Araştırma Makalesi
Yıl 2020,
, 45 - 79, 30.06.2020
Öz
This manuscript aims to assess Palestinian street art’s effectiveness as a resistance tool and political instrument in the struggle waged against Israel. It concludes by employing Bourdieu’s concept of symbolic power that Palestinian street art is an effective instrument on account of its ability to instill in Palestinian collective consciousness as a sense of resistance. By utilizing Mouffe’s definition of politics as being a constant struggle between hegemonic and counter hegemonic forces, this work also holds that street art serves Palestinians as a means to reaffirm their political existence and develop an alternative political imagination against the Israeli-imposed reality. This manuscript also broaches the oft-discussed issue of visual diversity in Palestinian street art scene and concludes that eclectic content may serve as a contributive force, if the counter hegemonic character of Palestinian street art is adhered to.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Achar, Gilbert. The Arabs and the Holocaust: The Arab-Israeli War of Narratives. London: Saqi Books, 2010.
- Alatout, Samer. “Walls As Technologies of Government: The Double Construction of Geographies of Peace and Conflict in Israeli Politics, 2002–Present.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 99, no. 5 (2009): 956-68.
- Boullata, Kamal. “Art under Siege”. Journal of Palestine Studies 33, no. 4 (2004): 70-84.
- Boullata, Kamal. “Artists Re-Member Palestine in Beirut.” Journal of Palestine Studies 32, no. 4 (2003): 22-38.
- Bourdieu, Pierre. Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991.
- “Daily life in Gaza – in Pictures.” The Guardian, June 8, 2012. https:// www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2012/jun/08/daily-life-gaza-inpictures.
- De Certeau, Michel. The Practice of Everyday Life. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984.
- Deleuze, Gilles. “Stones.” In Two Regimes of Madness: Texts and Interviews 1975-1995, edited by David Lapoujade, 338-40. New York: Semiotext(e), 2007.
- Deleuze, Gilles, and Guattari, Felix. A Thousand Plateaus. Trans. Brian Massumi. London: Continuum, 2012.
- Editorial Board. “Visual Culture and Remembering the Forgotten,” Jerusalem Quarterly 61 (2015): 3-5.
- Gal-Ezer, Miri. “The Third Space? From Modern Art Gallery to Modern Museum in Umm El-Fahem.” In Memory and Ethnicity: Ethnic Museums in Israel and the Diaspora, edited by Emanuela Trevisan Semi, Dario Miccoli and Tudor Parfitt, 121-68. New Castle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2013.
- Gould, Rebecca. “The Materiality of Resistance: Israel’s Apartheid Wall in an Age of Globalization,” Social Text 118 32, no 1 (2014): 1-22.
- Gramsci, Antonio. Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci. Trans. Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith. New York: International Publishers, 1971.
- Hasson, Nir. “‘First Monumental Zionist Work of Art’ Uncovered in Jerusalem”. Haaretz, October 15, 2012. https://www.haaretz.com/. premium-reviving-the-first-monumental-zionist-artwork-1.5192847.
- Haugbolle, Sune, “Naji Al-Ali and the Iconography of Arab Secularism.” In Visual Culture in the Modern Middle East: Rhetoric of the Image, edited by Christiane Gruber and Sune Haugbolle, 231-58. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2013.
- Jannol, Hannah. “Banksy in the West Bank: Whose Art Is It Anyway?.” The Jewish News of Northern California, July 13, 2018. https://www. jweekly.com/2018/07/13/banksy-in-the-west-bank-whose-art-is-itanyway/.
- Khalili, Laleh. Heroes and Martyrs of Palestine: The Politics of National Commemoration. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007
- Larkin, Craig. “Jerusalem’s Separation Wall and Global Message Board: Graffiti, Murals, and the Art of Sumud.” The Arab Studies Journal 22, no. 1 (Special Issue: Cultures of Resistance, 2014): 134-69.
- Lovatt, Hugh. “From National Resistance to Global Movement – An Intro to Palestinian Graffiti (PHOTOS).” Your Middle East, March 3, 2015, https://yourmiddleeast.com/2015/03/03/from-national-resistance-toglobal-movement-ae-an-intro-to-palestinian-graffiti-photos/.
- Mac Greigair, Gawan. “Nazareth’s Mystery Mural as an Emblem of Palestinian Resistance.” Al Araby, November 2, 2107. https://www. alaraby.co.uk/english/indepth/2017/11/13/nazareths-mystery-muralas-an-emblem-of-palestinian-resistance.
- Manor, Dalia. Art in Zion: The Genesis of Modern National Art in Jewish Palestine. London: Routledge, 2005.
- Masalha, Nur. “Naji al-Ali, Edward Said and Civil Liberation Theology in Palestine.” Holy Land Studies 11, no. 2 (2012): 109-34.
- Massad, Joseph. “Permission to Paint: Palestinian Art and the Colonial Encounter.” Art of Journal 66, no. 3 (2007): 126-33.
- Medien, Kathryn. “Palestine in Deleuze.” Theory, Culture & Society 36, no. 5 (2019): 1-22.
- Mohamad, Husam. “President George W. Bush’s Legacy on the IsraeliPalestinian “Peace Process.”” Journal of International and Area Studies 22, no. 1 (2015): 79-92.
- Mouffe, Chantal. “Hegemony and Ideology in Gramsci.” In Gramsci and Marxist Theory, edited by Chantal Mouffe, 168-204. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979.
- Mouffe, Chantal et al. “Every Form of Art Has a Political Dimension,” Grey Room 2 (2001): 99-125.
- Musleh, Maath. “Taking Back Palestine’s Streets: Exclusive Interview with Underground Jerusalem Graffiti Artist.” Electronic Intifada, August 29, 2012, https://electronicintifada.net/content/taking-back-palestinesstreets-exclusive-interview-underground-jerusalem-graffiti-artist.
- “Palestinians to Netanyahu: You Will Never Break Our Will.” The Jerusalem Post, September 11, 2019. https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/ Palestinians-to-Netanyahu-You-will-never-break-our-will-601398.
- Parry, William. Against the Wall: Art of Resistance in Palestine. Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 2010.
- Perlmutter, David D. “Photojournalism and Foreign Affairs,” Orbis 49, no 1 (2005): 109-22.
- Peteet, Julie. “The Writing on the Walls: The Graffiti of the Intifada.” Cultural Anthropology 11, no. 2 (1996): 139-59.
- Saad, Rhonda A. “Palestinian Art: From 1850 to the Present by Kamal Boullata.” The Arab Studies Journal 18, no. 1 (2010): 330-33.
- Said, Ben. “Protest Art: Is Graffiti on the West Bank Wall Losing Its Meaning?.” TRT World, November 4, 2017. https://www.trtworld. com/mea/protest-art-is-graffiti-on-the-west-bank-wall-losing-itsmeaning--11931.
- Segev, Tom. One Palestine, Complete. Trans. Haim Watzman. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2000.
- Shapiro, Michael J. Methods and Nations: Cultural Governance and the Indigenous Subject. London: Routledge, 2004.
- Shlaim, Avi. The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World (Updated and Expanded). New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Kindle Edition, 2014.
- Shavit, Ari. “An Interview with Edward Said,” Politics and Culture 3 (2000), https://politicsandculture.org/2010/08/10/an-interview-withedward-said-2/.
- Sternhell, Zeev. Nationalism, Socialism, and the Making of the Jewish State. Trans. David Maisel. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998.
- Toenjes, Ashley. “This Wall Speaks: Graffiti and Transnational Networks in Palestine.” Jerusalem Quarterly 61, (2015): 55-68.
- Thrall, Nathan. The Only Language They Understand: Forcing Compromise in Israel and Palestine. New York: Metropolitan Books, Kindle Edition, 2017.
- Tripp, Charles. The Power and the People: Paths of Resistance in the Middle East. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
- Weizman, Eyal. Hollow Land: Israel’s Architecture of Occupation. London: Verso, 2007.
- Wiles, Rich. “Palestinian Graffiti: ‘Tagging’ Resistance.” Al Jazeera, November 26, 2013, http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/ 11/palestinian-graffiti-tagging-resistance-20131120158 President George W. Bush’s Legacy on the Israeli-Palestinian “Peace Process”
- Williams, Lee. “Intifada: What Is It - and What Does a Third Uprising Mean for the Region?.” The Independent, October 9, 2015, https://www. independent.co.uk/news/world/what-exactly-is-an-infitada-a6688091. html.
Yıl 2020,
, 45 - 79, 30.06.2020
Öz
Bu makale İsrail’e karşı yürütülen mücadelede Filistin sokak sanatının bir direniş unsuru ve siyasi enstrüman olarak etkisini değerlendirmektedir. Bourdieu’nün sembolik güç kavramından yararlanılarak, sokak sanatının Filistin kolektif bilincine direniş duygusu aşılamada etkili bir araç olduğu vurgulanmaktadır. Ayrıca Mouffe’un, siyaseti, hegemonik ve karşı hegemonik güçler arasında bir mücadele olarak tanımlamasından hareketle, sokak sanatının Filistinlilere siyasi olarak var olduklarını yineleme ve İsrail’in empoze ettiği gerçekliğe karşı alternatif bir politik tahayyül ortaya koymada etkin bir enstrüman olarak hizmet ettiği belirtilmektedir. Bu makalede sıklıkla tartışılan bir konu olan görsel çeşitlilik mevzusu da ele alınmakta ve eklektik içeriğin, Filistin sanatının karşı-hegemonik karakterine uyumlu olduğu sürece katkı sağlayabileceği savunulmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Achar, Gilbert. The Arabs and the Holocaust: The Arab-Israeli War of Narratives. London: Saqi Books, 2010.
- Alatout, Samer. “Walls As Technologies of Government: The Double Construction of Geographies of Peace and Conflict in Israeli Politics, 2002–Present.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 99, no. 5 (2009): 956-68.
- Boullata, Kamal. “Art under Siege”. Journal of Palestine Studies 33, no. 4 (2004): 70-84.
- Boullata, Kamal. “Artists Re-Member Palestine in Beirut.” Journal of Palestine Studies 32, no. 4 (2003): 22-38.
- Bourdieu, Pierre. Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991.
- “Daily life in Gaza – in Pictures.” The Guardian, June 8, 2012. https:// www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2012/jun/08/daily-life-gaza-inpictures.
- De Certeau, Michel. The Practice of Everyday Life. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984.
- Deleuze, Gilles. “Stones.” In Two Regimes of Madness: Texts and Interviews 1975-1995, edited by David Lapoujade, 338-40. New York: Semiotext(e), 2007.
- Deleuze, Gilles, and Guattari, Felix. A Thousand Plateaus. Trans. Brian Massumi. London: Continuum, 2012.
- Editorial Board. “Visual Culture and Remembering the Forgotten,” Jerusalem Quarterly 61 (2015): 3-5.
- Gal-Ezer, Miri. “The Third Space? From Modern Art Gallery to Modern Museum in Umm El-Fahem.” In Memory and Ethnicity: Ethnic Museums in Israel and the Diaspora, edited by Emanuela Trevisan Semi, Dario Miccoli and Tudor Parfitt, 121-68. New Castle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2013.
- Gould, Rebecca. “The Materiality of Resistance: Israel’s Apartheid Wall in an Age of Globalization,” Social Text 118 32, no 1 (2014): 1-22.
- Gramsci, Antonio. Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci. Trans. Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith. New York: International Publishers, 1971.
- Hasson, Nir. “‘First Monumental Zionist Work of Art’ Uncovered in Jerusalem”. Haaretz, October 15, 2012. https://www.haaretz.com/. premium-reviving-the-first-monumental-zionist-artwork-1.5192847.
- Haugbolle, Sune, “Naji Al-Ali and the Iconography of Arab Secularism.” In Visual Culture in the Modern Middle East: Rhetoric of the Image, edited by Christiane Gruber and Sune Haugbolle, 231-58. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2013.
- Jannol, Hannah. “Banksy in the West Bank: Whose Art Is It Anyway?.” The Jewish News of Northern California, July 13, 2018. https://www. jweekly.com/2018/07/13/banksy-in-the-west-bank-whose-art-is-itanyway/.
- Khalili, Laleh. Heroes and Martyrs of Palestine: The Politics of National Commemoration. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007
- Larkin, Craig. “Jerusalem’s Separation Wall and Global Message Board: Graffiti, Murals, and the Art of Sumud.” The Arab Studies Journal 22, no. 1 (Special Issue: Cultures of Resistance, 2014): 134-69.
- Lovatt, Hugh. “From National Resistance to Global Movement – An Intro to Palestinian Graffiti (PHOTOS).” Your Middle East, March 3, 2015, https://yourmiddleeast.com/2015/03/03/from-national-resistance-toglobal-movement-ae-an-intro-to-palestinian-graffiti-photos/.
- Mac Greigair, Gawan. “Nazareth’s Mystery Mural as an Emblem of Palestinian Resistance.” Al Araby, November 2, 2107. https://www. alaraby.co.uk/english/indepth/2017/11/13/nazareths-mystery-muralas-an-emblem-of-palestinian-resistance.
- Manor, Dalia. Art in Zion: The Genesis of Modern National Art in Jewish Palestine. London: Routledge, 2005.
- Masalha, Nur. “Naji al-Ali, Edward Said and Civil Liberation Theology in Palestine.” Holy Land Studies 11, no. 2 (2012): 109-34.
- Massad, Joseph. “Permission to Paint: Palestinian Art and the Colonial Encounter.” Art of Journal 66, no. 3 (2007): 126-33.
- Medien, Kathryn. “Palestine in Deleuze.” Theory, Culture & Society 36, no. 5 (2019): 1-22.
- Mohamad, Husam. “President George W. Bush’s Legacy on the IsraeliPalestinian “Peace Process.”” Journal of International and Area Studies 22, no. 1 (2015): 79-92.
- Mouffe, Chantal. “Hegemony and Ideology in Gramsci.” In Gramsci and Marxist Theory, edited by Chantal Mouffe, 168-204. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979.
- Mouffe, Chantal et al. “Every Form of Art Has a Political Dimension,” Grey Room 2 (2001): 99-125.
- Musleh, Maath. “Taking Back Palestine’s Streets: Exclusive Interview with Underground Jerusalem Graffiti Artist.” Electronic Intifada, August 29, 2012, https://electronicintifada.net/content/taking-back-palestinesstreets-exclusive-interview-underground-jerusalem-graffiti-artist.
- “Palestinians to Netanyahu: You Will Never Break Our Will.” The Jerusalem Post, September 11, 2019. https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/ Palestinians-to-Netanyahu-You-will-never-break-our-will-601398.
- Parry, William. Against the Wall: Art of Resistance in Palestine. Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 2010.
- Perlmutter, David D. “Photojournalism and Foreign Affairs,” Orbis 49, no 1 (2005): 109-22.
- Peteet, Julie. “The Writing on the Walls: The Graffiti of the Intifada.” Cultural Anthropology 11, no. 2 (1996): 139-59.
- Saad, Rhonda A. “Palestinian Art: From 1850 to the Present by Kamal Boullata.” The Arab Studies Journal 18, no. 1 (2010): 330-33.
- Said, Ben. “Protest Art: Is Graffiti on the West Bank Wall Losing Its Meaning?.” TRT World, November 4, 2017. https://www.trtworld. com/mea/protest-art-is-graffiti-on-the-west-bank-wall-losing-itsmeaning--11931.
- Segev, Tom. One Palestine, Complete. Trans. Haim Watzman. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2000.
- Shapiro, Michael J. Methods and Nations: Cultural Governance and the Indigenous Subject. London: Routledge, 2004.
- Shlaim, Avi. The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World (Updated and Expanded). New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Kindle Edition, 2014.
- Shavit, Ari. “An Interview with Edward Said,” Politics and Culture 3 (2000), https://politicsandculture.org/2010/08/10/an-interview-withedward-said-2/.
- Sternhell, Zeev. Nationalism, Socialism, and the Making of the Jewish State. Trans. David Maisel. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998.
- Toenjes, Ashley. “This Wall Speaks: Graffiti and Transnational Networks in Palestine.” Jerusalem Quarterly 61, (2015): 55-68.
- Thrall, Nathan. The Only Language They Understand: Forcing Compromise in Israel and Palestine. New York: Metropolitan Books, Kindle Edition, 2017.
- Tripp, Charles. The Power and the People: Paths of Resistance in the Middle East. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
- Weizman, Eyal. Hollow Land: Israel’s Architecture of Occupation. London: Verso, 2007.
- Wiles, Rich. “Palestinian Graffiti: ‘Tagging’ Resistance.” Al Jazeera, November 26, 2013, http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/ 11/palestinian-graffiti-tagging-resistance-20131120158 President George W. Bush’s Legacy on the Israeli-Palestinian “Peace Process”
- Williams, Lee. “Intifada: What Is It - and What Does a Third Uprising Mean for the Region?.” The Independent, October 9, 2015, https://www. independent.co.uk/news/world/what-exactly-is-an-infitada-a6688091. html.
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Uluslararası İlişkiler (Diğer) |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Haziran 2020 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 1 Nisan 2020 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2020 |
TOÇD'nde yayınlanan makaleler Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.