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Adaptation Study of The Employee Silence Scale to Turkish

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 153 - 166, 17.06.2025

Ayşen Akbaş Tuna

Öz

The Emotional Events Theory, developed to explain the impact of employees' emotional experiences on their attitudes and behaviors, provides an important theoretical framework for understanding the phenomenon of employee silence. Within the scope of this theory, the preference for silence, both in the short and long term, signals a critical issue in which employees refrain from expressing information, ideas, and solutions that would benefit the organization. Therefore, this study employs the Employee Silence Scale developed by Choi & Hyun (2022), which, unlike previous scales, presents a multidimensional structure that takes into account various motivations and subdimensions influencing employees' silence behaviors in the workplace. Developed for travel agencies, this scale aims to provide a more comprehensive evaluation of the different reasons behind silence behaviors, thereby deepening the understanding of workplace dynamics and employee attitudes. In the Turkish literature, there is a lack of a standard scale that comprehensively measures the reasons for employees' silence. To address this gap, an adaptation study of the scale, consisting of six dimensions and a total of 32 items, developed by Choi & Hyun (2022), was conducted. In this study, data was collected from 304 employees working in hotel enterprises in Ankara. As a result of the adaptation study, the scale demonstrated a structure consisting of 18 items and four subdimensions: acquiescent silence, defensive silence, individual silence, and relationship-oriented silence. The adapted scale can be used as a valid and reliable measurement tool for assessing employee silence behaviors, in the tourism sector in Turkey.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Employee Silence Scale Scale Adaptation Organizational Behavior Hotel Enterprises

Kaynakça

  • Aboramadan, M., Turkmenoglu, M.A., Dahleez, K.A. & Cicek, B. (2021). Narcissistic Leadership and Behavioural Cynicism in the Hotel Industry: The Role of Employee Silence and Negative Workplace Gossiping, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 33(2), 428–447.
  • Acaray, A. & Şevik, N. (2016). Kültürel Boyutların Örgütsel Sessizliğe Etkisi Üzerine Bir Araştırma, Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 34(4), 1-18.
  • Alarabiat, Y. A. & Eyupoglu, S. (2022). Is Silence Golden? The Influence of Employee Silence on the Transactional Leadership and Job Satisfaction Relationship, Sustainability, 14(22), 15205. Ankara Valiliği İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü. (2024). Ankara Kültür ve Turizm Verileri–2024.
  • Beaton, D. E., Bombardier, C., Guillemin, F., & Ferraz, M. B. (2000). Guidelines for the Process of Cross-Cultural Adaptation of Self-Report Measures, Spine, 25(24), 3186-3191.
  • Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage, Cambridge University Press.
  • Brinsfield, C. T. (2013). Employee Silence Motives: Investigation of Dimensionality and Development of Measures, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34(5), 671-697.
  • Bryant, M. & Cox, J.W. (2004). Conversion Stories As Shifting Narratives of Organizational Change, Journal of Organizational Change Management, 17 (6):578 592.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2015). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı, (21. Baskı), Ankara: Pegem Yayınları.
  • Choi, J. O. & Hyun, S. S. (2022). Development of Employee Silence Scale in Travel Agencies, Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 52, 208–218.
  • Deniz, N., Noyan, A. & Ertosun, O.G. (2013) The Relationship between Employee Silence and Organizational Commitment in a Private Healthcare Company, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, (99), 691-700.
  • Donaghey J., Cullinane N., Dundon T. & Wilkinson A. (2011) Reconceptualising Employee Silence: Problems and Prognosis. Work Employment Society 25(1): 51–67.
  • Dong, X. & Chung, Y.W. (2020). The Mediating Effect of Perceived Stress and Moderating Effect of Trust for the Relationship Between Employee Silence and Behavioral Outcomes, Psychological Reports, 124, 1715 - 1737.
  • Farghaly Abdelaliem, S.M., Abou Zeid, M.A.G. (2023). The Relationship Between Toxic Leadership and Organizational Performance: The Mediating Effect of Nurses’ Silence. BMC Nurs 22(4):1-12.
  • Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis: A Global Perspective (7th ed.). Pearson Education.
  • Hao, L., Zhu, H., He, Y., Duan, J., Zhao, T. & Meng, H. (2022). When Is Silence Golden? A Meta-Analysis on Antecedents and Outcomes of Employee Silence, Journal of Business and Psychology, 37, 1039–1063. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-021-09788-7.
  • Hirschman, O. (1970). Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Declines in Firms, Organizations and States. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations Across Nations, Sage.
  • Karaman Sarıbay, B. (2015). Örgütsel Sessizlik ile Kültürel Değerler Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi: Kamu Kuruluşlarında Bir Araştırma, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Celal Bayar Üniversitesi, Manisa.
  • Kim, K., & Baker, M. A. (2020). Paying It Forward: The Influence of Other Customer Service Recovery on Future Co-Creation, Journal of Business Research, 121, 604–615.
  • Kish-Gephart, J. J., Detert, J. R., Trevino, L. K. & Edmondson, A. C. (2009). Silenced by Fear: The Nature, Sources, and Consequences of Fear at Work, Research in Organizational Behavior, 29, 163-193.
  • Kline, P. (2014). An Easy Guide to Factor Analysis. New York: Routledge.
  • Knoll, M. & Van Dick, R. (2013a). Authenticity, Employee Silence, Prohibitive Voice, and The Moderating Effect of Organizational Identification, The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(4), 346–360.
  • Knoll, M. & Van Dick, R. (2013b). Do I Hear the Whistle? A First Attempt to Measure Four Forms of Employee Silence and Their Correlates, Journal of Business Ethics, 113(2), 349-362.
  • Lambert, E. G., Hogan, N. L. & Griffin, M. L. (2008). Being the Good Soldier: Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Commitment among Correctional Staff, Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35(1), 56–68.
  • McClelland, D.C. (1961). The Achieving Society. Van Nostrand.
  • Meydan, C.H. & Şeşen, H. (2011). Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi: AMOS Uygulamaları (1. Baskı). Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Milliken, F. J., Morrison, E. W., & Hewlin, P. F. (2003). An Exploratory Study of Employee Silence: Issues That Employees Don't Communicate Upward and Why, Journal of Management Studies, 40(6), 1453–1476.
  • Morrison, E.W. & Milliken, F. J. (2000). Organizational Silence: A Barrier to Change and Development in A Pluralistic World, Academy of Management Review, 25(4), 706–725.
  • Mousa, M., Abdelgaffar, H. A., Aboramadan, M. & Chaouali, W. (2020). Narcissistic Leadership, Employee Silence, and Organizational Cynicism: A Study of Physicians in Egyptian Public Hospitals, International Journal of Public Administration, Taylor & Francis Journals, 44(15), pages 1309-1318.
  • Nechanska, E., Hughes, E. & Dundon, T. (2020). Towards an Integration of Employee Voice and Silence, Human Resource Management Review, 30(1).
  • Noelle-Neumann, E. (1974). The Spiral of Silence: A Theory of Public Opinion, Journal of Communication, 24(2), 43–51.
  • Pierce, E., Smolinski, C. A. & Rosen, B. (1998). Why Sexual Harassment Complaints Fall on Deaf Ears, Academy of Management Executive, 12(3), 41-54.
  • Pinder C.C. & Harlos K.P. (2001), Employee Silence: Quiescence and Acquiescence As Responses to Perceived Injustice, Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 20: 331-369.
  • Rosen, S. & Tesser, A. (1970). On Reluctance to Communicate Undesirable Information: The MUM Effect. Sociometry, 33(3), 253–263.
  • Seligman, M. E. & Maier, S. F. (1967). Failure to Escape Traumatic Shock, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 74(1), 1–9.
  • Spence, J. T. & Robbins, A. S. (1992). Workaholism: Definition, Measurement, and Preliminary Results, Journal of Personality Assessment, 58, 160-178.
  • Srivastava, S., Jain, A.K. & Sullivan, S. (2019). Employee Silence and Burnout in India: The Mediating Role of Emotional Intelligence, Personnel Review, 48(4), 1045–1060.
  • Strauss, A. L. (1969). Mirrors and Masks: The Search for Social Identity, Glen Co, IL: Free Press.
  • Sürücü, L., Şeşen, H. & Maslakçı, A. (2023). Regression, Mediation/Moderation, and Structural Equation Modeling with SPSS, AMOS, and PROCESS Macro, Fransa: Livre de Lyon.
  • Şekerli, H. (2013). Öğretmenlerde Çalışan Sessizliği, İş Doyumu ve Denetim Odağı Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Tangirala, S. & R. Ramanujam. (2008). Employee Silence on Critical Work Issues: The Cross Level Effects of Procedural Justice Climate, Personnel Psychology. 61, 37-68.
  • Tavşancıl, E. (2006). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi. (3. Baskı). Ankara: Nobel Yayınevi.
  • Triandis, H. C. (2015). Collectivism and Individualism: Cultural and Psychological Concerns, In J. D. Wright (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed., pp. 206–210). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.24008-7.
  • Van Dyne, L., Ang, S. & Botero, I. C. (2003). Conceptualizing Employee Silence and Employee Voice As Multidimensional Constructs, Journal of Management Studies, 40(6), 1359-1392.
  • Vroom, V.H. (1964). Work and motivation. Wiley.
  • Wang, Y.D. & Hsieh, H.H. (2013). Organizational Ethical Climate, Perceived Organizational Support, And Employee Silence: A Cross-Level Investigation, Human Relations, 66(6), 783–802.
  • Wang, C.-C., Hsieh, H.-H. & Wang, Y.-D. (2020). Abusive Supervision and Employee Engagement and Satisfaction: The Mediating Role Of Employee Silence, Personnel Review, 49(9), 1845–1858.
  • Wu, M., Peng, Z. & Estay, C. (2018). How Role Stress Mediates the Relationship Between Destructive Leadership and Employee Silence: The Moderating Role Of Job Complexity, Journal of Pacifc Rim Psychology, 12.

Çalışan Sessizliği Ölçeğinin Türkçeye Uyarlama Çalışması

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 153 - 166, 17.06.2025

Ayşen Akbaş Tuna

Öz

Çalışanların iş yerinde yaşadıkları duygusal deneyimlerin tutum ve davranışları üzerindeki etkisini açıklamaya yönelik geliştirilen duygusal olaylar teorisi, çalışan sessizliği olgusunun anlaşılmasında önemli bir kuramsal çerçeve sunmaktadır. Bu teori kapsamında, çalışanların hem kısa hem de uzun vadede sessiz kalmayı tercih etmeleri; kurum yararına olacak bilgi, fikir ve çözüm önerilerini ifade etmemeleri açısından kritik bir soruna işaret etmektedir. Bu nedenle çalışmada, Choi & Hyun (2022) tarafından geliştirilen ve önceki ölçeklerden farklı olarak, çalışanların iş yerindeki sessiz kalma davranışlarını etkileyen çeşitli motivasyonları ve alt boyutları dikkate alan çok boyutlu bir yapı sunan Çalışan Sessizliği Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Seyahat acenteleri için geliştirilen bu ölçеk, sеssizlik davranışının arkasındaki farklı nеdеnlеri daha kapsamlı bir şеkildе dеğеrlеndirеrеk, iş yеri dinamiklеrini vе çalışan tutumlarını daha dеrinlеmеsinе anlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Türkçe litеratürdе, çalışanların sеssizliğinin nеdеnlеrini kapsamlı bir şеkildе ölçеn standart bir ölçеğin еksik olduğu görülmеktеdir. Bu ihtiyacı karşılamak amacıyla, Choi & Hyun (2022) tarafından geliştirilen altı boyuttan vе 32 ifadеdеn oluşan ölçeğin uyarlama çalışması yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla araştırmada, Ankara’daki otel işlеtmеlеrindе çalışan 304 kişiden vеri toplanmıştır. Uyarlama çalışması sonucunda ölçek toplam 18 sorudan ve kabullenici sessizlik, kendini koruyucu sessizlik, bireyci sessizlik ve ilişki odaklı sessizlik olmak üzere dört alt boyuttan oluşan bir yapı sergilemiştir. Uyarlanan ölçek, Türkiye'deki örneklemlerde, çalışan sessizliği davranışlarını değerlendirmede turizm sektöründe geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçüm aracı olarak kullanılabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çalışan Sеssizliği Ölçeği Ölçеk Uyarlama Örgütsel Davranış Otel İşletmeleri

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma için Eskişehir Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Bilimsel Araştırma ve Yayın Etiği Kurulu’ndan 24.04.2024 tarih ve 35/24 sayısı ile “Etik Kurul Onay” alınmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Aboramadan, M., Turkmenoglu, M.A., Dahleez, K.A. & Cicek, B. (2021). Narcissistic Leadership and Behavioural Cynicism in the Hotel Industry: The Role of Employee Silence and Negative Workplace Gossiping, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 33(2), 428–447.
  • Acaray, A. & Şevik, N. (2016). Kültürel Boyutların Örgütsel Sessizliğe Etkisi Üzerine Bir Araştırma, Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 34(4), 1-18.
  • Alarabiat, Y. A. & Eyupoglu, S. (2022). Is Silence Golden? The Influence of Employee Silence on the Transactional Leadership and Job Satisfaction Relationship, Sustainability, 14(22), 15205. Ankara Valiliği İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü. (2024). Ankara Kültür ve Turizm Verileri–2024.
  • Beaton, D. E., Bombardier, C., Guillemin, F., & Ferraz, M. B. (2000). Guidelines for the Process of Cross-Cultural Adaptation of Self-Report Measures, Spine, 25(24), 3186-3191.
  • Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage, Cambridge University Press.
  • Brinsfield, C. T. (2013). Employee Silence Motives: Investigation of Dimensionality and Development of Measures, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34(5), 671-697.
  • Bryant, M. & Cox, J.W. (2004). Conversion Stories As Shifting Narratives of Organizational Change, Journal of Organizational Change Management, 17 (6):578 592.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2015). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı, (21. Baskı), Ankara: Pegem Yayınları.
  • Choi, J. O. & Hyun, S. S. (2022). Development of Employee Silence Scale in Travel Agencies, Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 52, 208–218.
  • Deniz, N., Noyan, A. & Ertosun, O.G. (2013) The Relationship between Employee Silence and Organizational Commitment in a Private Healthcare Company, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, (99), 691-700.
  • Donaghey J., Cullinane N., Dundon T. & Wilkinson A. (2011) Reconceptualising Employee Silence: Problems and Prognosis. Work Employment Society 25(1): 51–67.
  • Dong, X. & Chung, Y.W. (2020). The Mediating Effect of Perceived Stress and Moderating Effect of Trust for the Relationship Between Employee Silence and Behavioral Outcomes, Psychological Reports, 124, 1715 - 1737.
  • Farghaly Abdelaliem, S.M., Abou Zeid, M.A.G. (2023). The Relationship Between Toxic Leadership and Organizational Performance: The Mediating Effect of Nurses’ Silence. BMC Nurs 22(4):1-12.
  • Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis: A Global Perspective (7th ed.). Pearson Education.
  • Hao, L., Zhu, H., He, Y., Duan, J., Zhao, T. & Meng, H. (2022). When Is Silence Golden? A Meta-Analysis on Antecedents and Outcomes of Employee Silence, Journal of Business and Psychology, 37, 1039–1063. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-021-09788-7.
  • Hirschman, O. (1970). Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Declines in Firms, Organizations and States. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations Across Nations, Sage.
  • Karaman Sarıbay, B. (2015). Örgütsel Sessizlik ile Kültürel Değerler Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi: Kamu Kuruluşlarında Bir Araştırma, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Celal Bayar Üniversitesi, Manisa.
  • Kim, K., & Baker, M. A. (2020). Paying It Forward: The Influence of Other Customer Service Recovery on Future Co-Creation, Journal of Business Research, 121, 604–615.
  • Kish-Gephart, J. J., Detert, J. R., Trevino, L. K. & Edmondson, A. C. (2009). Silenced by Fear: The Nature, Sources, and Consequences of Fear at Work, Research in Organizational Behavior, 29, 163-193.
  • Kline, P. (2014). An Easy Guide to Factor Analysis. New York: Routledge.
  • Knoll, M. & Van Dick, R. (2013a). Authenticity, Employee Silence, Prohibitive Voice, and The Moderating Effect of Organizational Identification, The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(4), 346–360.
  • Knoll, M. & Van Dick, R. (2013b). Do I Hear the Whistle? A First Attempt to Measure Four Forms of Employee Silence and Their Correlates, Journal of Business Ethics, 113(2), 349-362.
  • Lambert, E. G., Hogan, N. L. & Griffin, M. L. (2008). Being the Good Soldier: Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Commitment among Correctional Staff, Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35(1), 56–68.
  • McClelland, D.C. (1961). The Achieving Society. Van Nostrand.
  • Meydan, C.H. & Şeşen, H. (2011). Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi: AMOS Uygulamaları (1. Baskı). Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Milliken, F. J., Morrison, E. W., & Hewlin, P. F. (2003). An Exploratory Study of Employee Silence: Issues That Employees Don't Communicate Upward and Why, Journal of Management Studies, 40(6), 1453–1476.
  • Morrison, E.W. & Milliken, F. J. (2000). Organizational Silence: A Barrier to Change and Development in A Pluralistic World, Academy of Management Review, 25(4), 706–725.
  • Mousa, M., Abdelgaffar, H. A., Aboramadan, M. & Chaouali, W. (2020). Narcissistic Leadership, Employee Silence, and Organizational Cynicism: A Study of Physicians in Egyptian Public Hospitals, International Journal of Public Administration, Taylor & Francis Journals, 44(15), pages 1309-1318.
  • Nechanska, E., Hughes, E. & Dundon, T. (2020). Towards an Integration of Employee Voice and Silence, Human Resource Management Review, 30(1).
  • Noelle-Neumann, E. (1974). The Spiral of Silence: A Theory of Public Opinion, Journal of Communication, 24(2), 43–51.
  • Pierce, E., Smolinski, C. A. & Rosen, B. (1998). Why Sexual Harassment Complaints Fall on Deaf Ears, Academy of Management Executive, 12(3), 41-54.
  • Pinder C.C. & Harlos K.P. (2001), Employee Silence: Quiescence and Acquiescence As Responses to Perceived Injustice, Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 20: 331-369.
  • Rosen, S. & Tesser, A. (1970). On Reluctance to Communicate Undesirable Information: The MUM Effect. Sociometry, 33(3), 253–263.
  • Seligman, M. E. & Maier, S. F. (1967). Failure to Escape Traumatic Shock, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 74(1), 1–9.
  • Spence, J. T. & Robbins, A. S. (1992). Workaholism: Definition, Measurement, and Preliminary Results, Journal of Personality Assessment, 58, 160-178.
  • Srivastava, S., Jain, A.K. & Sullivan, S. (2019). Employee Silence and Burnout in India: The Mediating Role of Emotional Intelligence, Personnel Review, 48(4), 1045–1060.
  • Strauss, A. L. (1969). Mirrors and Masks: The Search for Social Identity, Glen Co, IL: Free Press.
  • Sürücü, L., Şeşen, H. & Maslakçı, A. (2023). Regression, Mediation/Moderation, and Structural Equation Modeling with SPSS, AMOS, and PROCESS Macro, Fransa: Livre de Lyon.
  • Şekerli, H. (2013). Öğretmenlerde Çalışan Sessizliği, İş Doyumu ve Denetim Odağı Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Tangirala, S. & R. Ramanujam. (2008). Employee Silence on Critical Work Issues: The Cross Level Effects of Procedural Justice Climate, Personnel Psychology. 61, 37-68.
  • Tavşancıl, E. (2006). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi. (3. Baskı). Ankara: Nobel Yayınevi.
  • Triandis, H. C. (2015). Collectivism and Individualism: Cultural and Psychological Concerns, In J. D. Wright (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed., pp. 206–210). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.24008-7.
  • Van Dyne, L., Ang, S. & Botero, I. C. (2003). Conceptualizing Employee Silence and Employee Voice As Multidimensional Constructs, Journal of Management Studies, 40(6), 1359-1392.
  • Vroom, V.H. (1964). Work and motivation. Wiley.
  • Wang, Y.D. & Hsieh, H.H. (2013). Organizational Ethical Climate, Perceived Organizational Support, And Employee Silence: A Cross-Level Investigation, Human Relations, 66(6), 783–802.
  • Wang, C.-C., Hsieh, H.-H. & Wang, Y.-D. (2020). Abusive Supervision and Employee Engagement and Satisfaction: The Mediating Role Of Employee Silence, Personnel Review, 49(9), 1845–1858.
  • Wu, M., Peng, Z. & Estay, C. (2018). How Role Stress Mediates the Relationship Between Destructive Leadership and Employee Silence: The Moderating Role Of Job Complexity, Journal of Pacifc Rim Psychology, 12.
Toplam 49 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Turizm (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ayşen Akbaş Tuna 0000-0003-4615-4374

Yayımlanma Tarihi 17 Haziran 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Nisan 2025
Kabul Tarihi 30 Mayıs 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Akbaş Tuna, A. (2025). Çalışan Sessizliği Ölçeğinin Türkçeye Uyarlama Çalışması. Turizm Akademik Dergisi, 12(1), 153-166.
AMA Akbaş Tuna A. Çalışan Sessizliği Ölçeğinin Türkçeye Uyarlama Çalışması. Turizm Akademik Dergisi. Haziran 2025;12(1):153-166.
Chicago Akbaş Tuna, Ayşen. “Çalışan Sessizliği Ölçeğinin Türkçeye Uyarlama Çalışması”. Turizm Akademik Dergisi 12, sy. 1 (Haziran 2025): 153-66.
EndNote Akbaş Tuna A (01 Haziran 2025) Çalışan Sessizliği Ölçeğinin Türkçeye Uyarlama Çalışması. Turizm Akademik Dergisi 12 1 153–166.
IEEE A. Akbaş Tuna, “Çalışan Sessizliği Ölçeğinin Türkçeye Uyarlama Çalışması”, Turizm Akademik Dergisi, c. 12, sy. 1, ss. 153–166, 2025.
ISNAD Akbaş Tuna, Ayşen. “Çalışan Sessizliği Ölçeğinin Türkçeye Uyarlama Çalışması”. Turizm Akademik Dergisi 12/1 (Haziran 2025), 153-166.
JAMA Akbaş Tuna A. Çalışan Sessizliği Ölçeğinin Türkçeye Uyarlama Çalışması. Turizm Akademik Dergisi. 2025;12:153–166.
MLA Akbaş Tuna, Ayşen. “Çalışan Sessizliği Ölçeğinin Türkçeye Uyarlama Çalışması”. Turizm Akademik Dergisi, c. 12, sy. 1, 2025, ss. 153-66.
Vancouver Akbaş Tuna A. Çalışan Sessizliği Ölçeğinin Türkçeye Uyarlama Çalışması. Turizm Akademik Dergisi. 2025;12(1):153-66.
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