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Crossing the Rubicon: The Munich Syndrome and Forcing Israel to Peace, 1970-1978

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 45 - 70, 08.12.2024

Menderes Kurt

https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.1475743

Öz

The Munich Syndrome has been considered a constraint in the peace process decision-making of Israel. By raising questions such as what obstructs peacemaking in Israel, its costs, and whether it can force peace, the study employs the Munich analogy as a “historical lesson” method to examine why and how peace has turned into an anomaly in Israel. The Munich Agreement of 1938 by Britain and France, amid raging anti-Jewish violence in Europe, sought to appease Adolf Hitler by acquiescing to the German occupation of Czechoslovakia to prevent the world war outbreak, which, however, backfired and emerged as a metaphor for foreign policy decision-making weakness. This historical lesson has impacted Israeli society’s and its leaders’ attitudes towards peace, turning it into a Rubicon line. The study uses the 1970-1978 Arab- Israeli peace process as a case study to explain how the Munich Syndrome impedes peacemaking decisions and potential ways of overcoming it. It argues that a possible way to encourage Israel to make peace with its adversaries is with third parties providing significant concessions and guarantees.

Anahtar Kelimeler

The Munich Syndrome Rubicon Israel Arabs Peace Decision Guarantee

Kaynakça

  • Ağdemir, A. M. (2016). The Holocaust Securitization of Iran and Israel’s Iran Policy. Bilge Strateji, 8(15), 59-83.
  • Ajami, F. (1974). Middle East Ghosts. Foreign Policy, 14, 91-111.
  • Arendt, H. (1964). Eichmann in Jerusalem: A report on the banality of evil. The Viking Press, New York.
  • Atabay, F. N. (2020). Küçük Devlet Neden Süper Güç İttifakından Ayrılır? Soğuk Savaş Dönemi Irak, Mısır ve İran Örnekleri. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, 7(2) 61-97.
  • Aslan-Levy E. (2014). Gaza is Israel’s Munich. Oxford University Politics Blog, March 23.
  • Barnett, M. (1999). Culture, strategy and foreign policy change: Israel road to Oslo. European Journal of International Relations, 5(1), 5-36.
  • Brownstein, L. (Summer 1977). Decision making in Israel foreign policy: An unplanned process. Political Science Quarterly, 92(2), 259-260.
  • Brzezinski, Z. (1983). Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Adviser, 1977-1981. Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, New York.
  • Carter, J. (2010). White House Diary. Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, New York. Connoly-Smith, P. (2009).
  • Connecting the dots: Munich, Iraq, and the Lessons of History. The History Teacher, 43(1) 31-51.
  • Dayan, M. (1981). Breakthrough: A Personal Account of Egypt Israeli Peace Negotiations. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
  • Edwards, L. & Elizabeth E. (2016). A Brief History of the Cold War, Regnery Publishing, Washington DC.
  • Elazar, Daniel J. (2022). Munich or Real Peace? Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, Access, (2022, September 3). https://www.jcpa.org/dje/articles/munich-peace.htm.
  • Elon, A. (1983). The Israelis: Founders and Sons. Penguin Books, New York.
  • Ephron, D. (2015). Killing a king: the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin and the remaking of Israel. New York.
  • Ersoy, T. (2018). İsrailli Olmak: Kollektif Bir Kimlik Geliştirmenin Zorlukları. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, 5(1) 73-100.
  • Fahmi, I. (1985). Et-taffavuz min ecli es-selam fi’s-şarkü’l-evsat. Mektebetü Medbuli, Cairo.
  • Finkelstein, N. G. (2003). The holocaust industry: Reflections on the exploitation of Jewish suffering. Verso, London & New York.
  • Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), 1969-1976, Vol. XXIII, Arap- Israeli Dispute, 1969-1972, Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 2003.
  • Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976, Vol. XXV, Arap-Israeli Crisis and War, 1973, Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 2011.
  • Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976, Vol. XXVI, Arap-Israeli Dispute, 1974-1976, Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 2011.
  • Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980, Vol. IX, Arab-Israeli Dispute, August 1978-December 1980, Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 2018.
  • Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976, Vol. XII, Soviet Union, January 1969-October 1970, Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 2006.
  • Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980, Vol. VIII, Arab-Israeli Dispute, January 1977-August 1978, Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 2013.
  • Goldberg, G. (1991). Ben-Gurion and Jewish foreign policy. Jewish Political Studies Review, 3(1/2), 91-101.
  • Graebner, N. A., Richard D. B. & Joseph M. S. (2010). America and the Cold War, 1941-1991: A realist interpretation. Vol. I, Praeger, England.
  • Haikal, M. H. (1991). Secret channels: the inside story of Arab Israeli peace negotiations. Harper Collins, London.
  • Ismael, H. (1987). Emn mısır el-kavmi fi asrüt-tehaddiyat. Merkezü’l-Ahram li’t-Terceme ve’n-Neşr, Cairo.
  • Israel’s Foreign Policy: Historical Documents, vol. 1-2, 1947-1974, chapter XII, The War of Attrition and the Cease Fire, d. 29.
  • Jervis, R. (1976). Perception and misperception in international politics. Princeton University Press.
  • Johnson, D.D.P. & Tierney, D. (2011). The Rubicon theory of war: how the path to conflict reaches the point of no return. International Security, 36(1), 7-40.
  • Kahane, R.M. (2009). Never again: A program for survival. B.N. Press, Kahane, R. M. (2012). The ideology of Kach: The authentic Jewish idea. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
  • Khong, Y. F. (1992). Analogies at war: Korea, Munich, dien bien phu, and the Vietnam decisions of 1965. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
  • Kissinger, H. (1979). White House Years. Little, Brown and Company.
  • Kissinger, H. (1999). Years of Renewal. Touchstone, New York.
  • Kissinger, H. (2011). Years of Upheaval. Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, New York.
  • Lefebvre, J. A. (1994). Historical analogies and the Israeli-Palestinian peace process: Munich, Camp David and Algeria. Middle East Policy, 3(1), 85-101.
  • Levy, J. (1994). Learning and foreign policy: sweeping a conceptual minefield. International Organization, 48, 279-312.
  • Lustick, I. S. (2017). The Holocaust in Israeli Political Culture: Four Constructions and Their Consequences. Cont Jewry, 37, 25-170.
  • Ma’oz, M. (1988). Asad: The sphinx of Damascus: A Political biography. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, New York.
  • Maoz, Z. (2009). Defending the Holy Land: A Critical Analysis of Israel’s Security & Foreign Policy. The University of Michigan Press.
  • Margalit, A. (2010). On Compromise and Rotten Compromises. Princeton University Press.
  • May, E. R. (1973). “Lessons” of the past: the use and misuse of the history in American foreign policy. Oxford University Press, New York.
  • McPeak, M. A. (1976). Israel: Borders and Security. Foreign Affairs, 54(3), 426-443.
  • Medzini, M. (2017). Golda Meir: A Political Biography. De Gruyter Oldenburg.
  • Meir, G. (1977). My life: The Autobiography. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London.
  • Mintz, A. & DeRouen, K. (2010). Understanding Foreign Policy Decision Making. Cambridge University Press.
  • Morris, B. (2001). Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist Arab Conflict, 1881-2001. Vintage Books, New York.
  • Mousavi, H. (2015). A Cultural Approach to Foreign Policy Analysis: The Role of Political Ideologies in Shaping Israeli Policy toward the Peace Process (PhD diss., Carleton University).
  • Muminov, N. (2018). The Role of the Holocaust Narrative in the Construction of the Israeli State Identity and Its Effection on the Israel’s Foreign Policy Towards Arab Countries (PhD diss., Istanbul University).
  • Netanyahu, B. (1993). Peace in our Time? The New York Times, September 5. Netanyahu, B. (1993). A place among the nations: Israel and the world. Bantam Books, New York.
  • Neustadt, R. E. & May, E. R. (1986). Thinking in time: The uses of history for decision. Makers Freedom Press, New York.
  • Neville Chamberlain. Holocaust Encyclopedia, Access, (2022, November 25). https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/neville-chamberlain.
  • Nili, S. (2011). The nuclear (and the) holocaust: Israel, Iran, and the shadows of Auschwitz. Journal of Strategic Security, 4(1), 37-56.
  • Nixon, R. M. (1978). The memoirs of Richard Nixon. Simon & Schuster, New York.
  • Nyyssönen, H. & Humphreys, B. (2016). Another Munich we just cannot afford historical metonymy in politics. Redescriptions, 19(2), 174-190.
  • Ozacky-Lazar, S. (2018). The seven good years? Israel, 1967-1973: The critical chance. Israel Studies, 23(3), Israel at 70, 18-24.
  • Perlmutter, A. (1979). Dateline Israel: A new rejectionism. Foreign Policy, 34, 165-181.
  • Piterberg, G. (2008). The Returns of Zionism: Myths, politics and scholarship in Israel. Verso, London & New York.
  • Polat, Y. C. (2020). İsrail’de Hatırlama: Güvenlik, Yahudilik ve Filistin. Küre Yayınları, Istanbul.
  • Primakov, Y. (2009). Russia and the Arabs. Translated by Paul Gould, Basic Books, New York.
  • Quandt, W. B. (2005). Peace process: American Diplomacy and the Arab- Israeli Conflict since 1967. Brookings Institution Press, Washington, DC.
  • Rabin, Y. (1979). The Rabin Memoirs. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London. Rasmussen, M. V. (2003). The history of a lesson: Versailles, Munich and the social construction of the past. Review of International Studies, 29, 499-519.
  • Record, J. (2005). Using (and misusing) history: Munich, Vietnam, and Iraq. Politique Etrangere, 3, 599-611.
  • Record, J. (2007). The specter of Munich: reconsidering the lessons of appeasing Hitler. Potomac Book, Inc., Washington D. C.
  • Redonet, F. L. (2017). How Julius Caesar started a big war by crossing a small stream. National Geographic History, March/April.
  • Roberts, S. J. (1972). Israel foreign policy in historical perspective. World Affairs, 135(1), 40-53.
  • Rosoux, V. (2019). Historical analogies and intractable negotiation. International Negotiation, 24, 493-522.
  • Sadat, A. (1979). El-bahs an’z-zat: kıssat hayati. el-Mektebü’l-Mısri el-Hadis, Cairo.
  • Schoenvaum, D. (1993). The United States and the State of Israel. Oxford University Press.
  • Segev, T. (1993). The seventh million: the Israelis and the holocaust. Hill and Wang, New York.
  • Shapira, A. (2014). Ben-Gurion: Father of Modern Israel. Translated by Anthony Berris, Yale University Press, New Haven & London.
  • Shapira, A. (2012). Israel: A History. Massachusetts: Brandeis University Press.
  • Sharett, M. (2019). My struggle for peace. Vol. I, II, III. Indiana University Press.
  • Shavit, A. (2015). My promised land: The triumph and tragedy of Israel. Scribe Publications, London.
  • Shimko, K. L. (1994). Metaphors and foreign policy decision making. Political Psychology, 15(4), 655-671.
  • Shlaim, A. (2014). The iron wall: Israel and Arab world. W.W. Norton & Company, New York.
  • Siniver, A. & Collins, J. (2015). Airpower and quagmire: Historical analogies and the second Lebanon war. Foreign Policy Analysis, 11, 215-231.
  • Spellman, B. A. & Keith J. H. (1992). If Saddam’s Hitler, then who is George Bush? Analogical mapping between systems and social roles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62(6), 913-933.
  • Sprinzak, E. (1993). The Israeli radical right: history, culture and politics, in encounters with the contemporary radical right. Edited (Ed.), Peter Markle and Leonard Weinberg, Boulder: Westview Press.
  • Stav, A. (1997). Czechoslovakia 1938-Israel Today. Ariel Center for Policy Research, no. 106.
  • Talas, M. (1997). Mirâtu hayati: el-akd as-salis, 1968-1978. El-Zilzal, Dımaşk.
  • Thrall, N. (2017). The only language they understand forcing compromise in Israel and Palestine. Metropolitan Books, New York.
  • Turner, M. (2019). Fanning the flames of a troubling truth? The politics of comparison in the Israel-Palestine conflict. Civil Wars, 21(4), 489-513.
  • Tyler, P. (2009). A world of trouble. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York.
  • Tyler, P. (2012). Fortress Israel: The inside story of the military elite who run the country- and why they can’t make peace. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York.
  • Vance, C. (1983). Hard choices: critical years in America’s foreign policy. Simon and Schuster, New York.
  • Volkan, V. D. (2013). Large-group-psychology in its own right: large-group identity and peace-making. International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies, 10, 210–246.
  • Volkan, V. D. (2001). Transgenerational transmissions and chosen traumas: an aspect of large group identity. Group Analysis, 34(1), 79-97.
  • Wistrich, R. S. (1997). Israel and the holocaust trauma. Jewish History, 11(2), 11-19.

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 45 - 70, 08.12.2024

Menderes Kurt

https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.1475743

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Ağdemir, A. M. (2016). The Holocaust Securitization of Iran and Israel’s Iran Policy. Bilge Strateji, 8(15), 59-83.
  • Ajami, F. (1974). Middle East Ghosts. Foreign Policy, 14, 91-111.
  • Arendt, H. (1964). Eichmann in Jerusalem: A report on the banality of evil. The Viking Press, New York.
  • Atabay, F. N. (2020). Küçük Devlet Neden Süper Güç İttifakından Ayrılır? Soğuk Savaş Dönemi Irak, Mısır ve İran Örnekleri. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, 7(2) 61-97.
  • Aslan-Levy E. (2014). Gaza is Israel’s Munich. Oxford University Politics Blog, March 23.
  • Barnett, M. (1999). Culture, strategy and foreign policy change: Israel road to Oslo. European Journal of International Relations, 5(1), 5-36.
  • Brownstein, L. (Summer 1977). Decision making in Israel foreign policy: An unplanned process. Political Science Quarterly, 92(2), 259-260.
  • Brzezinski, Z. (1983). Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Adviser, 1977-1981. Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, New York.
  • Carter, J. (2010). White House Diary. Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, New York. Connoly-Smith, P. (2009).
  • Connecting the dots: Munich, Iraq, and the Lessons of History. The History Teacher, 43(1) 31-51.
  • Dayan, M. (1981). Breakthrough: A Personal Account of Egypt Israeli Peace Negotiations. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
  • Edwards, L. & Elizabeth E. (2016). A Brief History of the Cold War, Regnery Publishing, Washington DC.
  • Elazar, Daniel J. (2022). Munich or Real Peace? Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, Access, (2022, September 3). https://www.jcpa.org/dje/articles/munich-peace.htm.
  • Elon, A. (1983). The Israelis: Founders and Sons. Penguin Books, New York.
  • Ephron, D. (2015). Killing a king: the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin and the remaking of Israel. New York.
  • Ersoy, T. (2018). İsrailli Olmak: Kollektif Bir Kimlik Geliştirmenin Zorlukları. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, 5(1) 73-100.
  • Fahmi, I. (1985). Et-taffavuz min ecli es-selam fi’s-şarkü’l-evsat. Mektebetü Medbuli, Cairo.
  • Finkelstein, N. G. (2003). The holocaust industry: Reflections on the exploitation of Jewish suffering. Verso, London & New York.
  • Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), 1969-1976, Vol. XXIII, Arap- Israeli Dispute, 1969-1972, Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 2003.
  • Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976, Vol. XXV, Arap-Israeli Crisis and War, 1973, Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 2011.
  • Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976, Vol. XXVI, Arap-Israeli Dispute, 1974-1976, Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 2011.
  • Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980, Vol. IX, Arab-Israeli Dispute, August 1978-December 1980, Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 2018.
  • Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976, Vol. XII, Soviet Union, January 1969-October 1970, Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 2006.
  • Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977-1980, Vol. VIII, Arab-Israeli Dispute, January 1977-August 1978, Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 2013.
  • Goldberg, G. (1991). Ben-Gurion and Jewish foreign policy. Jewish Political Studies Review, 3(1/2), 91-101.
  • Graebner, N. A., Richard D. B. & Joseph M. S. (2010). America and the Cold War, 1941-1991: A realist interpretation. Vol. I, Praeger, England.
  • Haikal, M. H. (1991). Secret channels: the inside story of Arab Israeli peace negotiations. Harper Collins, London.
  • Ismael, H. (1987). Emn mısır el-kavmi fi asrüt-tehaddiyat. Merkezü’l-Ahram li’t-Terceme ve’n-Neşr, Cairo.
  • Israel’s Foreign Policy: Historical Documents, vol. 1-2, 1947-1974, chapter XII, The War of Attrition and the Cease Fire, d. 29.
  • Jervis, R. (1976). Perception and misperception in international politics. Princeton University Press.
  • Johnson, D.D.P. & Tierney, D. (2011). The Rubicon theory of war: how the path to conflict reaches the point of no return. International Security, 36(1), 7-40.
  • Kahane, R.M. (2009). Never again: A program for survival. B.N. Press, Kahane, R. M. (2012). The ideology of Kach: The authentic Jewish idea. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
  • Khong, Y. F. (1992). Analogies at war: Korea, Munich, dien bien phu, and the Vietnam decisions of 1965. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
  • Kissinger, H. (1979). White House Years. Little, Brown and Company.
  • Kissinger, H. (1999). Years of Renewal. Touchstone, New York.
  • Kissinger, H. (2011). Years of Upheaval. Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, New York.
  • Lefebvre, J. A. (1994). Historical analogies and the Israeli-Palestinian peace process: Munich, Camp David and Algeria. Middle East Policy, 3(1), 85-101.
  • Levy, J. (1994). Learning and foreign policy: sweeping a conceptual minefield. International Organization, 48, 279-312.
  • Lustick, I. S. (2017). The Holocaust in Israeli Political Culture: Four Constructions and Their Consequences. Cont Jewry, 37, 25-170.
  • Ma’oz, M. (1988). Asad: The sphinx of Damascus: A Political biography. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, New York.
  • Maoz, Z. (2009). Defending the Holy Land: A Critical Analysis of Israel’s Security & Foreign Policy. The University of Michigan Press.
  • Margalit, A. (2010). On Compromise and Rotten Compromises. Princeton University Press.
  • May, E. R. (1973). “Lessons” of the past: the use and misuse of the history in American foreign policy. Oxford University Press, New York.
  • McPeak, M. A. (1976). Israel: Borders and Security. Foreign Affairs, 54(3), 426-443.
  • Medzini, M. (2017). Golda Meir: A Political Biography. De Gruyter Oldenburg.
  • Meir, G. (1977). My life: The Autobiography. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London.
  • Mintz, A. & DeRouen, K. (2010). Understanding Foreign Policy Decision Making. Cambridge University Press.
  • Morris, B. (2001). Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist Arab Conflict, 1881-2001. Vintage Books, New York.
  • Mousavi, H. (2015). A Cultural Approach to Foreign Policy Analysis: The Role of Political Ideologies in Shaping Israeli Policy toward the Peace Process (PhD diss., Carleton University).
  • Muminov, N. (2018). The Role of the Holocaust Narrative in the Construction of the Israeli State Identity and Its Effection on the Israel’s Foreign Policy Towards Arab Countries (PhD diss., Istanbul University).
  • Netanyahu, B. (1993). Peace in our Time? The New York Times, September 5. Netanyahu, B. (1993). A place among the nations: Israel and the world. Bantam Books, New York.
  • Neustadt, R. E. & May, E. R. (1986). Thinking in time: The uses of history for decision. Makers Freedom Press, New York.
  • Neville Chamberlain. Holocaust Encyclopedia, Access, (2022, November 25). https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/neville-chamberlain.
  • Nili, S. (2011). The nuclear (and the) holocaust: Israel, Iran, and the shadows of Auschwitz. Journal of Strategic Security, 4(1), 37-56.
  • Nixon, R. M. (1978). The memoirs of Richard Nixon. Simon & Schuster, New York.
  • Nyyssönen, H. & Humphreys, B. (2016). Another Munich we just cannot afford historical metonymy in politics. Redescriptions, 19(2), 174-190.
  • Ozacky-Lazar, S. (2018). The seven good years? Israel, 1967-1973: The critical chance. Israel Studies, 23(3), Israel at 70, 18-24.
  • Perlmutter, A. (1979). Dateline Israel: A new rejectionism. Foreign Policy, 34, 165-181.
  • Piterberg, G. (2008). The Returns of Zionism: Myths, politics and scholarship in Israel. Verso, London & New York.
  • Polat, Y. C. (2020). İsrail’de Hatırlama: Güvenlik, Yahudilik ve Filistin. Küre Yayınları, Istanbul.
  • Primakov, Y. (2009). Russia and the Arabs. Translated by Paul Gould, Basic Books, New York.
  • Quandt, W. B. (2005). Peace process: American Diplomacy and the Arab- Israeli Conflict since 1967. Brookings Institution Press, Washington, DC.
  • Rabin, Y. (1979). The Rabin Memoirs. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London. Rasmussen, M. V. (2003). The history of a lesson: Versailles, Munich and the social construction of the past. Review of International Studies, 29, 499-519.
  • Record, J. (2005). Using (and misusing) history: Munich, Vietnam, and Iraq. Politique Etrangere, 3, 599-611.
  • Record, J. (2007). The specter of Munich: reconsidering the lessons of appeasing Hitler. Potomac Book, Inc., Washington D. C.
  • Redonet, F. L. (2017). How Julius Caesar started a big war by crossing a small stream. National Geographic History, March/April.
  • Roberts, S. J. (1972). Israel foreign policy in historical perspective. World Affairs, 135(1), 40-53.
  • Rosoux, V. (2019). Historical analogies and intractable negotiation. International Negotiation, 24, 493-522.
  • Sadat, A. (1979). El-bahs an’z-zat: kıssat hayati. el-Mektebü’l-Mısri el-Hadis, Cairo.
  • Schoenvaum, D. (1993). The United States and the State of Israel. Oxford University Press.
  • Segev, T. (1993). The seventh million: the Israelis and the holocaust. Hill and Wang, New York.
  • Shapira, A. (2014). Ben-Gurion: Father of Modern Israel. Translated by Anthony Berris, Yale University Press, New Haven & London.
  • Shapira, A. (2012). Israel: A History. Massachusetts: Brandeis University Press.
  • Sharett, M. (2019). My struggle for peace. Vol. I, II, III. Indiana University Press.
  • Shavit, A. (2015). My promised land: The triumph and tragedy of Israel. Scribe Publications, London.
  • Shimko, K. L. (1994). Metaphors and foreign policy decision making. Political Psychology, 15(4), 655-671.
  • Shlaim, A. (2014). The iron wall: Israel and Arab world. W.W. Norton & Company, New York.
  • Siniver, A. & Collins, J. (2015). Airpower and quagmire: Historical analogies and the second Lebanon war. Foreign Policy Analysis, 11, 215-231.
  • Spellman, B. A. & Keith J. H. (1992). If Saddam’s Hitler, then who is George Bush? Analogical mapping between systems and social roles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62(6), 913-933.
  • Sprinzak, E. (1993). The Israeli radical right: history, culture and politics, in encounters with the contemporary radical right. Edited (Ed.), Peter Markle and Leonard Weinberg, Boulder: Westview Press.
  • Stav, A. (1997). Czechoslovakia 1938-Israel Today. Ariel Center for Policy Research, no. 106.
  • Talas, M. (1997). Mirâtu hayati: el-akd as-salis, 1968-1978. El-Zilzal, Dımaşk.
  • Thrall, N. (2017). The only language they understand forcing compromise in Israel and Palestine. Metropolitan Books, New York.
  • Turner, M. (2019). Fanning the flames of a troubling truth? The politics of comparison in the Israel-Palestine conflict. Civil Wars, 21(4), 489-513.
  • Tyler, P. (2009). A world of trouble. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York.
  • Tyler, P. (2012). Fortress Israel: The inside story of the military elite who run the country- and why they can’t make peace. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York.
  • Vance, C. (1983). Hard choices: critical years in America’s foreign policy. Simon and Schuster, New York.
  • Volkan, V. D. (2013). Large-group-psychology in its own right: large-group identity and peace-making. International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies, 10, 210–246.
  • Volkan, V. D. (2001). Transgenerational transmissions and chosen traumas: an aspect of large group identity. Group Analysis, 34(1), 79-97.
  • Wistrich, R. S. (1997). Israel and the holocaust trauma. Jewish History, 11(2), 11-19.
Toplam 90 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Bölgesel Çalışmalar
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Menderes Kurt 0000-0002-9513-3417

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 8 Kasım 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 8 Aralık 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Nisan 2024
Kabul Tarihi 9 Ekim 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Kurt, M. (2024). Crossing the Rubicon: The Munich Syndrome and Forcing Israel to Peace, 1970-1978. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, 11(2), 45-70. https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.1475743
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