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Lübnan’dan Batı Afrika’ya Göç: Osmanlı, Manda ve Cumhuriyet Dönemi (1860-1990)

Yıl 2023, , 199 - 234, 30.12.2023

Hamdi Genç , Musa Demirdağ

https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.1347533

Öz

Geçmişten günümüze Lübnan için değişmeyen göç olgusu 19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında öncelikle Kuzey ve Güney Amerika kıtasındaki ülkeler hedef ülke olmak üzere başlamış, daha sonra başka ülkeler de göç için hedef ülke haline gelerek devam etmiştir. Göç literatüründe genelde itici faktörlerin olduğu ülkelerden çekici faktörlere sahip ülkelere doğru göçün gerçekleştiği kabul edilmektedir. Ancak Lübnan’dan, çekici faktörlerin olmadığı Batı Afrika ülkelerine/sömürgelerine de göçler gerçekleşmiştir. Bu makalenin amacı da göç edilen diğer ülkelere/bölgelere göre çekici faktörler açısından daha dezavantajlı konumda olmasına rağmen neden Batı Afrika sömürgelerinin/ülkelerinin Lübnanlılar tarafından göç için tercih edildiğini açıklamaktır. Çalışmada Osmanlı arşiv kaynakları ile Lübnan göçüne dair literatür kullanılarak/değerlendirilerek bu sorunun cevabı verilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu bağlamda, göç literatüründeki hakim olan hedef ülkelerin çekici faktörlere sahip olması gerektiği varsayımı sorgulanarak ve literatürden/arşiv belgelerinde bu hakim varsayımın aksine işaret eden verilerle desteklenerek göç literatürüne katkı sağlanacak, günümüzde yaşanan yeni göç dalgasının anlaşılması kolaylaşacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Göç Lübnan Batı Afrika Osmanlı Lübnanlı

Kaynakça

  • BOA DH.MKT. 649/29.
  • BOA.HR.SFR.3.370/14
  • BOA.İ.HR. 1314 Z 23.
  • BOA.HR.SYS. 75/14.
  • BOA.HR.SFR.3.373/48.
  • BOA.HR.SYS. 72/78.
  • BOA.HR.SFR.3.367/44.
  • BOA.HR.TH.160/9.
  • BOA.HR.TH.166/18.
  • BOA.BEO.3673/275437.
  • BOA.HR.SFR.3.582/43.
  • BOA.HR.UHM.46/18.
  • BOA.HR.SFR.3.597/27.
  • Abdelhady, Dalia. The Lebanese Diaspora: The Arab Immigrant Experience in Montreal, New York, and Paris. New York: New York University Press, 2011.
  • Akyeampong, Emmanuel K. “Race, Identity and Citizenship in Black Africa: The Case of the Lebanese in Ghana.” Africa 76, no. 3 (Ağustos 2006): 297-323.
  • Arsan, Andrew Kerim. “Failing to Stem the Tide: Lebanese Migration to French West Africa and the Competing Prerogatives of the Imperial State.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 53, no.3 (Temmuz 2011): 450-478.
  • Arsan, Andrew Kerim. Interlopers of Empire: The Lebanese Diaspora in Colonial French West Africa. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014.
  • Beydoun, Lina. “The Complexities of Citizenship among Lebanese Immigrants in Sierra Leone.” African Conflict and Peacebuilding Review 3, no. 1 (Bahar 2013): 112-143.
  • Bierwirth, Chris. “The Initial Establishment of the Lebanese Community in Côte d'Ivoire, CA. 1925-45.” The International Journal of African Historical Studies 30, no. 2 (1997): 325-348.
  • Bierwirth, Chris. “The Lebanese Communities Of Côte D’Ivoire.” African Affairs 98, no. 390 (Ocak 1999): 79-99.
  • Boone, Catherine. Merchant Capital and the Roots of State Power in Senegal 1930-1985. Londra: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
  • Botti, Danielle. “Identity, Acceptance, and Alienation: The Case of the Lebanese Community in West Africa.” Yüksek Lisans Tezi, SOAS University of London, 2013.
  • Boumedouha, Saïd. “Adjustment to West African Realities: The Lebanese in Senegal.” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 60, no. 4 (Ekim 1990): 538-549.
  • Falola, Toyin. “Lebanese Traders in Southwestern Nigeria, 1900— 1960.” African Affairs 89, no. 357 (Ekim 1990): 523-553.
  • Firro, Kais. “Silk and Agrarian Changes in Lebanon, 1860–1914.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 22, no.2 (Mayıs 1990): 151-169.
  • Gberie, Lansana. “War and Peace in Sierra Leone: Diamonds, Corruption and the Lebanese Connection.” AfricaPortal, 1 Kasım 2002, https://africaportal.org/2022/10/15/.
  • Genç, Hamdi ve İ. Murat Bozkurt. “Osmanlı’dan Brezilya ve Arjantin’e Emek Göçü ve Göçmenlerin Sosyo-Ekonomik Durumu (1850-1915).” Marmara Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi XXVIII, no. I (2010): 71-103.
  • Genç, Hamdi. “Batı Afrika Ülkelerine Orta Doğu’dan Göç,” Dünya Siyasetinde Afrika 5 içinde, Editör: İsmail Ermağan, 233-248. Ankara: Nobel Kitapevi, 2018.
  • Genç, Hamdi. “Osmanlı Suriye’si ve Lübnan’ından Avustralya’ya Göç.” Türk-İslam Dünyasında Göç ve Göç Yönetimi içinde, Editör: Abdüllatif Çeviker ve Faruk Bal, 183-206. İstanbul: Akademik Kitaplar, 2016.
  • Genç, Hamdi ve İbrahim Murat Bozkurt. “Ottomans: Unwanted Immigrants in Brazil at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century.” Journal of Migration History 7, no.1 (2021): 51-76.
  • Gutman, David. “Travel Documents, Mobility Control, and the Ottoman State in an Age of Global Migration, 1880–1915.” Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association 3, no.2 (Kasım 2016): 347-368.
  • Hitti, Philip. K. Lebanon in History Form the Earliest Times to The Present. Londra: Macmillan, 1957.
  • Hitti, Philip. K. The Syrians in America, New York: Gorgias Press, 2005.
  • Hudson, Michael C. The Precarious Republic: Political Modernization in Lebanon. Londra: Westview Press, 1968.
  • Karpat, Kemal H. “The Ottoman Emigration to America, 1860-1914.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 17, no.2 (Mayıs 1985): 175-209.
  • Kenwood, A. G. ve A. L. – Lougheed. The Growth of the International Economy 1820- 2000. Londra: Routledge, 2002.
  • Khater, Akram Fouad. Inventing Home: Emigration, Gender, and the Middle Class in Lebanon, 1870-1920. Kaliforniya: University of California Press, 2001.
  • Khater, Akram ve Marjorie Stevens. “The Early Lebanese in America: A Demographic Portrait, 1880-1930.” Khayrallah Center for Lebanese Diaspora Studies News, 8 Kasım 2018, https://lebanesestudies.ncsu.edu/news/2022/05/13/https://lebanesestud ies.news.chass.ncsu.edu/2018/11/08/the-early-lebanese-in-america-a- demographic-portrait-1880-1930/.
  • Khater, Akram. “Why Did They Leave? Reasons for Early Lebanese Migration.” Khayrallah Center for Lebanese Diaspora Studies News, 15 Kasım 2017. https://lebanesestudies.news.chass.ncsu.edu/2017/11/15/why-did- they-leave-reasons-for-early-lebanese-migration/.
  • Khuri, Fuad I. “Kinship, Emigration, and Trade Partnership among the Lebanese of West Africa.” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 35, no. 4 (Ekim 1965): 385-395.
  • Khuri, Fuad I. “The African-Lebanese Mulattoes of West Africa: A Racial Frontier.” Anthropological Quarterly 41, no. 2 (Nisan 1968): 90-101.
  • Khuri-Makdisi, İlham. The Eastern Mediterranean and the Making of Global Radicalism, 1860–1914. Kaliforniya: University of California Press, 2010.
  • Kılıç, Aziz ve Özer Özbozdağlı. “II. Meşrutiyetin İlanının Cebel-i Lübnan’da Yansımaları ve Seçim Tartışmaları.” Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi 10, no. 1 (2023): 65-97.
  • Kılıç, Özcan. XIX. Yüzyılda Osmanlı Devleti’nden Latin Amerika’ya Göç Hareketi. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, 2021.
  • Kliot, Nurit. “Lebanon—a Geography of Hostages.” Political Geography Quarterly 5, no.3 (Temmuz 1986): 199-220.
  • Leichtman, Mara A. “Migration, War, and the Making of a Transnational Lebanese Shi–i Community in Senegal.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 42, no. 2 (Mayıs 2010): 269-90.
  • Leighton, Neil 0. “The Political Economy of a Stranger Population: The Lebanese of Sierra Leone.” Strangers in African Societies içinde, Editör: William A. Shack ve Elliott P. Skinner, 85-103. Kaliforniya: University of California Press,1979.
  • Malki, Isaac Xerxes. “Productive Aliens: Economic Planning And The Lebanese in Ghana, c. 1930-1972.” Mashriq & Mahjar: Journal of Middle East and North African Migration Studies 1, no.1 (2013): 85- 114.
  • Morrill, Warren T. “Socio-Cultural Adaptation in a West African Lebanese Community.” Anthropological Quarterly 35, no. 4 (Ekim 1962):143-57.
  • Pearlman, Wendy. “Emigration and Power: A Study of Sects in Lebanon, 1860−2010.” Politics & Society 41, no.1 (Mart 2013): 103- 33.
  • Preston, Matthew. Ending Civil War: Rhodesia and Lebanon in Perspective. Londra: I.B.Tauris Publishers, 2004.
  • Sander, Oral. “Lübnan'daki Bunalımın Tarihsel ve Toplumsal Nedenleri.” Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi 37, no. 3 (1982): 219- 228.
  • Traboulsi, Fawwaz. A History of Modern Lebanon. Londra: Pluto Press, 2007.
  • The World Bank, Population, total. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL (Erişim tarihi: 7.12.2023).
  • Van der Laan, H. L. The Lebanese Traders in Sierra Leone. Mouton: The Hague, 1975.
  • Winder, R. Bayly. “The Lebanese in West Africa.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 4, no.3 (Nisan 1962): 296-333.

Migration from Lebanon to West Africa: Ottoman, Mandate, and Republican Periods (1860-1990)

Yıl 2023, , 199 - 234, 30.12.2023

Hamdi Genç , Musa Demirdağ

https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.1347533

Öz

Migration has been a constant phenomenon in Lebanon since the second half of the 19th century. Initially, North and South American countries were the primary destinations, but later, other countries became attractive for migration. According to migration literature, it is widely accepted that people migrate from countries with push factors to those with attractive factors. However, despite the lack of pull factors, Lebanese migrants have also moved to West African countries/colonies. This article aims to explain why West African colonies/countries were preferred by the Lebanese for migration, despite their disadvantageous position in terms of attractive factors compared to other countries/regions. This study aims to answer the question by evaluating Ottoman archival sources and the literature on Lebanese migration. In this context, the dominant assumption in the migration literature that destination countries should have attractive factors is questioned. The available data from literature and archival documents do not support that hypothesis. By doing so, a contribution is made to the migration literature, and it becomes easier to understand the new wave of migration experienced today.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Migration Lebanon West Africa Ottoman Lebanese

Kaynakça

  • BOA DH.MKT. 649/29.
  • BOA.HR.SFR.3.370/14
  • BOA.İ.HR. 1314 Z 23.
  • BOA.HR.SYS. 75/14.
  • BOA.HR.SFR.3.373/48.
  • BOA.HR.SYS. 72/78.
  • BOA.HR.SFR.3.367/44.
  • BOA.HR.TH.160/9.
  • BOA.HR.TH.166/18.
  • BOA.BEO.3673/275437.
  • BOA.HR.SFR.3.582/43.
  • BOA.HR.UHM.46/18.
  • BOA.HR.SFR.3.597/27.
  • Abdelhady, Dalia. The Lebanese Diaspora: The Arab Immigrant Experience in Montreal, New York, and Paris. New York: New York University Press, 2011.
  • Akyeampong, Emmanuel K. “Race, Identity and Citizenship in Black Africa: The Case of the Lebanese in Ghana.” Africa 76, no. 3 (Ağustos 2006): 297-323.
  • Arsan, Andrew Kerim. “Failing to Stem the Tide: Lebanese Migration to French West Africa and the Competing Prerogatives of the Imperial State.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 53, no.3 (Temmuz 2011): 450-478.
  • Arsan, Andrew Kerim. Interlopers of Empire: The Lebanese Diaspora in Colonial French West Africa. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014.
  • Beydoun, Lina. “The Complexities of Citizenship among Lebanese Immigrants in Sierra Leone.” African Conflict and Peacebuilding Review 3, no. 1 (Bahar 2013): 112-143.
  • Bierwirth, Chris. “The Initial Establishment of the Lebanese Community in Côte d'Ivoire, CA. 1925-45.” The International Journal of African Historical Studies 30, no. 2 (1997): 325-348.
  • Bierwirth, Chris. “The Lebanese Communities Of Côte D’Ivoire.” African Affairs 98, no. 390 (Ocak 1999): 79-99.
  • Boone, Catherine. Merchant Capital and the Roots of State Power in Senegal 1930-1985. Londra: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
  • Botti, Danielle. “Identity, Acceptance, and Alienation: The Case of the Lebanese Community in West Africa.” Yüksek Lisans Tezi, SOAS University of London, 2013.
  • Boumedouha, Saïd. “Adjustment to West African Realities: The Lebanese in Senegal.” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 60, no. 4 (Ekim 1990): 538-549.
  • Falola, Toyin. “Lebanese Traders in Southwestern Nigeria, 1900— 1960.” African Affairs 89, no. 357 (Ekim 1990): 523-553.
  • Firro, Kais. “Silk and Agrarian Changes in Lebanon, 1860–1914.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 22, no.2 (Mayıs 1990): 151-169.
  • Gberie, Lansana. “War and Peace in Sierra Leone: Diamonds, Corruption and the Lebanese Connection.” AfricaPortal, 1 Kasım 2002, https://africaportal.org/2022/10/15/.
  • Genç, Hamdi ve İ. Murat Bozkurt. “Osmanlı’dan Brezilya ve Arjantin’e Emek Göçü ve Göçmenlerin Sosyo-Ekonomik Durumu (1850-1915).” Marmara Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi XXVIII, no. I (2010): 71-103.
  • Genç, Hamdi. “Batı Afrika Ülkelerine Orta Doğu’dan Göç,” Dünya Siyasetinde Afrika 5 içinde, Editör: İsmail Ermağan, 233-248. Ankara: Nobel Kitapevi, 2018.
  • Genç, Hamdi. “Osmanlı Suriye’si ve Lübnan’ından Avustralya’ya Göç.” Türk-İslam Dünyasında Göç ve Göç Yönetimi içinde, Editör: Abdüllatif Çeviker ve Faruk Bal, 183-206. İstanbul: Akademik Kitaplar, 2016.
  • Genç, Hamdi ve İbrahim Murat Bozkurt. “Ottomans: Unwanted Immigrants in Brazil at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century.” Journal of Migration History 7, no.1 (2021): 51-76.
  • Gutman, David. “Travel Documents, Mobility Control, and the Ottoman State in an Age of Global Migration, 1880–1915.” Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association 3, no.2 (Kasım 2016): 347-368.
  • Hitti, Philip. K. Lebanon in History Form the Earliest Times to The Present. Londra: Macmillan, 1957.
  • Hitti, Philip. K. The Syrians in America, New York: Gorgias Press, 2005.
  • Hudson, Michael C. The Precarious Republic: Political Modernization in Lebanon. Londra: Westview Press, 1968.
  • Karpat, Kemal H. “The Ottoman Emigration to America, 1860-1914.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 17, no.2 (Mayıs 1985): 175-209.
  • Kenwood, A. G. ve A. L. – Lougheed. The Growth of the International Economy 1820- 2000. Londra: Routledge, 2002.
  • Khater, Akram Fouad. Inventing Home: Emigration, Gender, and the Middle Class in Lebanon, 1870-1920. Kaliforniya: University of California Press, 2001.
  • Khater, Akram ve Marjorie Stevens. “The Early Lebanese in America: A Demographic Portrait, 1880-1930.” Khayrallah Center for Lebanese Diaspora Studies News, 8 Kasım 2018, https://lebanesestudies.ncsu.edu/news/2022/05/13/https://lebanesestud ies.news.chass.ncsu.edu/2018/11/08/the-early-lebanese-in-america-a- demographic-portrait-1880-1930/.
  • Khater, Akram. “Why Did They Leave? Reasons for Early Lebanese Migration.” Khayrallah Center for Lebanese Diaspora Studies News, 15 Kasım 2017. https://lebanesestudies.news.chass.ncsu.edu/2017/11/15/why-did- they-leave-reasons-for-early-lebanese-migration/.
  • Khuri, Fuad I. “Kinship, Emigration, and Trade Partnership among the Lebanese of West Africa.” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 35, no. 4 (Ekim 1965): 385-395.
  • Khuri, Fuad I. “The African-Lebanese Mulattoes of West Africa: A Racial Frontier.” Anthropological Quarterly 41, no. 2 (Nisan 1968): 90-101.
  • Khuri-Makdisi, İlham. The Eastern Mediterranean and the Making of Global Radicalism, 1860–1914. Kaliforniya: University of California Press, 2010.
  • Kılıç, Aziz ve Özer Özbozdağlı. “II. Meşrutiyetin İlanının Cebel-i Lübnan’da Yansımaları ve Seçim Tartışmaları.” Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi 10, no. 1 (2023): 65-97.
  • Kılıç, Özcan. XIX. Yüzyılda Osmanlı Devleti’nden Latin Amerika’ya Göç Hareketi. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, 2021.
  • Kliot, Nurit. “Lebanon—a Geography of Hostages.” Political Geography Quarterly 5, no.3 (Temmuz 1986): 199-220.
  • Leichtman, Mara A. “Migration, War, and the Making of a Transnational Lebanese Shi–i Community in Senegal.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 42, no. 2 (Mayıs 2010): 269-90.
  • Leighton, Neil 0. “The Political Economy of a Stranger Population: The Lebanese of Sierra Leone.” Strangers in African Societies içinde, Editör: William A. Shack ve Elliott P. Skinner, 85-103. Kaliforniya: University of California Press,1979.
  • Malki, Isaac Xerxes. “Productive Aliens: Economic Planning And The Lebanese in Ghana, c. 1930-1972.” Mashriq & Mahjar: Journal of Middle East and North African Migration Studies 1, no.1 (2013): 85- 114.
  • Morrill, Warren T. “Socio-Cultural Adaptation in a West African Lebanese Community.” Anthropological Quarterly 35, no. 4 (Ekim 1962):143-57.
  • Pearlman, Wendy. “Emigration and Power: A Study of Sects in Lebanon, 1860−2010.” Politics & Society 41, no.1 (Mart 2013): 103- 33.
  • Preston, Matthew. Ending Civil War: Rhodesia and Lebanon in Perspective. Londra: I.B.Tauris Publishers, 2004.
  • Sander, Oral. “Lübnan'daki Bunalımın Tarihsel ve Toplumsal Nedenleri.” Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi 37, no. 3 (1982): 219- 228.
  • Traboulsi, Fawwaz. A History of Modern Lebanon. Londra: Pluto Press, 2007.
  • The World Bank, Population, total. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL (Erişim tarihi: 7.12.2023).
  • Van der Laan, H. L. The Lebanese Traders in Sierra Leone. Mouton: The Hague, 1975.
  • Winder, R. Bayly. “The Lebanese in West Africa.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 4, no.3 (Nisan 1962): 296-333.
Toplam 56 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Bölgesel Çalışmalar
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Hamdi Genç 0000-0003-1139-4351

Musa Demirdağ 0009-0000-4484-668X

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 30 Aralık 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2023
Kabul Tarihi 20 Aralık 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA Genç, H., & Demirdağ, M. (2023). Lübnan’dan Batı Afrika’ya Göç: Osmanlı, Manda ve Cumhuriyet Dönemi (1860-1990). Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, 10(2), 199-234. https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.1347533

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