey in 13 Arab countries. PLoS One. 2021;16(11):e0260321. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0260321.
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sağlık Hizmetleri ve Sistemleri (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Rasha Raheem 0009-0008-9417-180X

Shaymaa Alfadhul 0000-0002-8466-8344

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 20 Nisan 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Nisan 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 13 Eylül 2024
Kabul Tarihi 16 Mart 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Raheem, R., & Alfadhul, S. (2025). Prevalence and underlying determinants related to COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among Iraqi Healthcare professionals in Hilla City. Turkish Journal of Public Health, 23(1), 94-105. https://doi.org/10.20518/tjph.1549455
AMA Raheem R, Alfadhul S. Prevalence and underlying determinants related to COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among Iraqi Healthcare professionals in Hilla City. TJPH. Nisan 2025;23(1):94-105. doi:10.20518/tjph.1549455
Chicago Raheem, Rasha, ve Shaymaa Alfadhul. “Prevalence and Underlying Determinants Related to COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Among Iraqi Healthcare Professionals in Hilla City”. Turkish Journal of Public Health 23, sy. 1 (Nisan 2025): 94-105. https://doi.org/10.20518/tjph.1549455.
EndNote Raheem R, Alfadhul S (01 Nisan 2025) Prevalence and underlying determinants related to COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among Iraqi Healthcare professionals in Hilla City. Turkish Journal of Public Health 23 1 94–105.
IEEE R. Raheem ve S. Alfadhul, “Prevalence and underlying determinants related to COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among Iraqi Healthcare professionals in Hilla City”, TJPH, c. 23, sy. 1, ss. 94–105, 2025, doi: 10.20518/tjph.1549455.
ISNAD Raheem, Rasha - Alfadhul, Shaymaa. “Prevalence and Underlying Determinants Related to COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Among Iraqi Healthcare Professionals in Hilla City”. Turkish Journal of Public Health 23/1 (Nisan 2025), 94-105. https://doi.org/10.20518/tjph.1549455.
JAMA Raheem R, Alfadhul S. Prevalence and underlying determinants related to COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among Iraqi Healthcare professionals in Hilla City. TJPH. 2025;23:94–105.
MLA Raheem, Rasha ve Shaymaa Alfadhul. “Prevalence and Underlying Determinants Related to COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Among Iraqi Healthcare Professionals in Hilla City”. Turkish Journal of Public Health, c. 23, sy. 1, 2025, ss. 94-105, doi:10.20518/tjph.1549455.
Vancouver Raheem R, Alfadhul S. Prevalence and underlying determinants related to COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among Iraqi Healthcare professionals in Hilla City. TJPH. 2025;23(1):94-105.
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