Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

The Military Dimension of Russia’s Return to the Middle East

Yıl 2022, , 83 - 107, 29.06.2022

Melih Yıldız

https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.1049301
Cited By: 2

Öz

During the Cold War, the Soviet Union succeeded in establishing an important sphere of influence in the Middle East. However, with the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia began to rapidly lose its influence in the 1990s in the Middle East. The process of Russia’s transformation into an important actor again in the region took place in the 2010s. Moscow’s policy toward the civil war in Syria has increased Russian influence in Syria and enabled it to be more actively involved in the developments in the Middle East. Similar to the Soviet era, Russia’s increasing influence in the Middle East in recent years, was largely achieved by military means. This study aims to analyze the recent transformation of Russia’s military presence in the region, which is the most important indicator of its influence in the Middle East. In addition, in order to evaluate the success of its return to the Middle East, Russia’s military influence in the region was compared with the influence of the Soviet Union during the Cold War. As a result of the evaluation, it was concluded that Russia managed to reestablish a sphere of influence in the Middle East. The biggest factor behind this success of Russia is the rapid development of its military relations with Syria and Egypt in the 2010s.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Russia Middle East Syria Egypt Arms Trade Military Influence

Kaynakça

  • Allison, Roy. “Russia and Syria: explaining alignment with a regime in crisis.” International Affairs 89, no.4 (2013): 795-823.
  • Alterman, Jon B. “American Aid to Egypt in the 1950’s: From Hope to Hostility.” Middle East Journal 52, no.1 (Kış 1998): 51-69.
  • Anthony, Ian. “Economic dimensions of Soviet and Russian arms exports.” İçinde Russia and the Arms Trade, Editör: Ian Anthony, 71-92. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
  • Azizi, Hamidreza. “Russian Arms Trade Approach in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA): Economic and Strategic Aspects.” Geopolitics Quarterly 14, no. 4 (2019): 84-103.
  • Baev, Pavel K. “Russia as Opportunust or Spoiler in the Middle East?” The International Spectator 50, no. 2 (2015): 8-21.
  • Bennett, Alexander J. “Arms Transfer as an Instrument of Soviet Policy in the Middle East.” The Middle East Journal 39, no.4 (1985): 745-774.
  • Blank, Stephen ve Edward Levitzky. “Geostrategic aims of the Russian arms trade in East Asia and the Middle East.” Defence Studies 15, no. 1 (2015): 63-80.
  • Breslauer, George W. “On Collaborative Competition.” İçinde Soviet Strategy in the Middle East, Editör: George W. Breslauer, 3-22. New York: Routledge, 2016.
  • Cleveland, William L. ve Martin Bunton. A History of the Modern Middle East. Boulder: Westview Press, 2009.
  • Daigle, Craig A. “The Russians are Going: Sadat, Nixon and the Soviet Presence in Egypt, 1970-1971.” Middle East Review of International Affairs 8, no.1 (2004): 1-15.
  • Dannreuther, Roland. “Russia and the Middle East: A Cold War Paradigm?” Europe-Asia Studies 64, no.3 (2012): 543-560.
  • Dannreuther, Roland. “Understanding Russia’s return to the Middle East.” International Politics 56, no.4 (2019): 726-742.
  • Dawisha, Karen. Soviet Foreign Policy Towards Egypt. Londra: The Macmillan Press, 1979.
  • Eisenstadt, Michael ve Kenneth M. Pollack. “Armies of Snow and Armies of Sand: The Impact of Soviet Military Doctrine on Arab Militaries.” Middle East Journal 55, no.4 (2001): 549-578.
  • Ginor, Isabella ve Gideon Remez. The Soviet-Israeli War 1967-1973: The USSR’s Military Intervention in the Egyptian-Israeli Conflict. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.
  • Golan, Galia. Soviet Policies in the Middle East: From World War Two to Gorbachev. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
  • Goldstein, Lyle J. ve Yuri M. Zhukov. “A Tale of Two Fleets: A Russian Perspective on the 1973 Naval Standoff in the Mediterranean.” Naval War College Review 57, no.2 (2004): 27-63.
  • Issaev, Leonid. “Russia and the New Middle East.” Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 23, no.3 (2021): 423-442.
  • Jalali, Ali A. “The Strategic Partnership of Russia and Iran.” The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters 31, no.4 (2001): 98-111.
  • James, Laura M. “Military/political means/ends: Egyptian decision-making in the War of Attrition.” İçinde The Cold War in the Middle East: Regional conflict and the superpowers 1967-73, Editör: Nigel J. Ashton, 92-112. New York: Routledge, 2007.
  • Kissinger, Henry. Diplomacy. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994.
  • Krause, Keith. “Military Statecraft: Power and Influence in Soviet and American Arms Transfer Relationships.” International Studies Quarterly 35, no.3 (1991): 313-336.
  • Lavrov, Anton. “Russia in Syria: A Military Analysis.” İçinde Russia Rising: Putin’s Foreign Policy in the Middle East and North Africa, Editörler: Dimitar Bechev, Nicu Popescu ve Stanislav Secrieru, 31-38. Londra: I. B. Tauris, 2021.
  • Lund, Aron. “From Cold War to Civil War: 75 Years of Russian-Syrian Relations.” The Swedish Institute of International Affairs, 2019.
  • Magen, Zvi, Yiftah Shapir ve Olena Bagno-Moldavsky. “Russian Arms Exports to the Middle East: A Means or an End?” Strategic Assessment 13, no. 2 (2010): 83-95.
  • Mccgwire, Michael. “The Mediterranean and Soviet naval interests.” International Journal 27, no.4 (1972): 511-527.
  • Mevlütoğlu, Arda. “Rusya: Eski Oyuncu Yeni Rol.” İçinde Ortadoğu’da Güvenlik, Savunma ve Silahlanma, Editörler: Murat Yeşiltaş ve Rıfat Öncel, 339- 384, İstanbul: SETA, 2020.
  • Moore, Eric D. Russia-Iran Relations Since the End of the Cold War. New York: Routledge, 2014.
  • Vasiliev, Alexey. Russia’s Middle East Policy: From Lenin to Putin. New York: Routledge, 2018.
  • Weinland, Robert G. “Land support for naval forces: Egypt and the Soviet Escadra 1962-1976.” Survival: Global Politics and Strategy 20, no.2 (1978): 73-79.
  • Wezeman, Pieter D., Alexandra Kuimova ve Siemon T. Wezeman. “Trends in International Arms Transfers, 2020.” SIPRI Fact Sheet. (Mart 2021).
  • Yıldız, Melih. “Mısır-Rusya İlişkilerinde Askeri Boyut.” ORSAM Bakış, no. 160 (Mart 2021).
  • “5th Defenders of Friendship 2021 joint exercise of Russian and Egyptian paratroopers ends near Cairo.” Ministery of Defence of the Russian Federation. 26 Ekim 2021, Son erişim: 11 Aralık 2021, https://eng. mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12391081@egNews.
  • Bradly, April. “Russia Completes S-300 Delivery to Iran.” Arms Control Association. Aralık 2016, Son erişim: 9 Aralık 2021, https://www. armscontrol.org/act/2016-11/news-briefs/russia-completes-s-300- delivery-iran.
  • Dettmer, Jamie. “Russia Expands Military Facilities in Syria.” Voice of America. 12 Mayıs 2021, Son erişim: 10 Aralık 2021, https://www. voanews.com/a/middle-east_russia-expands-military-facilities- syria/6205742.html.
  • “Egypt, Russia sign military, security cooperation protocol.” Egypt Today. 26 Ağustos 2021, Son erişim: 11 Aralık 2021, https://www.egypttoday. com/Article/1/107242/Egypt-Russia-sign-military-security- cooperation-protocol.
  • Grove, Thomas ve Erika Solomon. “Russia boosts arms sales to Syria despite world pressure.” Reuters. 21 Şubat 2012, Son erişim: 9 Aralık 2021, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-russia-arms-idUSTRE 81K13420120221.
  • “Joint Egyptian-Russian naval exercise “Friendship Bridge-4” kicks off in the Mediterranean.” Egypt Today. 6 Aralık 2021, Son erişim: 11 Aralık 2021 https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/110596/Joint- Egyptian-Russian-naval-exercise-%E2%80%9CFriendship-Bridge- 4%E2%80%9D-kicks-off.
  • “Mediterranean Eskadra.” Federation of American Scientists. 7 Eylül 2000, Son erişim: 10 Aralık 2021, https://nuke.fas.org/guide/russia/agency/mf- med.htm.
  • “Russia to become Iraq’s second-biggest arms supplier.” BBC. 9 Ekim 2012, Son erişim: 9 Aralık 2021, https://www.bbc.com/news/world- europe-19881858.
  • “TIV of arms exports from Russia, 1992-2020.” SIPRI Arms Transfers Database. Son erişim: 6 Aralık 2021, https://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/ html/export_values.php.
  • “TIV of arms exports from Soviet Union, 1955-1991.” SIPRI Arms Transfers Database. Son erişim: 27 Kasım 2021, https://armstrade.sipri.org/ armstrade/html/export_values.php.
  • “TIV of arms exports to Egypt, 1992-2020.” SIPRI Arms Transfers Database. Son erişim: 8 Aralık 2021, https://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/ html/export_values.php.
  • “TIV of arms exports to Iraq, 2004-2020.” SIPRI Arms Transfers Database. Son erişim: 9 Aralık 2021, https://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/html/ export_values.php.
  • “Upper house ratifies Russian-Egyptian strategic cooperation treaty.” TASS. 26 Temmuz 2019, Son erişim: 11 Aralık 2021, https://tass.com/ world/1070519.

Rusya’nın Ortadoğu’ya Dönüşünün Askeri Boyutu

Yıl 2022, , 83 - 107, 29.06.2022

Melih Yıldız

https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.1049301
Cited By: 2

Öz

Sovyetler Birliği Soğuk Savaş döneminde Ortadoğu’da önemli bir nüfuz alanı oluşturmayı başarmış, ancak Sovyetler Birliği’nin dağılmasıyla birlikte 1990’larda Rusya hızla Ortadoğu’daki nüfuzunu kaybetmeye başlamıştır. Rusya’nın bölgede tekrar önemli bir aktöre dönüşme süreci ise 2010’larda gerçekleşmiştir. Moskova’nın Suriye’deki iç savaşa yönelik politikası Rusya’nın hem Suriye’deki nüfuzunu artırmış hem de Ortadoğu’daki gelişmelere daha aktif müdahil olmasını sağlamıştır. Rusya’nın son yıllarda Ortadoğu’da artan nüfuzu Sovyetler Birliği döneminde de olduğu gibi büyük oranda askeri araçlar ile sağlanmıştır. Bu çalışma Rusya’nın Ortadoğu’daki nüfuzunun en önemli göstergesi olan bölgedeki askeri varlığının son dönemde geçirdiği dönüşümü analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Ayrıca çalışmada, Ortadoğu’ya dönüş sürecinin başarısını değerlendirmek amacıyla Rusya’nın bölgedeki askeri nüfuzu Sovyetler Birliği’nin Soğuk Savaş döneminde sahip olduğu nüfuz ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Değerlendirme sonucunda Rusya’nın Ortadoğu’da yeniden bir nüfuz alanı oluşturmayı başardığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Rusya’nın bu başarısının arkasındaki en büyük etken Suriye ve Mısır ile askeri ilişkilerini 2010’larda hızla geliştirmesi olmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Rusya Ortadoğu Suriye Mısır Silah Ticareti Askeri Nüfuz

Kaynakça

  • Allison, Roy. “Russia and Syria: explaining alignment with a regime in crisis.” International Affairs 89, no.4 (2013): 795-823.
  • Alterman, Jon B. “American Aid to Egypt in the 1950’s: From Hope to Hostility.” Middle East Journal 52, no.1 (Kış 1998): 51-69.
  • Anthony, Ian. “Economic dimensions of Soviet and Russian arms exports.” İçinde Russia and the Arms Trade, Editör: Ian Anthony, 71-92. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
  • Azizi, Hamidreza. “Russian Arms Trade Approach in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA): Economic and Strategic Aspects.” Geopolitics Quarterly 14, no. 4 (2019): 84-103.
  • Baev, Pavel K. “Russia as Opportunust or Spoiler in the Middle East?” The International Spectator 50, no. 2 (2015): 8-21.
  • Bennett, Alexander J. “Arms Transfer as an Instrument of Soviet Policy in the Middle East.” The Middle East Journal 39, no.4 (1985): 745-774.
  • Blank, Stephen ve Edward Levitzky. “Geostrategic aims of the Russian arms trade in East Asia and the Middle East.” Defence Studies 15, no. 1 (2015): 63-80.
  • Breslauer, George W. “On Collaborative Competition.” İçinde Soviet Strategy in the Middle East, Editör: George W. Breslauer, 3-22. New York: Routledge, 2016.
  • Cleveland, William L. ve Martin Bunton. A History of the Modern Middle East. Boulder: Westview Press, 2009.
  • Daigle, Craig A. “The Russians are Going: Sadat, Nixon and the Soviet Presence in Egypt, 1970-1971.” Middle East Review of International Affairs 8, no.1 (2004): 1-15.
  • Dannreuther, Roland. “Russia and the Middle East: A Cold War Paradigm?” Europe-Asia Studies 64, no.3 (2012): 543-560.
  • Dannreuther, Roland. “Understanding Russia’s return to the Middle East.” International Politics 56, no.4 (2019): 726-742.
  • Dawisha, Karen. Soviet Foreign Policy Towards Egypt. Londra: The Macmillan Press, 1979.
  • Eisenstadt, Michael ve Kenneth M. Pollack. “Armies of Snow and Armies of Sand: The Impact of Soviet Military Doctrine on Arab Militaries.” Middle East Journal 55, no.4 (2001): 549-578.
  • Ginor, Isabella ve Gideon Remez. The Soviet-Israeli War 1967-1973: The USSR’s Military Intervention in the Egyptian-Israeli Conflict. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.
  • Golan, Galia. Soviet Policies in the Middle East: From World War Two to Gorbachev. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
  • Goldstein, Lyle J. ve Yuri M. Zhukov. “A Tale of Two Fleets: A Russian Perspective on the 1973 Naval Standoff in the Mediterranean.” Naval War College Review 57, no.2 (2004): 27-63.
  • Issaev, Leonid. “Russia and the New Middle East.” Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 23, no.3 (2021): 423-442.
  • Jalali, Ali A. “The Strategic Partnership of Russia and Iran.” The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters 31, no.4 (2001): 98-111.
  • James, Laura M. “Military/political means/ends: Egyptian decision-making in the War of Attrition.” İçinde The Cold War in the Middle East: Regional conflict and the superpowers 1967-73, Editör: Nigel J. Ashton, 92-112. New York: Routledge, 2007.
  • Kissinger, Henry. Diplomacy. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994.
  • Krause, Keith. “Military Statecraft: Power and Influence in Soviet and American Arms Transfer Relationships.” International Studies Quarterly 35, no.3 (1991): 313-336.
  • Lavrov, Anton. “Russia in Syria: A Military Analysis.” İçinde Russia Rising: Putin’s Foreign Policy in the Middle East and North Africa, Editörler: Dimitar Bechev, Nicu Popescu ve Stanislav Secrieru, 31-38. Londra: I. B. Tauris, 2021.
  • Lund, Aron. “From Cold War to Civil War: 75 Years of Russian-Syrian Relations.” The Swedish Institute of International Affairs, 2019.
  • Magen, Zvi, Yiftah Shapir ve Olena Bagno-Moldavsky. “Russian Arms Exports to the Middle East: A Means or an End?” Strategic Assessment 13, no. 2 (2010): 83-95.
  • Mccgwire, Michael. “The Mediterranean and Soviet naval interests.” International Journal 27, no.4 (1972): 511-527.
  • Mevlütoğlu, Arda. “Rusya: Eski Oyuncu Yeni Rol.” İçinde Ortadoğu’da Güvenlik, Savunma ve Silahlanma, Editörler: Murat Yeşiltaş ve Rıfat Öncel, 339- 384, İstanbul: SETA, 2020.
  • Moore, Eric D. Russia-Iran Relations Since the End of the Cold War. New York: Routledge, 2014.
  • Vasiliev, Alexey. Russia’s Middle East Policy: From Lenin to Putin. New York: Routledge, 2018.
  • Weinland, Robert G. “Land support for naval forces: Egypt and the Soviet Escadra 1962-1976.” Survival: Global Politics and Strategy 20, no.2 (1978): 73-79.
  • Wezeman, Pieter D., Alexandra Kuimova ve Siemon T. Wezeman. “Trends in International Arms Transfers, 2020.” SIPRI Fact Sheet. (Mart 2021).
  • Yıldız, Melih. “Mısır-Rusya İlişkilerinde Askeri Boyut.” ORSAM Bakış, no. 160 (Mart 2021).
  • “5th Defenders of Friendship 2021 joint exercise of Russian and Egyptian paratroopers ends near Cairo.” Ministery of Defence of the Russian Federation. 26 Ekim 2021, Son erişim: 11 Aralık 2021, https://eng. mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12391081@egNews.
  • Bradly, April. “Russia Completes S-300 Delivery to Iran.” Arms Control Association. Aralık 2016, Son erişim: 9 Aralık 2021, https://www. armscontrol.org/act/2016-11/news-briefs/russia-completes-s-300- delivery-iran.
  • Dettmer, Jamie. “Russia Expands Military Facilities in Syria.” Voice of America. 12 Mayıs 2021, Son erişim: 10 Aralık 2021, https://www. voanews.com/a/middle-east_russia-expands-military-facilities- syria/6205742.html.
  • “Egypt, Russia sign military, security cooperation protocol.” Egypt Today. 26 Ağustos 2021, Son erişim: 11 Aralık 2021, https://www.egypttoday. com/Article/1/107242/Egypt-Russia-sign-military-security- cooperation-protocol.
  • Grove, Thomas ve Erika Solomon. “Russia boosts arms sales to Syria despite world pressure.” Reuters. 21 Şubat 2012, Son erişim: 9 Aralık 2021, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-russia-arms-idUSTRE 81K13420120221.
  • “Joint Egyptian-Russian naval exercise “Friendship Bridge-4” kicks off in the Mediterranean.” Egypt Today. 6 Aralık 2021, Son erişim: 11 Aralık 2021 https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/110596/Joint- Egyptian-Russian-naval-exercise-%E2%80%9CFriendship-Bridge- 4%E2%80%9D-kicks-off.
  • “Mediterranean Eskadra.” Federation of American Scientists. 7 Eylül 2000, Son erişim: 10 Aralık 2021, https://nuke.fas.org/guide/russia/agency/mf- med.htm.
  • “Russia to become Iraq’s second-biggest arms supplier.” BBC. 9 Ekim 2012, Son erişim: 9 Aralık 2021, https://www.bbc.com/news/world- europe-19881858.
  • “TIV of arms exports from Russia, 1992-2020.” SIPRI Arms Transfers Database. Son erişim: 6 Aralık 2021, https://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/ html/export_values.php.
  • “TIV of arms exports from Soviet Union, 1955-1991.” SIPRI Arms Transfers Database. Son erişim: 27 Kasım 2021, https://armstrade.sipri.org/ armstrade/html/export_values.php.
  • “TIV of arms exports to Egypt, 1992-2020.” SIPRI Arms Transfers Database. Son erişim: 8 Aralık 2021, https://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/ html/export_values.php.
  • “TIV of arms exports to Iraq, 2004-2020.” SIPRI Arms Transfers Database. Son erişim: 9 Aralık 2021, https://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/html/ export_values.php.
  • “Upper house ratifies Russian-Egyptian strategic cooperation treaty.” TASS. 26 Temmuz 2019, Son erişim: 11 Aralık 2021, https://tass.com/ world/1070519.
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Melih Yıldız 0000-0001-8226-6299

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Haziran 2022
Kabul Tarihi 5 Mart 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022

Kaynak Göster

APA Yıldız, M. (2022). Rusya’nın Ortadoğu’ya Dönüşünün Askeri Boyutu. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, 9(1), 83-107. https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.1049301

Cited By

Tarihsel Süreklilik ve Kopuşlar Üzerinden Yemen İç Savaşı
Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi
https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.1282229
Zorlayıcı Diplomasi ve KKTC Basınında S-300 Füzeleri Krizi
Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi
https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.1486933

Creative Commons Lisansı

TOÇD'nde yayınlanan makaleler Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.