Araştırma Makalesi
Yıl 2022,
Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 15 - 56, 06.01.2023
Öz
This article focuses on an immigration story, the post-1948 migration of Palestinians to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (Jordan) and examines the various legal statuses Jordan has developed for Palestinians within the country. These legal categories establish different rights, freedoms, and limitations for Palestinians. Green, blue, and yellow card holders, citizens, and refugees are some of these categories. By examining the differences between these distinct statuses, we examine the applicability of the concepts of refugee, naturalization, rights restrictions, and/or discrimination to the immigration-related processes in Jordan, and we try to understand the different meanings one may attach to these concepts in this context.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Achilli, Luigi. “Disengagement From Politics: Nationalism, Political Identity, and the Everyday in a Palestinian Refugee Camp in Jordan”, Critique of Anthropology 34, no.2 (2014): 234-257.
- Al Sharif, Osama. “Jordan Moves to Improve Lives of Gazan Refugees”, Al-Monitor, 11 Aralık, 2018. https://www.al-moni- tor.com/pulse/originals/2018/12/jordan-gaza-refugees-palestinian-settle- ment.html
- Al Sharif, Osama. “Jordan’s Days of Rage Force PM To Resign”, Al-Monitor, 5 Haziran, 2018.
- https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2018/06/jordan-protests-tax-hikes- prime-minister-government.html
- Barari, Hassan A. “Four Decades after Black September: A Jordanian Perspective”, Civil Wars 10, no.3 (2008): 231-243.
- Chatelard, Géraldine. “Jordan: A Refugee Haven”, Migration Policy Institute Online Journal, 31 Ağustos, 2010.
- https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/jordan-refugee-haven
- El Abed, Oroub. “Immobile Palestinians: Ongoing Plight of Gazans in Jordan.” Forced Migration Review 26, (Ağustos 2006): 17-18.
- Fallah, Belal, Caroline Krafft ve Jackline Wahba “The Impact of Refugees on Employment and Wages in Jordan”, Journal of Development Economics 139 (Haziran 2019): 203.
- Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, Elena. “Introduction: Recentering the South in Studies of Migration”, Migration and Society: Advances in Research 3, no.1 (2020):1–18
- Gandalfo, K. Luisa. “The Political and Social Identities of the Palestinian Christian Community in Jordan”, Middle East Journal 62, no.3 (2008): 437-455.
- Halabi, Usama. “The Legal Status of Palestinians in Jerusalem”, Pal- estine – Israel Journal of Politics, Economics and Culture 4, no.1 (1997): 54-64.
- Hart, Jason. “What Future for Young Palestinians in Jordan?”, Forced Migration Review 26, (Eylül 2006): 51.
- Hejoj, Ibrahim. “A Profile of Poverty for Palestinian Refugees in Jordan: the Case of Zarqa and Sukhneh Camps”, Journal of Refugee Studies 20, no.1 (2007): 120-145.
- Işın, Engin. “Citizenship in flux: The figure of the activist citizen”, Subjectivity 29, no.1 (2009): 367–388
- Jamjoum, Hazem. “Palestinian Refugees in Jordan and the Revocation of Citizenship: An Interview with Anis F. Kassim”, Jadaliyya, 28 Ocak 2013. http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/9827/palestinian-refugees-in-jor- dan-and-the-revocation-
- Joseph, Nevo. “Changing Identities in Jordan”, Israel Affairs, 9, no.3 (2003): 187-208;
- King, Russel. “Towards a New Map of European Migration”, International Journal of Population Geography 8 (2002): 89-106.
- Köprülü, Nur. “Arabizimden Teritoryal Kimliğe Geçiş: 1989 Sonrası Ürdün’de Kimlik Politikaları ve Demokratikleş(eme)me Çabaları”, İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi 41 (Ekim, 2009): 195-214.
- Köprülü, Nur. “Monarchical Pluralism or De-democratization: Actors and Choices in Jordan”, Insight Turkey 14, no.1 (2012):71-92
- Laub, Karin. “Jordan Election Seen as Small Step Toward Democratic Reform”, The Times of Israel, 19 Eylül 2016. https://www.timesofisrael.com/jordan-election-seen-as-small-step-toward- democratic-reform/
- Le Troquer, Yann ve Rozenn Hommery al-Oudat. “From Kuwait to Jordan: The Palestinians’ Third Exodus”, Journal of Palestine Stud- ies 28, no. 3 (1999): 37-51.
- Lindsay, James G. “Fixing UNRWA: Repairing the UN’s Troubled System of Aid to Palestinian Refugees”, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 26 Haziran, 2009.
- https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/fixing-unrwa-repair- ing-uns-troubled-system-aid-palestinian-refugees.
- Magid, Aaron. “Jordan’s Elections: Voting in a Weak Parliament”, Middle East Institute, 28 Eylül 2016. http://www.mei.edu/content/ar- ticle/jordan-s-elections-voting-weak-parliament
- Migration Policy Centre. “Migration Facts Jordan”, Son erişim: 23 Aralık 2018. http://www.migrationpolicycentre.eu/docs/fact_sheets/Fact- sheet%20Jordan.pdf.
- Nyers, Peter. “Introduction: Why Citizenship Studies.” Citizenship Studies 11, no.1 (2007): 1-4.
- Pérez, Michael Vicente. “Human Rights and The Rightless: The Case of Gaza Refugees in Jordan”, The International Journal of Human Rights 15, no.7 (2011): 1031–1054.
- Ramahi, Sawsan. “Palestinians and Jordanian Citizenship”, Middle East Monitor, 9 Aralık 2015. https://www.middleeastmoni- tor.com/20151209-palestinians-and-jordanian-citizenship/
- Rosen, Steven J. “Kuwait Expels Thousands of Palestinians”, Middle East Quarterly 19, no. 4 (2012): 75-83.
- Ryan, Curtis. “Identity Politics, Reform, and Protest in Jordan”, Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism 11, no.3 (2011): 564-578
- Ryan, Curtis. “Why Jordanians are Protesting”, The Washington Post, 4 Haziran 2018. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey- cage/wp/2018/06/04/why-jordanians-are-protesting/
- Ryan, Curtis. “Reform Retreats Amid Jordan’s Political Storms”, MERIP, 10 Haziran 2005. https://merip.org/2005/06/reform-retreats-amid-jordans-political-storms/
- Sayigh, Yezid. “Jordanian Foreign Policy”, PASSIA, Nisan 1997.
- http://passia.org/media/filer_public/b2/17/b217c24b-7781-4b27-887f-cc7424d000ee/foreign_policies_of_arab_states.pdf
- Simadi Fayez A. ve Nahar, Ghazi S. “Refugees in Jordan: sociological perspective”, Social Responsibility Journal 5, no.2 (2009): 257- 264.
- Smith, Roger M. “Modern Citizenship”, içinde Handbook of Citizenship Studies, derleyen Engin F. Işın ve Bryan S. Turner, 105-116. Londra: Sage Publications, 2002.
- Toameh, Khaled Abu. “Amman Revoking Palestinians’ citizenship”, Jerusalem Post, 20 Temmuz 2009. http://www.jpost.com/Middle- East/Amman-revoking-Palestinians-citizenship.
- Yitzhak, Ronen. “The Assassination of King Abdallah: The First Po- Political Assassination in Jordan: Did it Truly Threaten the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan?”, Diplomacy & Statecraft 21, no.1 (2010): 68- 86
- Zahran, Mudar. “Jordan Is Palestinian”, Middle East Quarterly 19, no.1 (2012):3-12
- “Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees”, UNHCR, Son erişim: 24 Ocak 2022. https://www.un- hcr.org/3b66c2aa10.
- “Facts and Figures”, UNHCR, Son erişim: 1 Haziran 2022. https://data.un- hcr.org/en/situations/syria/location/36#_ga=2.77483415.3602951.1654081098- 1150133119.1654081098.
- “Frequently Asked Questions”, UNRWA, Son erişim: 17 Ocak 2022. https://www.unrwa.org/who-we-are/frequently-asked-questions.
- “Gov’t Adopts New Resolutions for Gazans with Temporary Passports”, Jordan Times, 4 Aralık 2018, Son erişim: 23 Aralık 2018. http://jordantimes.com/news/local/govt-adopts-new-resolutions- gazans-temporary-passports.
- “Jordan: Disengagement Regulations for the Year 1988”, UNHCR, Son erişim: 1 Mayıs 2020. https://www.refworld.org/do- cid/43cd04b94.html.
- “Jordan Protests: What You Should Know”, Aljazeera, 4 Haziran 2018, Son erişim: 23 Aralık 2018. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/06/jordan-protests- 180604052840527.html.
- “Jordanian Annexation of West Bank-Resolution Adopted by the House of Deputies”, Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Son erişim: 23 Aralık 2018. http://goo.gl/aLDq6k
- “Palestinian National Charter of 1964”, Palestinian Media Watch, 28 Mayıs 1964, Son erişim: 15 Aralık 2018. http://www.palwatch.org/main.aspx?fi=640&doc_id=8210.
- “Protection in Jordan”, UNRWA, Son erişim: 20 Aralık 2018.
- https://www.unrwa.org/activity/protection-jordan
- “Refugee Review Tribunal, Australia, RRT Research Response, JOR35401”, US Department of Justice, Son erişim: 3 Haziran 2022. https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/leg- acy/2013/12/04/JOR35401-Palestinians-West%20Bank.pdf.
- “Stateless Again”, Human Rights Watch, Son erişim: 23 Aralık 2018.
- https://www.hrw.org/report/2010/02/01/stateless-again/palestinian-origin-jordanians-deprived-their-nationality.
- “Syria Regional Crisis: Emergency Appeal 2019”, UNRWA, Son erişim: 1 Mayıs 2020. https://www.unrwa.org/sites/default/files/con- tent/resources/2019_syria_ea_final.pdf.
- “The People of Jordan”, The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, Son erişim: 24 Ocak 2022. http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/people1.html.
- “The United Nations and Palestinian Refugees”, UNRWA, Son erişim: 23 Aralık 2018. https://www.unrwa.org/userfiles/2010011791015.pdf.
- “United Nations, Population Division, World Population Prospects”, UN, Son erişim: 24 Ocak 2022. https://popula- tion.un.org/wpp/Graphs/Probabilistic/POP/TOT/.
- “Where We Work”, UNRWA, Son erişim: 24 Ocak 2022. https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/jordan.
- “Who We Are”, UNRWA, Son erişim: 11 Aralık 2018. https://www.unrwa.org/who-we-are.
Yıl 2022,
Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 15 - 56, 06.01.2023
Öz
Bu makale Ürdün Haşimi Krallığı’na (Ürdün) odaklanarak, farklı bir göç hikayesini, Filistinlilerin 1948 sonrasında Ürdün’e göçlerini, merkezine alıyor ve Ürdün devletinin ülke içerisindeki Filistinlilere yönelik geliştirdiği çeşitli yasal statülere odaklanıyor. Bu yasal kategoriler, Filistinliler için farklı haklar, özgürlükler ve sınırlamalar getiriyor. Yeşil, mavi, sarı kart sahipleri, vatandaşlar, mülteciler bu kategorilerden bazıları olarak karşımıza çıkıyor. Biz bu makalede bu statüler arasındaki farkları inceleyerek, göçle ilişkili gelişen mülteci- lik, vatandaşlığa geçiş, hak sınırlamaları ve/ya ayrımcılık kavramlarının Ürdün’deki görünürlüğünü inceliyor ve içerdikleri anlamları tartışıyoruz.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Achilli, Luigi. “Disengagement From Politics: Nationalism, Political Identity, and the Everyday in a Palestinian Refugee Camp in Jordan”, Critique of Anthropology 34, no.2 (2014): 234-257.
- Al Sharif, Osama. “Jordan Moves to Improve Lives of Gazan Refugees”, Al-Monitor, 11 Aralık, 2018. https://www.al-moni- tor.com/pulse/originals/2018/12/jordan-gaza-refugees-palestinian-settle- ment.html
- Al Sharif, Osama. “Jordan’s Days of Rage Force PM To Resign”, Al-Monitor, 5 Haziran, 2018.
- https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2018/06/jordan-protests-tax-hikes- prime-minister-government.html
- Barari, Hassan A. “Four Decades after Black September: A Jordanian Perspective”, Civil Wars 10, no.3 (2008): 231-243.
- Chatelard, Géraldine. “Jordan: A Refugee Haven”, Migration Policy Institute Online Journal, 31 Ağustos, 2010.
- https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/jordan-refugee-haven
- El Abed, Oroub. “Immobile Palestinians: Ongoing Plight of Gazans in Jordan.” Forced Migration Review 26, (Ağustos 2006): 17-18.
- Fallah, Belal, Caroline Krafft ve Jackline Wahba “The Impact of Refugees on Employment and Wages in Jordan”, Journal of Development Economics 139 (Haziran 2019): 203.
- Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, Elena. “Introduction: Recentering the South in Studies of Migration”, Migration and Society: Advances in Research 3, no.1 (2020):1–18
- Gandalfo, K. Luisa. “The Political and Social Identities of the Palestinian Christian Community in Jordan”, Middle East Journal 62, no.3 (2008): 437-455.
- Halabi, Usama. “The Legal Status of Palestinians in Jerusalem”, Pal- estine – Israel Journal of Politics, Economics and Culture 4, no.1 (1997): 54-64.
- Hart, Jason. “What Future for Young Palestinians in Jordan?”, Forced Migration Review 26, (Eylül 2006): 51.
- Hejoj, Ibrahim. “A Profile of Poverty for Palestinian Refugees in Jordan: the Case of Zarqa and Sukhneh Camps”, Journal of Refugee Studies 20, no.1 (2007): 120-145.
- Işın, Engin. “Citizenship in flux: The figure of the activist citizen”, Subjectivity 29, no.1 (2009): 367–388
- Jamjoum, Hazem. “Palestinian Refugees in Jordan and the Revocation of Citizenship: An Interview with Anis F. Kassim”, Jadaliyya, 28 Ocak 2013. http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/9827/palestinian-refugees-in-jor- dan-and-the-revocation-
- Joseph, Nevo. “Changing Identities in Jordan”, Israel Affairs, 9, no.3 (2003): 187-208;
- King, Russel. “Towards a New Map of European Migration”, International Journal of Population Geography 8 (2002): 89-106.
- Köprülü, Nur. “Arabizimden Teritoryal Kimliğe Geçiş: 1989 Sonrası Ürdün’de Kimlik Politikaları ve Demokratikleş(eme)me Çabaları”, İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi 41 (Ekim, 2009): 195-214.
- Köprülü, Nur. “Monarchical Pluralism or De-democratization: Actors and Choices in Jordan”, Insight Turkey 14, no.1 (2012):71-92
- Laub, Karin. “Jordan Election Seen as Small Step Toward Democratic Reform”, The Times of Israel, 19 Eylül 2016. https://www.timesofisrael.com/jordan-election-seen-as-small-step-toward- democratic-reform/
- Le Troquer, Yann ve Rozenn Hommery al-Oudat. “From Kuwait to Jordan: The Palestinians’ Third Exodus”, Journal of Palestine Stud- ies 28, no. 3 (1999): 37-51.
- Lindsay, James G. “Fixing UNRWA: Repairing the UN’s Troubled System of Aid to Palestinian Refugees”, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 26 Haziran, 2009.
- https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/fixing-unrwa-repair- ing-uns-troubled-system-aid-palestinian-refugees.
- Magid, Aaron. “Jordan’s Elections: Voting in a Weak Parliament”, Middle East Institute, 28 Eylül 2016. http://www.mei.edu/content/ar- ticle/jordan-s-elections-voting-weak-parliament
- Migration Policy Centre. “Migration Facts Jordan”, Son erişim: 23 Aralık 2018. http://www.migrationpolicycentre.eu/docs/fact_sheets/Fact- sheet%20Jordan.pdf.
- Nyers, Peter. “Introduction: Why Citizenship Studies.” Citizenship Studies 11, no.1 (2007): 1-4.
- Pérez, Michael Vicente. “Human Rights and The Rightless: The Case of Gaza Refugees in Jordan”, The International Journal of Human Rights 15, no.7 (2011): 1031–1054.
- Ramahi, Sawsan. “Palestinians and Jordanian Citizenship”, Middle East Monitor, 9 Aralık 2015. https://www.middleeastmoni- tor.com/20151209-palestinians-and-jordanian-citizenship/
- Rosen, Steven J. “Kuwait Expels Thousands of Palestinians”, Middle East Quarterly 19, no. 4 (2012): 75-83.
- Ryan, Curtis. “Identity Politics, Reform, and Protest in Jordan”, Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism 11, no.3 (2011): 564-578
- Ryan, Curtis. “Why Jordanians are Protesting”, The Washington Post, 4 Haziran 2018. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey- cage/wp/2018/06/04/why-jordanians-are-protesting/
- Ryan, Curtis. “Reform Retreats Amid Jordan’s Political Storms”, MERIP, 10 Haziran 2005. https://merip.org/2005/06/reform-retreats-amid-jordans-political-storms/
- Sayigh, Yezid. “Jordanian Foreign Policy”, PASSIA, Nisan 1997.
- http://passia.org/media/filer_public/b2/17/b217c24b-7781-4b27-887f-cc7424d000ee/foreign_policies_of_arab_states.pdf
- Simadi Fayez A. ve Nahar, Ghazi S. “Refugees in Jordan: sociological perspective”, Social Responsibility Journal 5, no.2 (2009): 257- 264.
- Smith, Roger M. “Modern Citizenship”, içinde Handbook of Citizenship Studies, derleyen Engin F. Işın ve Bryan S. Turner, 105-116. Londra: Sage Publications, 2002.
- Toameh, Khaled Abu. “Amman Revoking Palestinians’ citizenship”, Jerusalem Post, 20 Temmuz 2009. http://www.jpost.com/Middle- East/Amman-revoking-Palestinians-citizenship.
- Yitzhak, Ronen. “The Assassination of King Abdallah: The First Po- Political Assassination in Jordan: Did it Truly Threaten the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan?”, Diplomacy & Statecraft 21, no.1 (2010): 68- 86
- Zahran, Mudar. “Jordan Is Palestinian”, Middle East Quarterly 19, no.1 (2012):3-12
- “Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees”, UNHCR, Son erişim: 24 Ocak 2022. https://www.un- hcr.org/3b66c2aa10.
- “Facts and Figures”, UNHCR, Son erişim: 1 Haziran 2022. https://data.un- hcr.org/en/situations/syria/location/36#_ga=2.77483415.3602951.1654081098- 1150133119.1654081098.
- “Frequently Asked Questions”, UNRWA, Son erişim: 17 Ocak 2022. https://www.unrwa.org/who-we-are/frequently-asked-questions.
- “Gov’t Adopts New Resolutions for Gazans with Temporary Passports”, Jordan Times, 4 Aralık 2018, Son erişim: 23 Aralık 2018. http://jordantimes.com/news/local/govt-adopts-new-resolutions- gazans-temporary-passports.
- “Jordan: Disengagement Regulations for the Year 1988”, UNHCR, Son erişim: 1 Mayıs 2020. https://www.refworld.org/do- cid/43cd04b94.html.
- “Jordan Protests: What You Should Know”, Aljazeera, 4 Haziran 2018, Son erişim: 23 Aralık 2018. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/06/jordan-protests- 180604052840527.html.
- “Jordanian Annexation of West Bank-Resolution Adopted by the House of Deputies”, Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Son erişim: 23 Aralık 2018. http://goo.gl/aLDq6k
- “Palestinian National Charter of 1964”, Palestinian Media Watch, 28 Mayıs 1964, Son erişim: 15 Aralık 2018. http://www.palwatch.org/main.aspx?fi=640&doc_id=8210.
- “Protection in Jordan”, UNRWA, Son erişim: 20 Aralık 2018.
- https://www.unrwa.org/activity/protection-jordan
- “Refugee Review Tribunal, Australia, RRT Research Response, JOR35401”, US Department of Justice, Son erişim: 3 Haziran 2022. https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/leg- acy/2013/12/04/JOR35401-Palestinians-West%20Bank.pdf.
- “Stateless Again”, Human Rights Watch, Son erişim: 23 Aralık 2018.
- https://www.hrw.org/report/2010/02/01/stateless-again/palestinian-origin-jordanians-deprived-their-nationality.
- “Syria Regional Crisis: Emergency Appeal 2019”, UNRWA, Son erişim: 1 Mayıs 2020. https://www.unrwa.org/sites/default/files/con- tent/resources/2019_syria_ea_final.pdf.
- “The People of Jordan”, The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, Son erişim: 24 Ocak 2022. http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/people1.html.
- “The United Nations and Palestinian Refugees”, UNRWA, Son erişim: 23 Aralık 2018. https://www.unrwa.org/userfiles/2010011791015.pdf.
- “United Nations, Population Division, World Population Prospects”, UN, Son erişim: 24 Ocak 2022. https://popula- tion.un.org/wpp/Graphs/Probabilistic/POP/TOT/.
- “Where We Work”, UNRWA, Son erişim: 24 Ocak 2022. https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/jordan.
- “Who We Are”, UNRWA, Son erişim: 11 Aralık 2018. https://www.unrwa.org/who-we-are.
Toplam 59 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Bölgesel Çalışmalar |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 6 Ocak 2023 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 21 Temmuz 2022 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2022 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2 |
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