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Indoor air quality of academia-related workshops based on health complaints

Yıl 2025, Sayı: Online First

Abdel Hameed A. Awad , Safa El Gendy Yuosra Saeed Salwa Kamal

Öz

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) is a result of the interaction between micro-environmental conditions, location, and building characteristics. IAQ directly affects human health, comfort, productivity, and performance. However, very little attention has been paid to the IAQ of nonindustrial workshops.
This cross-sectional survey aimed to determine the IAQ of academia-related workshops based on the factors such as the microbial load (including bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes), particulate matter (PM) content, presence of chemical pollutants (such as ammonia [NH3], volatile organic compounds [VOCs], and formaldehyde [HCHO]), and physical conditions (such as temperature [T°C], relative humidity [RH%], light intensity, noise, dewpoint and air speed). Moreover, the perception weights of IAQ factors affecting the indoor comfort condition were also examined.
A two-stage viable, Andersen cascade impactor, was used by suctioning air onto the selective culture media. The PM content was determined by using a preweighted membrane filter. Portable air quality monitors were used to estimate the chemical and physical factors. A questionnaire survey was employed to assess the health complaints and the participants’ perception weights on the indoor environmental parameters (such as thermal, acoustic, visual environment, and air quality).
The concentrations of mesophilic bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes were found to be higher indoors than outdoors, with indoor/outdoor (I/O) values of 3.13, 1.56, and 1.53, respectively. The Global Index of Microbial Contamination/m3 exceeded 7,000 colony forming units/m3 in approximately 46% of the workshop areas. The I/O ratios of PM, VOCs, HCHO, and NH3 were 1.69, 1.52, 0.65, and 0.6, respectively. T°C and RH% values ranged 18–35°C and 40–56%, respectively.
Noise values exceeded 70 dBA in both the indoor and outdoor environments. Light intensity was also unacceptable (≤ 300 lux) at 84.6% of the workshop areas. VOCs and dewpoint revealed significant positive and negative effects on microbial viability, differing with regard to the microbial type. Fatigue (45.5%), allergies (38.6%), and headache (35.2%) were the common complaints of the occupants. All of the tested IAQ parameters influenced the workplace environment, with noise ranking as the main factor (40.9%).
Microbial air quality is differently associated with the indoor environmental factors. The IAQ in the workshops was poor and potentially affected the occupant’s well-being. The perception of comfort varied among the occupants under the same IAQ factors. Thus, corrective actions based on comparative analysis should be implemented to promote the indoor quality of even nonindustrial and academia-related workplaces.

Anahtar Kelimeler

indoor air quality nonindustrial workshops deposited dust particulate morphology microorganisms VOCs noise lighting health complaint satisfaction

Etik Beyan

Since the article does not contain any studies with human or animal subject, its approval to the ethics committee was not required.

Destekleyen Kurum

National Research Centre

Proje Numarası

grant number 12070103

Kaynakça

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Yıl 2025, Sayı: Online First

Abdel Hameed A. Awad , Safa El Gendy Yuosra Saeed Salwa Kamal

Öz

İç Hava Kalitesi (IAQ), mikro çevre koşulları, konum ve bina özellikleri arasındaki etkileşimin bir sonucu olup, insan performansını ve sağlığını etkiler. Endüstriyel olmayan atölyelerin IAQ çok az dikkat edilmiştir. IAQ, insan sağlığını, konforunu ve üretkenliğini doğrudan etkiler.
Akademi ile ilgili atölyelerde IAQ faktörlerini belirlemek için kesitsel bir araştırma yapılmıştır. IAQ faktörleri mikrobiyal (bakteriler, mantarlar ve aktinomisetler), partikül madde (PM), kimyasal [amonyak (NH3), uçucu organik bileşikler (VOC) ve formaldehit (HCHO)] ve fiziksel (sıcaklık [T°C], bağıl nem [RH%], ışık yoğunluğu, gürültü, çiğlenme noktası ve hava hızı) düzeyleri açısından incelenmiş ve iç mekan konforunu etkileyen IAQ faktörlerinin algılama ağırlıkları değerlendirilmiştir.
Seçici kültür ortamlarına hava emerek iki aşamalı Andersen numune alıcı kullanılmıştır. PM, önceden tartılmış membran filtre kullanılarak ölçülmüştür. Kimyasal ve fiziksel faktörleri ölçmek için taşınabilir hava kalitesi monitörleri kullanılmıştır. Sağlık şikayetlerini ve katılımcıların iç ortam parametrelerine (termal, akustik, görsel ortam ve hava kalitesi) ilişkin algı ağırlıklarını belirlemek için bir anket kullanılmıştır.
İç mekanlarda dış mekanlara göre mezofilik bakteriler mantar ve aktinomisetlerin konsantrasyonlarının daha yüksek olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. İç mekan/dış mekan (I/O) değerleri sırasıyla 3,13, 1,56 ve 1,53 olarak ölçülmüştür. Mikrobiyal Kontaminasyon Küresel Endeksi/ m3 atölyelerin yaklaşık %46’sında 7000 koloni oluşturan birim/ m3’yi aşmıştır. PM, VOCs, HCHO ve NH3’ün I/O oranları sırasıyla 1,69; 1,52; 0,65 ve 0,6 olarak ölçülmüştür. T°C ve RH% değerleri sırasıyla 18-35°C ve 40-56% arasında değişmiştir. Gürültü değerleri iç ve dış ortamda 70 desibel (dBA) değerini aşmıştır. Işık yoğunluğu atölyelerin %84,6’sında kabul edilemez düzeyde (≤ 300 lux) idi. VOC’ler ve çiğlenme noktası, mikrobiyal canlılık üzerinde önemli pozitif ve negatif etkiler göstermiş, mikrobiyal türe göre farklılık göstermiştir. Yorgunluk (%45,5), alerji (%38,6) ve baş ağrısı (%35,2) katılımcılar arasında en sık görülen sağlık şikayetleriydi. Tüm IAQ parametreleri işyeri ortamını etkilemiş olup, gürültü katılımcıların konforunu etkileyen ana faktör (%40,9) olarak sıralanmıştır.
Mikrobiyal hava kalitesi, iç ortam faktörleriyle farklı şekilde ilişkiliydi. Atölyelerde IAQ kötüydü ve katılımcıların’ refahını potansiyel olarak etkiledi. Aynı IAQ faktörleri altında katılımcılar arasında konfor algısı farklılık gösterdi. Karşılaştırmalı analiz yoluyla, işyerlerinin iç ortam kalitesini iyileştirmek için düzeltici önlemler alınmalıdır.

Proje Numarası

grant number 12070103

Kaynakça

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  • Thorne, P. S. (2019). Industrial livestock production facilities: Airborne emissions. In J. Nriagu (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Environmental Health (2nd ed., pp. 652–660). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.11862-7
  • Tran, V. V., Park, D., & Lee, Y. C. (2020). Indoor air pollution, related human diseases, and recent trends in the control and improvement of indoor air. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(8), 2927. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082927
  • Tuomi, T., & Vainiotalo, S. (2016). The guideline and target values for total volatile organic compound concentrations in industrial indoor environments in Finland. Indoor and Built Environment, 25(2), 424–434. https://doi. org/10.1177/1420326X14554270
  • Tyagi, S., & Srivastava, A. (2023). Characterization of size-segregated fungal bioaerosols in and around a sugar mill of Western Uttar Pradesh, India. Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2407544/v1
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). (2025a). Indoor air quality (IAQ). https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq (Accessed January 2025)
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). (2025b). Biological pollutants’ impact on indoor air quality. https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/biological-pollutants-impact-indoor-air-quality (Accessed January 2025)
  • Verreault, D., Duchaine, C., Marcoux-Voiselle, M., Turgeon, N., & Roy, C. J. (2014). Design of an environmentally controlled rotating chamber for bioaerosol aging studies. Inhalation Toxicology, 26(9), 554–558. https://doi.org/10.3109/0 8958378.2014.928763
  • Wilkie, A. D., Venz, L., & Letters, S. (2023). Outdoor airborne fungal spores in Queensland, Australia. Journal of Bacteriology & Mycology: Open Access, 11(1), 24–32. https://doi.org/10.15406/jbmoa.2023.11.00339
  • World Health Organization. (2000). Air quality guidelines for Europe (2nd ed.). WHO Regional Publications, European Series No. 91.
  • World Health Organization. (2001). International classification of functioning, disability and health (pp. 1–303). World Health Organization.
  • World Health Organization. (2010). Guidelines for indoor air quality: Selected pollutants. Geneva: WHO.
  • Wolkoff, P. (2008). “Healthy eye” in office-like environments. Environment International, 34(8), 1204–1214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2008.04.005
  • Won, E., & Ross, H. (1969). Reaction of airborne Rhizobium meliloti to some environmental factors. Applied Microbiology, 18, 555–557. https://doi. org/10.1128/am.18.4.555-557.1969
  • Wu, Q., Li, N., Cai, X., He, Y., & Du, Y. (2023). Impact of indoor environmental quality (IEQ) factors on occupants’ environmental perception and satisfaction in hospital wards. Building and Environment, 245, 110918. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110918
  • Wyer, E. K., Kelleghan, B. D., Blanes-Vidal, V., Schauberger, G., & Curran, P. T. (2022). Ammonia emissions from agriculture and their contribution to fine particulate matter: A review of implications for human health. Journal of Environmental Management, 323, 116285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jenvman.2022.116285
  • Zhang, H., Sun, W., Li, W., & Wang, Y. (2022). Physical and chemical characterization of fugitive particulate matter emissions of the iron and steel industry. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 13(1), 101272. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.apr.2021.101272
  • Zhong, X., Qi, J. H., Li, H. T., Dong, L. J., & Gao, D. M. (2016). Seasonal distribution of microbial activity in bioaerosols in the outdoor environment of the Qingdao coastal region. Atmospheric Environment, 140(Suppl. 1), 506–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.06.034
  • Zhu, Y., Guo, S., & Liang, W. (2024). A literature review investigating the impact of temperature and humidity on volatile organic compound emissions from building materials. Building and Environment, 262, 111845. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.111845
Toplam 155 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Çevresel Değerlendirme ve İzleme
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi/Research Article
Yazarlar

Abdel Hameed A. Awad 0000-0003-0784-9835

Safa El Gendy 0000-0003-1100-5985

Yuosra Saeed 0000-0002-5183-4342

Salwa Kamal 0000-0001-8087-1268

Proje Numarası grant number 12070103
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 19 Ağustos 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Mart 2025
Kabul Tarihi 16 Temmuz 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Sayı: Online First

Kaynak Göster

APA Awad, A. H. A., El Gendy, S., Saeed, Y., Kamal, S. (2025). Indoor air quality of academia-related workshops based on health complaints. Trakya University Journal of Natural Sciences(Online First).
AMA Awad AHA, El Gendy S, Saeed Y, Kamal S. Indoor air quality of academia-related workshops based on health complaints. Trakya Univ J Nat Sci. Ağustos 2025;(Online First).
Chicago Awad, Abdel Hameed A., Safa El Gendy, Yuosra Saeed, ve Salwa Kamal. “Indoor Air Quality of Academia-Related Workshops Based on Health Complaints”. Trakya University Journal of Natural Sciences, sy. Online First (Ağustos 2025).
EndNote Awad AHA, El Gendy S, Saeed Y, Kamal S (01 Ağustos 2025) Indoor air quality of academia-related workshops based on health complaints. Trakya University Journal of Natural Sciences Online First
IEEE A. H. A. Awad, S. El Gendy, Y. Saeed, ve S. Kamal, “Indoor air quality of academia-related workshops based on health complaints”, Trakya Univ J Nat Sci, sy. Online First, Ağustos 2025.
ISNAD Awad, Abdel Hameed A. vd. “Indoor Air Quality of Academia-Related Workshops Based on Health Complaints”. Trakya University Journal of Natural Sciences Online First (Ağustos 2025).
JAMA Awad AHA, El Gendy S, Saeed Y, Kamal S. Indoor air quality of academia-related workshops based on health complaints. Trakya Univ J Nat Sci. 2025.
MLA Awad, Abdel Hameed A. vd. “Indoor Air Quality of Academia-Related Workshops Based on Health Complaints”. Trakya University Journal of Natural Sciences, sy. Online First, 2025.
Vancouver Awad AHA, El Gendy S, Saeed Y, Kamal S. Indoor air quality of academia-related workshops based on health complaints. Trakya Univ J Nat Sci. 2025(Online First).

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