Araştırma Makalesi
Yıl 2023,
, 127 - 160, 30.12.2023
Öz
Hosting one of the largest refugee populations worldwide, Iran has accommodated a significant Afghan community for over four decades. Since the 1980s, when a considerable influx of Afghan refugees arrived in Iran, the country's stance on this situation has notably changed. Initially adopting an ‘open door’ policy, Iran has shifted to employing migration as a diplomatic tool today. This study assesses Iran’s treatment of Afghan refugees and migrants, scrutinizing various process-related and multiple factors. The study claims that during the first decade of its open-door policy, Iran adhered to cyclical circumstances and enforced policies founded in distinct identity principles to fortify its regime. However, it argues that during the 1990s “reconstruction era”, Iran's handling of Afghan refugees transformed, and adjustments to current conditions over time. This study, based on the literature that emphasizes the instrumentalization of migration in the diplomatic context by focusing on the concept of ‘migration diplomacy’ argues that this conceptual framework will play a facilitating role in understanding the style Afghan refugees are subject to foreign policy in contemporary Iran.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Iran Migration Migration Diplomacy Afghan Refugees Migration Policy
Kaynakça
- Abbasi-Shavazi, M.J. and Diana Glazebrook, “Continued Protection, Sustainable Reintegration: Afghan Refugees and Migrants in Iran,” Afghanistan Faculty of Social Sciences University of Tehran, Research and Evaluation Unit (AREU), Briefing Paper, (Mayıs 2006). https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/47c3f3c51a.pdf
- Abbasi-Shavazi, Mohammad Jalal, Diana Glazebrook, Gholamreza Jamshidiha, Hossein Mahmoudian, Rasoul Sadeghi, “Second- generation Afghans in Iran: Integration, Identity and Return,” Case Study Series, (Nisan 2008). https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4846b2062.pdf
- Abbasi-Shavazi, Mohammad Jalal, Diana Glazebrook, Gholamreza Jamshidiha, Hossein Mahmoudian ve Rasoul Sadeghi, “Return to Afghanistan? A Study of Afghans Living in Zahedan, Islamic Republic of Iran,” Afghanistan Faculty of Social Sciences University of Tehran, Research and Evaluation Unit (AREU), (Ekim 2005). https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/47c3f3cad.pdf
- Adamson, Fiona B., and Gerasimos Tsourapas. “Migration Diplomacy in World Politics,” International Studies Perspectives, (2018): 1-16. https://doi:10.1093/isp/eky015
- Adelkhah, Fariba and Zuzanna Olszewska, “The Iranian Afghans,” Iranian Studies 40, no. 2, (2007): 137-165. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4311887
- Akın, Şeyma. “The Effects of the Syrian Crisis on German Politics”, Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, Özel Sayı, 2017, ss. 81-103. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/366629
- Alagöz, Bilgehan ve Kandemir, Ekber. “11 Eylül Sonrası Dönemde Bölgesel Güvenlik ve İran’ın Afganistan Siyaseti”, Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi 2, sayı 2, (2015): 126-127. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/159451
- Alborzi, M.R. Evaluation the Effectiveness of International Refugee Law: The Protection of Iraqi Refugees, Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2006.
- Beşiriye, Hüseyin. “İran’da Siyasal İdeoloji ve Toplumsal Kimlik” içinde İran: Ulusal Kimlik İnşası, ed. Hamid Ahmedi, 1. Baskı, İstanbul: Küre Yayınları, 2009.
- Davin, Eric and Nassim Majidi, “ILO-UNHCR Cooperation Towards Comprehensive Solutions for Afghan Displacement,” Altai Consulting, (Ağustos 2008). https://bit.ly/44Z4rQX
- Demiryontar, Birce. “Accession Conditionality and Migration Diplomacy: Turkey’s Dual Identity in Migration Policy Negotiations with the EU,” European Politics and Society, (2020). https://10.1080/23745118.2020.1719741
- “Dünya Göçmenler Günü Vesilesiyle; İran Milyonlarca Göçmen İçin Sıcak Bir Ev Sahibi,” IRNA, 18 Aralık 2022. https://bit.ly/3qgk6w2 (erişim tarihi: 7 Mayıs 2023).
- Esfahani, Arash Nasr and Hasan Hosseini. “Afghan Refugees and Iran’s Open Door Policy in the 1980s,” Social Sciences and Humanities, 26, (2018): 225-252.
- Farmer, Ben.“Iran Threatens to Expel Afghan Refugees if Kabul Ratifies US Strategic Partnership,” The Telegraph, 9 Mayıs 2012. https://bit.ly/47lN4vp
- Guarascio, Francesco. “EU Sees Spike in Afghan Migrants as Many Leave Sanctions-Stricken Iran,” Reuters, 15 Ekim 2019. https://bit.ly/3DDMuvn
- Irgil, Ezgi, Kelsey P. Norman and Gerasimos Tsourapas, “Why Migration Diplomacy Matters for the 2023 Greek and Turkish Elections,” The Swedish Institute of International Affairs (UI), (2023). https://www.ui.se/globalassets/butiken/ui-brief/2023/ui-brief- no.4-2023.pdf
- İçduygu, Ahmet and Damla B. Aksel, “Two-to-Tango in Migration Diplomacy: Negotiating Readmission Agreement between the Eu and Turkey,” European Journal of Migration and Law 16, no. 3, (2014): 337–63. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718166-12342060.
- Kajjo, Sirwan, Ezel Sahinkaya, Mehdi Jedinia, “Iran Criticized for Threat to Deport Afghan Refugees,” 15 Mayıs 2019. https://bit.ly/3qhrGqe
- Kent, Sami. “Lake Van: An Overlooked and Deadly Migration Route to Turkey and Europe,” The New Humanitarian, 21 Ekim 2020, https://bit.ly/44UnxaZ
- Koç, Mehmet. “Türkiye’ye Düzensiz Afgan Göçü ve İran’ın Göç Politikaları,” İRAM Perspektif, (Mayıs 2018).
- Loescher, Gil. Beyond Charity: International Cooperation and the Global Refugee Crisis a Twentieth Century, New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
- Milani, Mohsen M. “Iran's Policy Towards Afghanistan,” Middle East Journal 60, no. 2 (Bahar 2006): 235-256.
- Modrzejewska-Leśniewska, J. “Afghan migrants in Iran in modern times,” Studia z Polityki Publicznej / Public Policy Studies 7 no.4, (2020): 9-30. https://doi.org/10.33119/KSzPP/2020.4.1
- Mogaddam, Amin and Safinaz Jadali. “Immigration and Revolution in Iran: Asylum Politics and State Consolidation,” REMHU 29, no. 63 (2021): 21-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-85852503880006303
- Monsutti, A. “Afghan Migratory Strategies and the Three Solutions to the Refugee Problem,” Refugee Survey Quarterly 27, no. 1 (2008): 58- 73 https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdn007
- Naseh, Mitra, Miriam Potocky, Paul H. Stuart, Sara Pezeshk. “Repatriation of Afghan refugees from Iran: a shelter profile study,” Journal of International Humanitarian Action 3, 13 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41018-018-0041-8.
- Nijrabi, Abdul Bari. “Afghan Refugees in Iran: Yesterday’s Assets, Today’s Troubles,” The Geopolitics, 3 Haziran 2019. https://bit.ly/47hfyq1
- Pourbagheri, Moharram. “İran’daki Afgan Göçmenlerin Toplumsal Sorunları,” Maduniyet 1, no.2 (2019): 84.
- Rajaee, Bahram. “The Politics of Refugee Policy in Post- Revolutionary Iran,” Middle East Journal 54, no. 1 (Kış 2000): 44-63. Rubin, Barnett R. “Afghanistan: The Forgotten Crisis,” 1 Aralık 1996. https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a6c0c.html (erişim tarihi: 2 Haziran 2023)
- Rubin, Michael. “Who is Responsible for the Taliban?,” The Washington Institute, 1 Mart 2002. https://bit.ly/47ggVoR
- Siavoshi, Sussan. “Afghans in Iran: The State and The Working of Immigration Policies,” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, (2022). https://doi.10.1080/13530194.2022.2113504
- Squire, Catherine. “Education of Afghan Refugees in The Islamic Republic of Iran,” UNESCO Office, Tahran, Aralık 2000. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000217857
- Thiollet, Hélène. “Migration as Diplomacy: Labor Migrants, Refugees, and Arab Regional Politics in the Oil-Rich Countries,” International Labor and Working-Class History, Cambridge University Press, 2011.
- Tsourapas, Gerasimos. “Migration diplomacy in the Global South: Cooperation, Coercion and Issue Linkage in Gaddafi’s Libya,” Third World Quarterly 38, no.10 (2017): 2367–2385.
- Tsourapas, Gerasimos. “The Syrian Refugee Crisis and Foreign Policy Decision-Making in Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey,” Journal of Global Security Studies, (2019): 1–18. https://doi:10.1093/jogss/ogz016
- Tsourapas, Gerosimos. “Migration Diplomacy Gets Messy and Tough,” Mixed Migration Center, 6 Aralık 2022. https://bit.ly/44WxKDE
- Türkmen, Füsun. “ABD’nin Afganistan’dan Çekilme Süreci: Nedenler ve Sonuçlar,” Global İlişkiler Forumu, Bilgi Notları, 22 Eylül 2021. https://bit.ly/44MkY aR
- Willner-Reid, Matthew. “Afghanistan: Displacement Challenges in a Country on the Move,” 16 Kasım 2017. https://bit.ly/3OpGT0s
- “Afganistanlı göçmenlere ev sahipliği konusunda uluslararası arenada İran’a destek çok az,” Bloomberg, 1 Mart 2023. https://bit.ly/3DNIxE8 (erişim tarihi: 7 Mayıs 2023)
- “Afghan Refugees and the European Refugee Crisis,” International Rescue Committee, 15 Haziran 2016. https://bit.ly/45hbMuQ (erişim tarihi: 8 Haziran 2023)
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- “Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees,” UNHCR, https://bit.ly/44WaGov (erişim tarihi: 13 Nisan 2023)
- “Country Operations, Jordan,” UNHCR, https://bit.ly/3qfLQ45 “Dünya Göçmenler Günü Vesilesiyle; İran Milyonlarca Göçmen İçin Sıcak Bir Ev Sahibi,” IRNA, 18 Aralık 2022. https://bit.ly/3qgk6w2 (erişim tarihi: 7 Mayıs 2023)
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- “From Iran's Hot Zone, Afghans Flee Home, Spreading Virus,” NBCNEWS, 6 Nisan 2020. https://bit.ly/47mSoi7 (erişim tarihi: 23 Mayıs 2023)
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- “Global Report 2007- Islamic Republic of Iran,” UNHCR, https://bit.ly/3KuJO6Z (erişim tarihi: 7 Mayıs 2023)
- “Government of Jordan, The Jordan Compact: A New Holistic Approach between the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and the International Community to deal with the Syrian Refugee Crisis”; UN- OCHA, 2016. https://bit.ly/3rZO7kx
- “İran/Arakçi: Nükleer Anlaşmanın BMGK'de Ele Alınması İran'ın Kırmızı Çizgisidir,” Bloomberg, 9 Mayıs 2019. https://bit.ly/3qpQEnn (erişim tarihi: 5 Mayıs 2023)
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- “Iran Closes Border with Afghanistan,” CNN, 15 Eylül 2001. https://bit.ly/44WvE6K (erişim tarihi: 8 Haziran 2023)
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- “Iran- Situation of Afghan Refugees,” European Union Agency for Asylum (EUAA), Aralık 2022. https://bit.ly/43UjCJV (erişim tarihi: 19 Nisan 2023)
- “Iran Slams West for its Double Standards on Migrants,” IRNA, 10 Ekim 2022. https://bit.ly/3qi1ewS (erişim tarihi: 20 Nisan 2023)
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Yıl 2023,
, 127 - 160, 30.12.2023
Öz
Dünyanın en kalabalık mülteci popülasyonlarından birini topraklarında barındıran İran, kırk yılı aşkın bir süredir önemli sayıda Afgan nüfusa ev sahipliği yapmaktadır. Bununla beraber, İran’a yoğun Afgan göçlerinin yaşanmaya başladığı seksenli yıllardan bu yana İran’ın duruma yaklaşımında belirgin farklılaşmalar yaşanmış, İran’da göç yönetimi, ‘açık kapı’ politikası uygulamaktan, göçün diplomaside araçsallaştırılmasına dönük çabalara dek uzanan bir çizgide önemli ölçüde dönüşüme uğramıştır. Bu çalışma, İran’ın Afgan göçü ve mülteciler hususunda izlediği politikayı süreç bağlantılı ve çoklu etkenler bağlamında değerlendirmektedir. Ayrıca İran’ın Afgan mültecilere yönelik ‘açık kapı’ politikası izlediği ilk on yıllık evrede dönemsel koşullar dahilinde davrandığı ve yanı sıra rejimin konsolidasyonu adına belirli kimliksel ilkeler ekseninde politikalar takip ettiği ifade edilmekte, ancak doksanlı yılların “yeniden inşa” evresiyle birlikte söz konusu mültecilere yönelik politikanın da bir dönüşüme uğradığı ve meselenin günümüze ulaşılıncaya dek geçen süreçte yeni koşullara adapte edildiği belirtilmektedir. ‘Göç diplomasisi’ kavramını odağına alarak göçün diplomatik bağlamda araçsallaştırılması hususunu vurgulayan literatürden yola çıkılan çalışmada, bu kavramsal çerçevenin İran’da bugün Afgan mültecilerin dış politikaya konu edilme biçiminin ve mültecilere dönük edimlerin anlaşılmasında kolaylaştırıcı bir rol üstleneceği savlanmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Abbasi-Shavazi, M.J. and Diana Glazebrook, “Continued Protection, Sustainable Reintegration: Afghan Refugees and Migrants in Iran,” Afghanistan Faculty of Social Sciences University of Tehran, Research and Evaluation Unit (AREU), Briefing Paper, (Mayıs 2006). https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/47c3f3c51a.pdf
- Abbasi-Shavazi, Mohammad Jalal, Diana Glazebrook, Gholamreza Jamshidiha, Hossein Mahmoudian, Rasoul Sadeghi, “Second- generation Afghans in Iran: Integration, Identity and Return,” Case Study Series, (Nisan 2008). https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4846b2062.pdf
- Abbasi-Shavazi, Mohammad Jalal, Diana Glazebrook, Gholamreza Jamshidiha, Hossein Mahmoudian ve Rasoul Sadeghi, “Return to Afghanistan? A Study of Afghans Living in Zahedan, Islamic Republic of Iran,” Afghanistan Faculty of Social Sciences University of Tehran, Research and Evaluation Unit (AREU), (Ekim 2005). https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/47c3f3cad.pdf
- Adamson, Fiona B., and Gerasimos Tsourapas. “Migration Diplomacy in World Politics,” International Studies Perspectives, (2018): 1-16. https://doi:10.1093/isp/eky015
- Adelkhah, Fariba and Zuzanna Olszewska, “The Iranian Afghans,” Iranian Studies 40, no. 2, (2007): 137-165. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4311887
- Akın, Şeyma. “The Effects of the Syrian Crisis on German Politics”, Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, Özel Sayı, 2017, ss. 81-103. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/366629
- Alagöz, Bilgehan ve Kandemir, Ekber. “11 Eylül Sonrası Dönemde Bölgesel Güvenlik ve İran’ın Afganistan Siyaseti”, Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi 2, sayı 2, (2015): 126-127. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/159451
- Alborzi, M.R. Evaluation the Effectiveness of International Refugee Law: The Protection of Iraqi Refugees, Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2006.
- Beşiriye, Hüseyin. “İran’da Siyasal İdeoloji ve Toplumsal Kimlik” içinde İran: Ulusal Kimlik İnşası, ed. Hamid Ahmedi, 1. Baskı, İstanbul: Küre Yayınları, 2009.
- Davin, Eric and Nassim Majidi, “ILO-UNHCR Cooperation Towards Comprehensive Solutions for Afghan Displacement,” Altai Consulting, (Ağustos 2008). https://bit.ly/44Z4rQX
- Demiryontar, Birce. “Accession Conditionality and Migration Diplomacy: Turkey’s Dual Identity in Migration Policy Negotiations with the EU,” European Politics and Society, (2020). https://10.1080/23745118.2020.1719741
- “Dünya Göçmenler Günü Vesilesiyle; İran Milyonlarca Göçmen İçin Sıcak Bir Ev Sahibi,” IRNA, 18 Aralık 2022. https://bit.ly/3qgk6w2 (erişim tarihi: 7 Mayıs 2023).
- Esfahani, Arash Nasr and Hasan Hosseini. “Afghan Refugees and Iran’s Open Door Policy in the 1980s,” Social Sciences and Humanities, 26, (2018): 225-252.
- Farmer, Ben.“Iran Threatens to Expel Afghan Refugees if Kabul Ratifies US Strategic Partnership,” The Telegraph, 9 Mayıs 2012. https://bit.ly/47lN4vp
- Guarascio, Francesco. “EU Sees Spike in Afghan Migrants as Many Leave Sanctions-Stricken Iran,” Reuters, 15 Ekim 2019. https://bit.ly/3DDMuvn
- Irgil, Ezgi, Kelsey P. Norman and Gerasimos Tsourapas, “Why Migration Diplomacy Matters for the 2023 Greek and Turkish Elections,” The Swedish Institute of International Affairs (UI), (2023). https://www.ui.se/globalassets/butiken/ui-brief/2023/ui-brief- no.4-2023.pdf
- İçduygu, Ahmet and Damla B. Aksel, “Two-to-Tango in Migration Diplomacy: Negotiating Readmission Agreement between the Eu and Turkey,” European Journal of Migration and Law 16, no. 3, (2014): 337–63. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718166-12342060.
- Kajjo, Sirwan, Ezel Sahinkaya, Mehdi Jedinia, “Iran Criticized for Threat to Deport Afghan Refugees,” 15 Mayıs 2019. https://bit.ly/3qhrGqe
- Kent, Sami. “Lake Van: An Overlooked and Deadly Migration Route to Turkey and Europe,” The New Humanitarian, 21 Ekim 2020, https://bit.ly/44UnxaZ
- Koç, Mehmet. “Türkiye’ye Düzensiz Afgan Göçü ve İran’ın Göç Politikaları,” İRAM Perspektif, (Mayıs 2018).
- Loescher, Gil. Beyond Charity: International Cooperation and the Global Refugee Crisis a Twentieth Century, New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
- Milani, Mohsen M. “Iran's Policy Towards Afghanistan,” Middle East Journal 60, no. 2 (Bahar 2006): 235-256.
- Modrzejewska-Leśniewska, J. “Afghan migrants in Iran in modern times,” Studia z Polityki Publicznej / Public Policy Studies 7 no.4, (2020): 9-30. https://doi.org/10.33119/KSzPP/2020.4.1
- Mogaddam, Amin and Safinaz Jadali. “Immigration and Revolution in Iran: Asylum Politics and State Consolidation,” REMHU 29, no. 63 (2021): 21-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-85852503880006303
- Monsutti, A. “Afghan Migratory Strategies and the Three Solutions to the Refugee Problem,” Refugee Survey Quarterly 27, no. 1 (2008): 58- 73 https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdn007
- Naseh, Mitra, Miriam Potocky, Paul H. Stuart, Sara Pezeshk. “Repatriation of Afghan refugees from Iran: a shelter profile study,” Journal of International Humanitarian Action 3, 13 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41018-018-0041-8.
- Nijrabi, Abdul Bari. “Afghan Refugees in Iran: Yesterday’s Assets, Today’s Troubles,” The Geopolitics, 3 Haziran 2019. https://bit.ly/47hfyq1
- Pourbagheri, Moharram. “İran’daki Afgan Göçmenlerin Toplumsal Sorunları,” Maduniyet 1, no.2 (2019): 84.
- Rajaee, Bahram. “The Politics of Refugee Policy in Post- Revolutionary Iran,” Middle East Journal 54, no. 1 (Kış 2000): 44-63. Rubin, Barnett R. “Afghanistan: The Forgotten Crisis,” 1 Aralık 1996. https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a6c0c.html (erişim tarihi: 2 Haziran 2023)
- Rubin, Michael. “Who is Responsible for the Taliban?,” The Washington Institute, 1 Mart 2002. https://bit.ly/47ggVoR
- Siavoshi, Sussan. “Afghans in Iran: The State and The Working of Immigration Policies,” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, (2022). https://doi.10.1080/13530194.2022.2113504
- Squire, Catherine. “Education of Afghan Refugees in The Islamic Republic of Iran,” UNESCO Office, Tahran, Aralık 2000. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000217857
- Thiollet, Hélène. “Migration as Diplomacy: Labor Migrants, Refugees, and Arab Regional Politics in the Oil-Rich Countries,” International Labor and Working-Class History, Cambridge University Press, 2011.
- Tsourapas, Gerasimos. “Migration diplomacy in the Global South: Cooperation, Coercion and Issue Linkage in Gaddafi’s Libya,” Third World Quarterly 38, no.10 (2017): 2367–2385.
- Tsourapas, Gerasimos. “The Syrian Refugee Crisis and Foreign Policy Decision-Making in Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey,” Journal of Global Security Studies, (2019): 1–18. https://doi:10.1093/jogss/ogz016
- Tsourapas, Gerosimos. “Migration Diplomacy Gets Messy and Tough,” Mixed Migration Center, 6 Aralık 2022. https://bit.ly/44WxKDE
- Türkmen, Füsun. “ABD’nin Afganistan’dan Çekilme Süreci: Nedenler ve Sonuçlar,” Global İlişkiler Forumu, Bilgi Notları, 22 Eylül 2021. https://bit.ly/44MkY aR
- Willner-Reid, Matthew. “Afghanistan: Displacement Challenges in a Country on the Move,” 16 Kasım 2017. https://bit.ly/3OpGT0s
- “Afganistanlı göçmenlere ev sahipliği konusunda uluslararası arenada İran’a destek çok az,” Bloomberg, 1 Mart 2023. https://bit.ly/3DNIxE8 (erişim tarihi: 7 Mayıs 2023)
- “Afghan Refugees and the European Refugee Crisis,” International Rescue Committee, 15 Haziran 2016. https://bit.ly/45hbMuQ (erişim tarihi: 8 Haziran 2023)
- “Comprehensive Action Plan for Afghanistan and Neighbouring Countries,” IOM, (Ağustos 2021- Aralık 2024) https://bit.ly/45bsBr6
- “Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees,” UNHCR, https://bit.ly/44WaGov (erişim tarihi: 13 Nisan 2023)
- “Country Operations, Jordan,” UNHCR, https://bit.ly/3qfLQ45 “Dünya Göçmenler Günü Vesilesiyle; İran Milyonlarca Göçmen İçin Sıcak Bir Ev Sahibi,” IRNA, 18 Aralık 2022. https://bit.ly/3qgk6w2 (erişim tarihi: 7 Mayıs 2023)
- “Dünya Göçmenler Günü Vesilesiyle; İran Milyonlarca Göçmen İçin Sıcak Bir Ev Sahibi,” IRNA, 18 Aralık 2022. https://bit.ly/3qgk6w2 (erişim tarihi: 7 Mayıs 2023).
- “From Iran's Hot Zone, Afghans Flee Home, Spreading Virus,” NBCNEWS, 6 Nisan 2020. https://bit.ly/47mSoi7 (erişim tarihi: 23 Mayıs 2023)
- “Global Appeal 2023,” UNHCR, https://reporting.unhcr.org/globalappeal2023/pdf (erişim tarihi: 7 Haziran 2023)
- “Global Appeal 2023/ Europe,” UNHCR, 22 Kasım 2022. https://bit.ly/3qjk72o (erişim tarihi: 24 Mayıs 2023)
- “Global Report 2007- Islamic Republic of Iran,” UNHCR, https://bit.ly/3KuJO6Z (erişim tarihi: 7 Mayıs 2023)
- “Government of Jordan, The Jordan Compact: A New Holistic Approach between the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and the International Community to deal with the Syrian Refugee Crisis”; UN- OCHA, 2016. https://bit.ly/3rZO7kx
- “İran/Arakçi: Nükleer Anlaşmanın BMGK'de Ele Alınması İran'ın Kırmızı Çizgisidir,” Bloomberg, 9 Mayıs 2019. https://bit.ly/3qpQEnn (erişim tarihi: 5 Mayıs 2023)
- “İran, BM Güvenlik Konseyi'ni Sorumluluğunu Yerine Getirmediği İçin Eleştirdi,” IRNA, 3 Haziran 2022. https://bit.ly/3QwV5rr (erişim tarihi: 7 Mayıs 2023)
- “İran’ın BM Büyükelçisi Bazı Hükumetlerin Politik Baskı Aracı Olan Yaptırım Dayatmasını Kınadı,” IRNA, 22 Haziran 2022. https://bit.ly/3OSZUKt (erişim tarihi: 7 Mayıs 2023)
- “Iran Closes Border with Afghanistan,” CNN, 15 Eylül 2001. https://bit.ly/44WvE6K (erişim tarihi: 8 Haziran 2023)
- “Iran Factsheet,” UNHCR, (Mart 2023) https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/100339 (erişim tarihi: 3 Mayıs 2023)
- “Iran: Factsheet- Ekim- Aralık 2020,” UNHCR, https://reporting.unhcr.org/document/487
- “Iran hosting millions of migrants,” IRNA, 18 Aralık 2022. https://bit.ly/45a5EoR (erişim tarihi: 21 Nisan 2023)
- “Iran’s Rouhani Says Sanctions May Lead to Drugs, Refugee, Bomb Deluge,” Reuters, 8 Aralık 2018. https://bit.ly/47gnJD1 (erişim tarihi: 6 Mayıs 2023)
- “Iran- Situation of Afghan Refugees,” European Union Agency for Asylum (EUAA), Aralık 2022. https://bit.ly/43UjCJV (erişim tarihi: 19 Nisan 2023)
- “Iran Slams West for its Double Standards on Migrants,” IRNA, 10 Ekim 2022. https://bit.ly/3qi1ewS (erişim tarihi: 20 Nisan 2023)
- “Jordan Response Plan 2016-2018,” JRPSC, http://www.jrpsc.org/s/JRP16_18_Annex-final-k5t9.pdf
- “Kalıcı Çözümler,” BMMYK, https://www.unhcr.org/tr/kalici- cozumler (erişim tarihi: 25 Nisan 2023)
- “Mapping Militant Organizations, “Afghan Taliban,” CISAC, Stanford University, (Haziran 2018) https://bit.ly/3QrE5CJ
- “Migration and Migrants: Regional Dimensions and Developments,” World Migration Report 2022, ed. M. Mcauliffe and A. Triandafyllidou, (IOM: Geneva, 2021). International Organization for Migration (IOM), 2021 https://bit.ly/3YnM2Ld (erişim tarihi: 21 Nisan 2023)
- “Minister Says Iran Expects More Aid from EU for Afghan Refugees,” IRNA, 24 Ekim 2016. https://bit.ly/3YoUb27 (erişim tarihi: 6 Mayıs 2023)
- “National Legislative Bodies / National Authorities,” Iran: Regulations of 1963 relating to Refugees, UNHCR, 16 Aralık 1963. https://www.refworld.org/docid/3f4a23767.html (erişim tarihi: 19 Nisan 2023)
- “Polish Refugees in Iran During World War II,” Holocaust Encyclopedia. https://bit.ly/47nbeFB (erişim tarihi: 7 Nisan 2023)
- “President of Iran: The Establishment of the National Migration Organisation Will
- “Refugees in Iran,” UNHCR, https://www.unhcr.org/ir/refugees-in- iran/ (erişim tarihi: 13 Nisan 2023)
- “Regional Refugee Response Plan for Afghanistan Situation 2023,” UNHCR, https://reporting.unhcr.org/document/4453 (erişim tarihi: 9 Haziran 2023)
- “Regulations concerning the Article 180 of the Act on the Third Plan of Economic, Social and Cultural Development,” ILO, https://bit.ly/3KupKBQ (erişim tarihi: 25 Mayıs 2023)
- “Report on International Conference on the SSAR to Support Voluntary Repatriation, Sustainable Reintegration and Assistance to Host Countries,” SSAR, 2-3 Mayıs 2012, Geneva. https://bit.ly/3q9Sx7P
- “Response to refugee crisis should be based on facts not wishful thinking — King,” The Jordan Times, 22 Eylül 2016. https://bit.ly/3QsmvP1 (erişim tarihi: 2 Haziran 2023)
- “Seyyed Hassan Humeyni: Milli Olmayan Güçlere Güvenmek Yanlış,” Entekhab News, 21 Mart 2021. https://bit.ly/3s0UJir
- “Syria conflict: Jordanians 'at boiling point' over refugees,” BBC News, 2 Şubat 2016, https://bit.ly/3Ymcvsp (erişim tarihi: 2 Haziran 2023)
- “Statistical Centre of Iran,” AMAR, https://www.amar.org.ir/english (erişim tarihi: 25 Mayıs 2023)
- “The State of The World's Refugees 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action- Proxy wars in Africa, Asia and Central America,” UNHCR, 1 Ocak 2000, 119. https://bit.ly/3s183DC (erişim tarihi: 7 Haziran 2023)
Toplam 76 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Bölgesel Çalışmalar, Uluslararası İlişkiler (Diğer) |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 30 Aralık 2023 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Aralık 2023 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 20 Kasım 2023 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2023 |
TOÇD'nde yayınlanan makaleler Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.